Unit-4 Operators and Expression

Operators
 An operator is a symbol that operates on single or multiple data items.
 Used in program to perform certain mathematical or logical manipulations.
 The data items that operator act upon are called operands.
 E.g. In a simple expression 2+3, the symbol “+” is called an operator which operates on
two data items 2 and 3.

Expression
 An expression is a combination of variables, constants and operators written according to
syntax of the language. E.g. 7+8, x+y*z, a>b

Operator classification
a. According to Number of Operands
 Unary operators
The operators which require only one operand to operate are called unary operators.
E.g. ++ (increment), -- (decrement) + (unary plus) and - (unary minus) are unary
operators.
 Binary Operators
The operators which require two operands to operate are called binary operators. E.g.:
+ (plus), - (minus), *(multiply), / (division), <(less than), > (greater than), etc. are
binary operators.
 Ternary Operators
The operators which require three operands to operate are called ternary operators.

b. According to Utility and Action

 Arithmetic Operators
 Relational Operators
 Logical Operators
 Assignment Operators
 Increment and Decrement Operators
 Conditional Operators
 Bitwise Operators
 Special Operators

1. Arithmetic Operators
Arithmetic operators are used to perform arithmetic operations. There are five arithmetic
operators in C which are listed in table:
Division Rule:
 int/int = int
 float/float = float
 int/float = float
 float/int = float

Note: For modulo operator, the sign of the result is always the sign of the first operand. E.g.
10%3=1, -10%3=-1, -10%-3=-1, 10%-3=1 2

/* Program to Perform Arithmetic Operations in C */

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a = 12, b = 3;
int add, sub, mul, div, mod;
add = a + b;
sub = a - b;
mul = a * b;
div = a / b;
mod = a % b;
printf("Addition of two numbers a, b is : %d\n", add);
printf("Subtraction of two numbers a, b is : %d\n", sub);
printf("Multiplication of two numbers a, b is : %d\n", mul);
printf("Division of two numbers a, b is : %d\n", div);
printf("Modulus of two numbers a, b is : %d\n", mod);
}
 /* Program to convert number of days into month and days */

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int days, months, remainingDays;
printf("Enter the number of days: \n");
scanf("%d", &days);

months = days / 30; // Assuming an average of 30 days per month

remainingDays = days % 30; // Calculate remaining days after considering months

printf("Equivalent: %d month(s) and %d day(s)\n", months, remainingDays);

return 0;
}

2. Relational Operators
Relational operators are used to compare two operands and taking decisions based on their relation.
 Result of relational expression is either True (1) or False (0).
 Relational operators are used in decision making and loops.
 Relational operators are:
 /* Program to compare two numbers whether they are equal or not in C */
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int m=40, n=20;
if (m == n)
{
printf("m and n are equal");
}
else
{
printf("m and n are not equal");
}
}

3. Logical Operators
 Logical operators are used to compare logical and relational expression.
 The operands of logical operators must be either Boolean value (1 or 0) or expression that
produces Boolean value.
 The output of these operators is always 0 (flase) or 1 (true).
 The logical operators are: Truth table for logical operators:
 /* C program to demonstrate working of logical operators */

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
int a = 5, b = 10, c = 15;

// Using logical AND (&&)

if (a < b && b < c) {
printf("Both conditions are true (a < b < c)\n");
} else {
printf("At least one condition is false\n");
}

// Using logical OR (||)

if (a == b || b == c) {
printf("At least one condition is true (a equals b or b equals c)\n");
} else {
printf("Both conditions are false\n");
}

// Using logical NOT (!)

if (!(a == b)) {
printf("a is not equal to b\n");
} else {
printf("a is equal to b\n");
}

return 0;
}

4. Assignment Operator
 Assignment operators are used to assign the values of an expression to a variable.
 The mostly used assignment operator is ‘=’.
 C also supports shorthand assignment operators which simplify operation with assignment.
 /* program to demonstrate working of Assignment operators */
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a = 10;
printf("Value of a is %d\n", a); //10
a += 10;
printf("Value of a is %d\n", a); //20
a -= 10;
printf("Value of a is %d\n", a); //10
a *= 10;
printf("Value of a is %d\n", a); //100
a /= 10;
printf("Value of a is %d\n", a); //10
return 0;
}

