CS-2126 UNIT III Assignment

Probability

1. An urn contains four blue balls and five red balls. What is the probability that a ball chosen at
random from the urn is blue?
2. What is the probability that when two dice are rolled, the sum of the numbers on the two dice
is 7?
3. In a lottery, players win a large prize when they pick four digits that match, in the correct order,
four digits selected by a random mechanical process. A smaller prize is won if only three digits
are matched. What is the probability that a player wins the large prize? What is the probability
that a player wins the small prize?
4. There are many lotteries now that award enormous prizes to people who correctly choose a
Set of six numbers out of the first n positive integers, where n is usually between 30 and 60. What
is the probability that a person picks the correct six numbers out of 40?
5. Find the probability that a hand of five cards in poker contains four cards of one kind.
6. What is the probability that a poker hand contains a full house, that is, three of one kind and
two of another kind?
7. What is the probability that the numbers 11, 4, 17, 39, and 23 are drawn in that order from a
bin containing 50 balls labeled with the numbers 1, 2, . . . , 50 if (a) the ball selected is not returned
to the bin before the next ball is selected and (b) the ball selected is returned to the bin before
the next ball is selected?
8. A sequence of 10 bits is randomly generated. What is the probability that at least one of these
bits is 0?
9. What is the probability that a positive integer selected at random from the set of positive
integers not exceeding 100 is divisible by either 2 or 5?
10. What is the probability that a five-card poker hand contains a straight flush, that is, five cards
of the same suit of consecutive kinds?
11. What is the probability that a fair die never comes up an even number when it is rolled six
times?
12. What is the probability that a positive integer not exceeding 100 selected at random is
divisible by 3?
13. What is the probability that a positive integer not exceeding 100 selected at random is
divisible by 5 or 7?
14. Suppose that instead of three doors, there are four doors in the Monty Hall puzzle. What is
the probability that you
win by not changing once the host, who knows what is behind each door, opens a losing door
and gives you the chance to change doors? What is the probability that you win by changing the
door you select to one of the two remaining doors among the three that you did not select?
15. What probabilities should we assign to the outcomes H (heads) and T (tails) when a fair coin
is flipped? What probabilities should be assigned to these outcomes when the coin is biased so
that heads comes up twice as often as tails?
16. Suppose that a die is biased (or loaded) so that 3 appears twice as often as each other number
but that the other five outcomes are equally likely. What is the probability that an odd number
appears when we roll this die?
17. A bit string of length four is generated at random so that each of the 16 bit strings of length
four is equally likely. What is the probability that it contains at least two consecutive 0s, given
that its first bit is a 0? (We assume that 0 bits and 1 bits are equally likely.)
18. What is the conditional probability that a family with two children has two boys, given they
have at least one boy? Assume that each of the possibilities BB, BG, GB, and GG is equally likely,
where B represents a boy and G represents a girl. (Note that BG represents a family with an older
boy and a younger girl while GB represents a family with an older girl and a younger boy.)
19. Suppose E is the event that a randomly generated bit string of length four begins with a 1 and
F is the event that this bit string contains an even number of 1s. Are E and F independent, if the
16 bit strings of length four are equally likely?
20. Are the events E, that a family with three children has children of both sexes, and F, that this
family has at most one boy, independent? Assume that the eight ways a family can have three
children are equally likely.
21. Suppose that the probability that a 0 bit is generated is 0.9, that the probability that a 1 bit is
generated is 0.1, and that bits are generated independently. What is the probability that exactly
eight 0 bits are generated when 10 bits are generated?
22. Let X be the sum of the numbers that appear when a pair of dice is rolled. What are the values
of this random variable for the 36 possible outcomes (i, j ), where i and j are the numbers that
appear on the first die and the second die, respectively, when these two dice are rolled?
23. What probability should be assigned to the outcome of heads when a biased coin is tossed,
if heads is three times as likely to come up as tails? What probability should be assigned to the
outcome of tails?
24. Find the probability of each outcome when a biased die is rolled, if rolling a 2 or rolling a 4 is
three times as likely
as rolling each of the other four numbers on the die and it is equally likely to roll a 2 or a 4.
25. A pair of dice is loaded. The probability that a 4 appears on the first die is 2/7, and the
probability that a 3 appears
on the second die is 2/7. Other outcomes for each die appear with probability 1/7. What is the
probability of 7 appearing as the sum of the numbers when the two dice are rolled?
26. What is the conditional probability that exactly four heads appear when a fair coin is flipped
five times, given that the first flip came up heads?
27. Let E be the event that a randomly generated bit string of length three contains an odd
number of 1s, and let F be the event that the string starts with 1. Are E and F independent?
28. Expected Value of a Die Let X be the number that comes up when a fair die is rolled. What is
the expected value of X?
29. A fair coin is flipped three times. Let S be the sample space of the eight possible outcomes,
and let X be the random variable that assigns to an outcome the number of heads in this outcome.
What is the expected value of X?
30. What is the expected value of the sum of the numbers that appear when a pair of fair dice is
rolled?
31. Prove that, If X is a random variable on a sample space S, then V (X) = E(X2) − E(X)2.
32. If X is a random variable on a sample space S and E(X) = μ, then V (X) = E((X − μ)2).
33. What is the variance of the random variable X with X(t) = 1 if a Bernoulli trial is a success and
X(t) = 0 if it is a failure, where p is the probability of success and q is the probability of failure?
34. Variance of the Value of a Die What is the variance of the random variable X, where X is the
number that comes up when a fair die is rolled?
35. What is the variance of the random variable X((i, j )) = 2i, where i is the number appearing on
the first die and j is the number appearing on the second die, when two fair dice are rolled?
36. Find the variance and standard deviation of the random variable X whose value when two fair
dice are rolled is X((i, j )) = i + j , where i is the number appearing on the first die and j is the
number appearing on the second die.
37. What is the variance of the number of successes when n independent Bernoulli trials are
performed, where, on each trial, p is the probability of success and q is the probability of failure?
38. A coin is biased so that the probability a head comes up when it is flipped is 0.6. What is the
expected number of heads that come up when it is flipped 10 times?
39. What is the expected sum of the numbers that appear when three fair dice are rolled?
40. Show that the sum of the probabilities of a random variable with geometric distribution with
parameter p, where 0 < p ≤ 1, equals 1.