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Practical class 12 th Physics

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19 views2 pages

Xii Exp-1

Practical class 12 th Physics

Uploaded by

harshrajlohani2002
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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EXPERIMENT 1

AIM
To determine resistivity of two / three wires by plotting a graph for potential difference versus current.

APPARATUS AND MATERIAL REQUIRED


A wire of unknown resistance, battery eliminator, voltmeter, milliammeter, rheostat, plug key,
connecting wires, a piece of sand paper and screw gauge.

P RINCIPLE
If physical state of the wire remains unchanged and 𝐼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉 are the current flowing and the potential
difference across the wire, then according to Ohm's law:
𝑉 ∝ 𝐼 ⟹ 𝑉 = 𝑅. 𝐼
Where, R is the constant of proportionality and is termed as
the electrical resistance of the conductor. If V is expressed in
volts and I in amperes, then R is expressed in ohms.
A graph is drawn between 𝐼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉. A straight line passing
through the origin shows linear relation between 𝐼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉. The
slope of the graph represents 1/ R.
𝜋𝐷2 𝑅
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛, 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝜌 =
4𝑙

P ROCEDURE
1. Ends of the connecting wires are cleaned with the
help of sand paper in order to remove any
insulating coating on them.
2. Components are connected as shown in Figure.
3. Range, least count and zero error of the given
voltmeter and milliammeter are noted.
4. Insert the key K and adjust the slide of the rheostat
for required current.
5. Key K is closed and rheostat contact are shifted gradually to increase the applied voltage. Readings
of the milliammeter and voltmeter are noted.
6. Step 5 is repeated for five different settings of the rheostat.
7. Diameter of the wire is measured using Screw-gauge.

OBSERVATIONS
1. Range of ammeter = 0 to ... mA
2. Least count of ammeter = ... mA
3. Range of voltmeter = 0 to ... V
4. Least count of voltmeter = ... V
5. Least count of metre scale = ... m
6. Length of the given wire, 𝑙 = ... m
7. Readings of voltmeter and milliammeter:
S. Applied Voltage Current through the wire
No. Voltmeter Reading Milliammeter reading
V (Volts) 𝐼 (mA)
1
2
3
4
5
8. Measurement of diameter of the wire:
Least count of the screw gauge (L.C.) = 0.01 mm
Zero error of the screw gauge (e) = …….. mm
Zero correction of the screw gauge (c) = …….. mm

S. M. S. Reading C. S. reading Diameter Mean Diameter


𝐷 +𝐷 +𝐷
No. N (mm) n D = N + n×L.C. 𝐷 = 1 32 3 (mm)
(mm)
1
2
3
Corrected Mean Diameter, (D + c) = ………. mm

CALCULATIONS
1. A graph is plotted between the potential difference across the wire (V) and the current (I) flowing
through it as shown in Figure. From the graph:
𝐵𝐶
𝑅= =⋯ Ω
𝐴𝐵
2. Resistivity of the given wire:
𝜋𝐷2 . 𝑅
𝜌= = ⋯… ……
4𝑙

R ESULT
1. The potential difference across the given wire varies linearly with the current.
2. The resistivity of the given wire is = ………. Ω. m.

P RECAUTIONS
1. The voltmeter should be connected in parallel and the ammeter in series with the circuit. It should
be ensured that current enters at the positive terminal and leaves at the negative terminal.
2. The key should be inserted only while taking observations, to avoid unnecessary heating of the wire.
3. Zero error in measuring instruments (voltmeter, ammeter, screw gauge) must be taken.

S OURCES OF ERROR
1. The wire used may not be of uniform area of cross-section.
2. The length of the resistance wire measured should be between one terminal of voltmeter and the
other. The lengths of ends wound around the terminals of voltmeter, if included, would give error
in measured length.

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