5. Increment and Decrement Operators

 Increment operator is used to increase the value of an operand by 1.
 Decrement operator is used to decrease the value of an operand by 1.
Pre-increment operator (++a): the value is incremented first and then the expression is evaluated.
E.g. a= 10; b=++a; after this statement, a= 11, b = 11.
Post-increment operator (a++): the expression is evaluated first and then the value is
incremented.
E.g. a= 10; b=a++; after this statement, a= 11, b = 10.
Pre-decrement operator (- -a): the value is decremented first and then the expression is
evaluated.
E.g. a= 10; b=--a; after this statement, a= 9, b = 9.
Post-decrement operator (a- -): the expression is evaluated first and then the value is
decremented.
E.g. a= 10; b=a--; after this statement, a= 9, b = 10.
/* program to demonstrate working of increment and decrement operators */
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a = 5;
int b = 6;
printf("a=%d, b=%d",a,b); //a=5, b=6
b=++a;
printf("a=%d, b=%d",a,b); //a=6,b=6
b=a++;
printf("a=%d, b=%d",a,b); //a=7,b=6
b=a--;
printf("a=%d, b=%d",a,b); //a=6,b=7
b=--a;
printf("a=%d, b=%d",a,b); //a=5, b=5
return 0;
}

6. Conditional Operator (Ternary Operator)

 It takes three arguments.
 Conditional operators return one value if condition is true and returns another value if condition
is false.
 Syntax: (condition) ? value_if_true : value_if_false
 /* program to read two numbers from user and determine the larger number using conditional
(ternary) operator */
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int n1, n2, larger;
printf("Enter two numbers:");
scanf("%d%d",&n1,&n2);
larger = (n1>n2)?n1:n2;
printf("The larger number is %d", larger);
return 0;
}

7. Bitwise Operator
 Bitwise operators are used for manipulating data at bit level.
 These operators are used for testing the bits or shifting them to the left or to the right.
 Can be applied only to integer-type operands and not to float or double.
 Three types of bitwise operators:
i. Bitwise logical operators
ii. Bitwise shift operators
iii. One’s compliment operators

Bitwise logical operators:

 Performs logical tests between two integer-type operands.
 These operators work on their operands bit-by-bit starting from the least significant (i.e.
rightmost) bit.
 Three logical bitwise operators:
 Bitwise AND (&): The result of ANDing operation is 1 if both the bits have a value 1;
otherwise it is 0.
 Bitwise OR (|): The result of ORing operation is 1 if either of the bits have value of 1;
otherwise it is 0.
 Bitwise XOR (^): The result of exclusive ORing operations is 1 only if one of the bits
have a value of 1; otherwise it is 0.
 Truth table for bitwise operators (AND, OR, XOR)

E.g.
If a = 65, b=15
Equivalent binary values of 65 = 0100 0001; 15 = 0000 1111

Bitwise shift operators:

 Are used to move bit patterns either to left or to the right.
 There are two bitwise shift operators:
 Left shift(<<): Causes the operand to be shifted to the right by n positions.
operand<<
 The leftmost n bits in the original bit pattern will beloost and the rightmost n bits emptyposition
will be filled with 0’s.
 Right shift(>>): Causes the operand to be shifted to the right by n positions.
operand>>n
The empty leftmost n bits position will be filled with 0’s, if the operand is an unsigned integer.

Bitwise one’s complement operator:

 It is a unary operator which inverts all the bits represented by its operand. This means that all 0s
becomes 1s and 1s becomes 0s.
E.g.
If a =15; Equivalent binary value of a is 0000 1111

/* program to demonstrate working of bitwise operator*/

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int a=65,b=15,AND, OR, XOR;
AND = a&b;
 OR = a|b;
XOR = a^b;
printf("AND of a and b=%d\n",AND);
printf("OR of a and b=%d\n",OR);
printf("XOR of a and b=%d\n",XOR);
}

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
unsigned int a=15, left, right;
left = a<<3;
right =a>>2;
printf("%d\n", left);
printf("%d\n",right);
}

8. Special Operators
 Comma operator (,):
 The comma operator can be used link related expressions together.
 A comma-linked list of expression are evaluated from left-to-right and the value of the rightmost
expression is the value of the combined expressions.
E.g. X=(a=5, b=10, a+b);
 The first assign the value 5 to a
 Assign the value 10 to b
 Assign sum(a+b) to X

 Sizeof operator
 It is used with an operand to return the number of bytes it occupies.
 The operand may be constant, variable or a data type qualifier.

