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This is to certify that physics project on the topic RECTIFIER

has been successfully completed by PRANOY KONWAR of
class XII – Science under the guidance of MR. ASHISH
GUPTA (PGT PHYSICS) in particular fulfilment of the
curriculum of Central board of secondary Education (CBSE)
leading to the award of annual examination of the year
2024 – 2025 .

INTERNAL SIGN:

PRINCIPAL SIGN:

EXTERNAL SIGN:
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I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to all those

who supported me during the completion of my project on
the RECTIFIER.

First and foremost, I extend my sincere thanks to my

physics teacher, Mr. Ashish Gupta (PGT PHYSICS), for his
guidance, encouragement, and invaluable insights that
greatly enhanced my understanding of the topic.

I would also like to thank my friends for their unwavering

support, assistance, and motivation throughout this
project. Your contributions made this endeavour enjoyable
and successful.

Lastly, I appreciate my family for their encouragement and

belief in my abilities.

Thank you all for being an integral part of this journey

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To construct a Full Wave Bridge rectifier and show that the

(AC) alternating current is rectified into a direct current
(DC).
The aim is to -
1. Understand Rectification.
2. Explain center tapped full wave rectification.
3. Explain Bridge Full Wave Rectification.
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1. INTRODUCTION
2. THEORY
3. MATERIAL REQUIRED
4. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
5. PROCEDURE
6. WORKING
7. OBSERVATION & RESULT
8. CONCLUSION
9. BIBLIOGRAPHY
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A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating

current (AC), which periodically reverses direction, to direct
current (DC), which flows in only one direction. The process
is known as rectification. Rectification produces a type of
DC that encompasses active voltages and currents, which
are then adjusted into a type of constant voltage DC,
although this varies depending on the current's end-use.
The current is allowed to flow uninterrupted in one
direction, and no current is allowed to flow in the opposite
direction.
Physically, rectifiers take a number of forms, including
vacuum tube diodes, mercury-arc valves, copper and
selenium oxide rectifiers, semiconductor diodes, silicon-
controlled rectifiers and other silicon-based semiconductor
switches.
Rectifier circuits may be single-phase or multi-phase. Most
low power rectifiers for domestic equipment are single-
phase, but three-phase rectification is very important for
industrial applications and for the transmission of energy
as DC.
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In half wave rectification, either the positive or negative half of

the AC wave is passed, while the other half is blocked. Because
only one half of the input waveform reaches the output, it is
very inefficient if used for power transfer.
A full-wave rectifier is exactly the same as the half-wave, but
allows unidirectional current through the load during the
entire sinusoidal cycle (as opposed to only half the cycle in the
half- wave). A full-wave rectifier converts the whole of the
input waveform to one of constant polarity (positive or
negative) at its output. Let us see our half wave rectifier
example and deduce the circuit. So, we have seen that this
rectifier circuit consists of two sources which have a phase
difference along with two diodes. When V1 is positive, V2 is
negative. Hence the top diode will be a short and the bottom
diode will be an open. On the other hand, when Vs1 is
negative, Vs2 is positive. Hence the bottom diode will be on
and the top diode will be an open circuit.
A full-wave rectifier can be constructed using Center-Tapped
transformer - which give us two shifted sinusoids so that
exactly one of the waveforms is positive at one time and two
diodes. As compared to the half wave rectifier we use two
diodes instead of one; one of the two diodes remains in
conduction in both of the half cycles. At any point in time, only
one of the diodes is forward biased. This allows for continuous
conduction through load.
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 Connecting Wires
 A Plug
 Single Lead Wire – 2m
 Three Nuts & Bolts 2-3 cm Length
 Circuit Board
 A Transformer (12V)
 A Resistor
 p-n junction diode (4 nos)
 A LED
 Insulation Tape, Blades, Soldering Wax, Soldering
Iron, Soldering Lead & Sand Paper

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Circuit diagram of a full wave rectifier:

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Take the transformer and attach it to one end of the circuit

board. Attach the plug with the wire of desired length and
connect it to the transformer AC. Now, take four diodes
and connect the 4 diodes into a loop. Connect the anode of
diode D1 to the anode of D2.
Connect the cathode of D2 to anode of D3 connect the
cathode of D3 to anode of D4 and connect the anode of D4
to cathode of D1. The output of transformers should be
connected to A and C. Now, take two capacitor and connect
its -ve terminal to negative and +ve terminal to +ve. And
connect both the capacitors to B and D. Connect a resistor
and a LED to the capacitor. Attach wire from the capacitors
and connect it to the output device.
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When the AC is supplied to the transformer, it step down

the 240V main supply to 12V. It has a capability of
delivering 700mA. The 12 volts AC appearing across the
secondary is the RMS value. The four diodes labelled Di to
D4 are arranged in "series pairs" with only two diodes
conducting current during each half cycle. The four diodes
labelled Di to D4 are arranged in "series pairs" with only
two diodes conducting current during each half cycle.
During the positive half cycle of the supply, diodes D1 and
D2 conduct in series while diodes D3 and D4 are reverse
biased and the current flows through the load as shown
below.
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During the negative half cycle of the supply, diodes D3 and

D4 conduct in series, but diodes D1 and D2 switch "OFF" as
they are now reverse biased. The current flowing through
the load is the same direction as before.

In subsequent Half cycles of the AC Current the above

process are repeated. In both the half cycles it is clear that
current flows through the resistor in only one direction.
Even though the voltage across load is unidirectional it will
still contains a few AC components. This is filtered and
made smooth using a capacitor, which filters 99% of the AC
current. A resistor is then used to adjust the output
voltage. Capacitor also nearly filters all AC components
from supply and resistance is adjusted for the required
output. As this is a simple circuit, two capacitors and one
resistor are being used. The output Direct Current and
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voltage light up the LED and other source connected with

it.
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Rectifiers are found in all power supplies that operate from

an ac voltage source. Also the rectifier is used as a power
supply unit. The rectifier converts the ac input voltage to a
pulsating de voltage. The filter eliminates the fluctuations
in the rectified voltage and produces a relatively smooth de
voltage.
The regulator is a circuit that maintains a constant voltage
for variations in the input line voltage or in the load.
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