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21 views3 pages

1 - Tatistical Methods

Uploaded by

robinsonodhiambo743
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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STATISTICAL METHODS

Methods of Statistical Presentation


1. Age Sex Pyramid
2. Dot Maps
3. Choropleth Maps

Age Sex Pyramid


- This is a graphical illustration that shows the distribution of various age groups in a population
(typically that of a country or region of the world), which forms the shape of a pyramid when the
population is growing
- This is a graph used to represent population data showing different age groups/cohorts for males
and females
- It is used to show the numbers of children, youth and adults by their ages and sex
- It typically consists of two back-to-back bar graphs, with the population plotted on the horizontal
axis and age-groups/cohorts on the vertical axis, one showing the number of males and one showing
females in a particular population in five-year age groups/cohorts i.e. 0 – 4, 5 – 9, 10 – 14, 15 – 19,
years old, etc.
- Males are conventionally shown on the left and females on the right, and they may be measured by
raw/absolute number or as a percentage of the total population.
- It consists of bars that are drawn horizontally. The length of each bar indicates the number of
persons in each age group in a population.
- The youngest age group/cohort represented in the population is shown at the bottom while the
oldest at the top
- The population values are marked along the horizontal base at the bottom of the pyramid

Construction of age sex pyramid


- Can be done in two ways i.e. by absolute value technique or by percentage techniques
- Expose on each
- Students to construct

Analysis and Interpretation of Age sex pyramids


- Broad base – many children/high birth rate/high dependency ratio/low living standards
- Narrow base – low birth rate/high living standards
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- Narrow apex/top – few old age persons/high death rate/low life expectancy
- Broad apex – high life expectancy

Advantages of age sex pyramids


1. It gives good visual impression of the data being represented
2. It shows a variety of information on the same graph such as age, sex and the number of people
3. It can be used to compare the age – sex structures of a number of selected countries

Disadvantages of age sex pyramid


1. It is tedious to draw/construct because it involves many values hence many calculations
2. It fails to give an impression of the total population at a glance

Dot Maps
- A dot map is as a map type that uses a dot symbol to show the presence of a feature or event. Dot
maps rely on a visual scatter to show spatial pattern
- A dot map uses a dot to represent the number of a phenomenon found within the boundaries of a
geographic area e.g. a province, county/country, continent, etc
- Common population quantities represented by dot maps include those of people and livestock
- Each dot represents a stated value
- The dots are generally of uniform size and are placed in positions where the related events are
found.
- Dot value should not be too large nor too small – expose why
- Extreme dot sizes should be avoided
- Location of dots should be even to show spatial distribution

Advantages of dot maps


1. It gives a good/clear visual impression of the comparative densities and distribution of events
2. It is possible to calculate the approximate population of an area given the dot value
3. Easy to understand thus have a variety of uses

Disadvantages of dot maps


1. The even distribution of dots give a false impression of an evenly distributed population which is not
true
2. Its tedious to draw because calculations and placement of dots is time consuming
3. Drawing many dots of uniform size is difficult, requires special pens, increases the cost
4. Small areas with high population may be represented by so many dots/large areas with low
population may be represented by few dots distorting the population data

Choropleth Maps
- This is statistical map that shows the relationship between a given phenomenon/quantity of items
and a given area of land
- In such maps, densities e.g. population, crop yields, animal numbers, settlement per hectare in
different areas are shaded differently or in colours/patterns

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- The region with the lowest density/concentration have lines that are widely spaced while the area
with highest density have closely packed lines

Advantages of Choropleth maps


1. Allows for quick comparison of density variations in different regions
2. Gives a quick and good visual impression of the data being represented through varying densities
3. Easy to construct since they do not involve calculations

Disadvantages of Choropleth maps


1. Give wrong impression that the densities change abruptly at the boundaries of a given map
2. Give impression that densities are uniform within each region
3. Can be confusing if boundaries not marked clearly marked
4. Difficult to draw/construct since it involves a lot of calculations and shading
5. Can only be used to show one phenomenon at a time on the same map

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