The syntax of sizeof operator is

sizeof(object);
 E.g.
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a;
float b;
double c;
char d;
printf("Size of int=%lu bytes\n",sizeof(a));
printf("Size of float=%lu bytes\n",sizeof(b));
printf("Size of double=%lu bytes\n",sizeof(c));
printf("Size of char=%lu byte\n",sizeof(d));
return 0;
}

Operator precedence and associativity

 The precedence is used to determine how an expression involving more than one operator is
evaluated.
 There are distinct level of precedence.
 The operator at the higher level of precedence are evaluated first.
 Operators of same precedence are evaluated either from “left to right” or “right to left” depending
on the level also known as associativity.
Type conversion in expressions
 When variables and constants of different types are combined in an expression then they are
converted to same data type.
 The process of converting one predefined type into another is called type conversion.
 Type conversion in C can be classified into the following two types:

1. Implicit Type Conversion:

 When the type conversion is performed automatically by the compiler without
programmer‘s intervention, such type of conversion is known as implicit type
conversion or type promotion.
 When the expression contains different types of data items, the operand with a
lower rank will be converted to the type of higher rank operand.
E.g.
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int x = 13; // integer x
char c = 'a'; // character c
float sum;
x = x + c; // c implicitly converted to int. ASCII ('a'=97)
sum = x + 1.0; // x is implicitly converted to float
printf("x = %d, sum = %f", x, sum);
return 0;
}
2. Explicit Type Conversion:
 The type conversion performed by the programmer by posing the data type of the
expression of specific type is known as explicit type conversion.
 The explicit type conversion is also known as type casting.
 Type casting in C is done in the following form:
(data_type)expression;
Where, data_type is any valid C data type, and expression may be constant, variable or expression.
E.g.
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
float a = 1.2;
int b;
b = (int)a + 1; // a is explicitly converted to int type
printf("Value of a is %f\n", a);
printf("Value of b is %d\n",b);
return 0;
}
Evaluation of Expression

In C language, an expression is a combination of values, variables, operators, and function calls

that can be evaluated to produce a single value. Expressions can include arithmetic operations,
logical operations, assignments, function calls, and more.

Here's a brief breakdown of expressions in C:

Arithmetic Expressions: Involving arithmetic operators like +, -, *, /, and % (addition,

subtraction, multiplication, division, and modulus respectively) used with numeric values or
variables.

Example: int result = 10 + 5 * 3; (evaluates to 25)

Relational Expressions: Comparing values using relational operators like <, >, <=, >=, ==, !=
(less than, greater than, less than or equal to, greater than or equal to, equal to, not equal to).

Example: int comparison = (5 > 3); (evaluates to 1 for true, 0 for false)

Logical Expressions: Using logical operators like &&, ||, ! (logical AND, logical OR, logical
NOT) to combine multiple conditions.

Example: int condition = (a > 5 && b < 10); (evaluates to 1 for true, 0 for false)

Assignment Expressions: Assigning values using the assignment operator =.

Example: int x = 10;

Ternary Expressions: Using the conditional operator ? : to make a decision based on a condition.

Example: int result = (a > b) ? a : b; (assigns the larger value of a or b to result)

Expressions can be as simple as a single value or can involve complex combinations of operators
and operands. They are evaluated following the rules of precedence and associativity defined by
the C language, where certain operators have higher precedence than others, determining the order
of evaluation.
Pre-increment and post-increment

Here’s a comparison table to illustrate the differences between pre-increment (++var) and post-
increment (var++) operators:

The pre-decrement (--var) and post-decrement (var--) operators operate similarly to their
increment counterparts but with a decrement operation.

Here's a comparison table for pre-decrement and post-decrement operators:

Just like with increments, the key difference lies in whether the decrement occurs before or after
the current value of the variable is used within an expression.