DeWise Energy

CLEAN ENERGY SYSTEMS

ANALYSIS, DESIGN,
INSTALLATION AND
OPERATION

Prepared by the Engineering Team

May 2024
 Table of Contents
Module I: INTRODUCTION TO RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES ................................ 2

1.0 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 2

1.1 Primary and Secondary Energy ........................................................................................ 2

1.2 Commercial Energy and Non Commercial Energy.......................................................... 2

1.2.1 Commercial Energy ................................................................................................... 2

1.2.2 Non-Commercial Energy........................................................................................... 3

1.3 Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy .......................................................................... 3

1.4 Conventional and Non-conventional energy resources:................................................... 3

1.5 Energy and Environment .................................................................................................. 4

1.5 Climatic Change ............................................................................................................... 8

1.6 Greenhouse Effect and the Carbon Cycle ........................................................................ 9

1.7 Current Evidence of Climatic Change ........................................................................... 10

1.8 Future Effects of Climatic Change ................................................................................. 10

1.9 Energy Security .............................................................................................................. 13

1.10 Energy Strategy for the Future ..................................................................................... 14

1.11 Questions and Answers ................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

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 Module I: INTRODUCTION TO RENEWABLE ENERGY
SOURCES
1.0 Introduction
Any physical activity in this world, whether carried out by human beings or by nature, is
cause due to flow of energy in one form or the other. The word ‘energy’ itself is derived
from the Greek word ‘en-ergon’, which means ‘in-work’ or ‘work content’. The work
output depends on the energy input.

Energy is one of the major inputs for the economic development of any country. In the case
of the developing countries, the energy sector assumes a critical importance in view of the
ever- increasing energy needs requiring huge investments to meet them.

Energy can be classified into several types based on the following criteria:

 Primary and Secondary energy

 Commercial and Noncommercial energy
 Renewable and Non-Renewable energy
 Conventional and Non-conventional energy

1.1 Primary and Secondary Energy

Primary energy sources are those that are either found or stored in nature. Common primary
energy sources are coal, oil, natural gas, and biomass (such as wood). Other primary energy
sources available include nuclear energy from radioactive substances, thermal energy
stored in earth's interior, and potential energy due to earth's gravity. Primary energy sources
are converted in industrial utilities into secondary energy sources; for example, coal, oil or
gas converted into steam and electricity. Primary energy can also be used directly. Some
energy sources have non energy uses, for example coal or natural gas can be used as a
feedstock in fertilizer plants.

1.2 Commercial Energy and Non Commercial Energy

1.2.1 Commercial Energy
The energy sources that are available in the market for a definite price are known as
commercial energy. By far the most important forms of commercial energy are electricity,
coal and refined petroleum products. Commercial energy forms the basis of industrial,
agricultural, transport and commercial development in the modern world. In the

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industrialized countries, commercialized fuels are predominant source not only for
economic production, but also for many household tasks of general population.

Examples: Electricity, lignite, coal, oil, natural gas etc.

1.2.2 Non-Commercial Energy

The energy sources that are not available in the commercial market for a price are classified
as non-commercial energy. Non-commercial energy sources include fuels such as
firewood, cattle dung and agricultural wastes, which are traditionally gathered, and not
bought at a price used especially in rural households. These are also called traditional fuels.
Non-commercial energy is often ignored in energy accounting.

Example: Firewood, agro waste in rural areas; solar energy for water heating, electricity
generation, for drying grain, fish and fruits; animal power for transport, threshing, lifting
water for irrigation, crushing sugarcane; wind energy for lifting water and electricity
generation.

1.3 Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy

Renewable energy is energy obtained from sources that are essentially inexhaustible.
Examples of renewable resources include wind power, solar power, geothermal energy,
tidal power and hydroelectric power. The most important feature of renewable energy is
that it can be harnessed without the release of harmful pollutants. Non-renewable energy is
the conventional fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas, which are likely to deplete.

1.4 Conventional and Non-conventional energy resources:

Conventional energy resources which are being traditionally used for many decades and
were in common use around oil crisis of 1973 are called conventional energy resources,
e.g., fossil fuel, nuclear and hydro resources.

Non-conventional energy resources which are considered for large – scale use after oil
crisis of 1973, are called non-conventional energy sources, e.g., solar, wind, biomass, etc.

1.4 Energy Consumption and Standard of Living:

The energy consumption of a nation can be broadly divided into the following areas or
sectors depending on energy-related activities. These can be further subdivided into
subsectors:

 Domestic sector (houses and offices including commercial buildings)

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  Transportation sector
 Agriculture sector
 Industry sector

Consumption of a large amount of energy in a country indicates increased activities in these

sectors. This may imply better comforts at home due to use of various appliances, better
transport facilities and more agricultural and industrial production. All of this amount to a
better quality of life. Therefore, the per capita energy consumption of a country is an index
of the standard of living or prosperity (i.e. income) of the people of the country.

1.5 Energy and Environment

The usage of energy resources in industry leads to environmental damages by polluting the
atmosphere. Few of examples of air pollution are Sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrous oxide
(NOX) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions from boilers and furnaces, Chlorofluro
carbons (CFC) emissions from refrigerants use, etc. In chemical and fertilizers industries,
toxic gases are released.

Air Pollution

A variety of air pollutants have known or suspected harmful effects on human health and
the environment. These air pollutants are basically the products of combustion from fossil
fuel use. Air pollutants from these sources may not only create problems near to these
sources but also can cause problems far away. Air pollutants can travel long distances,
chemically react in the atmosphere to produce secondary pollutants such as acid rain or
ozone.

Evolutionary Trends in Pollution Problems both developed and rapidly industrializing

countries, the major historic air pollution problem has typically been high levels of smoke
and SO2 arising from the combustion of Sulphur-containing fossil fuels such as coal for
domestic and industrial purposes.

Smokes resulting from the combined effects of black smoke, Sulphate / acid aerosol and
fog have been seen in European cities until few decades ago and still occur in many cities
in developing world. In developed countries, this problem has significantly reduced over
recent decades as a result of changing fuel-use patterns; the increasing use of cleaner fuels
such as natural gas, and the implementation of effective smoke and emission control
policies.

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In both developed and developing countries, the major threat to clean air is now posed by
traffic emissions. Petrol- and diesel engine motor vehicles emit a wide variety of pollutants,
principally carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), volatile organic compounds
(VOCs) and particulates, which have an increasing impact on urban air quality.

In addition, photochemical reactions resulting from the action of sunlight on NO2 and
VOCs from vehicles leads to the formation of ozone, a secondary long-range pollutant,
which impacts in rural areas often far from the original emission site. Acid rain is another
long-range pollutant influenced by vehicle NOx emissions.

Industrial and domestic pollutant sources, together with their impact on air quality, tend to
be steady state or improving over time. However, traffic pollution problems are worsening
world-wide. The problem may be particularly severe in developing countries with
dramatically increasing vehicle population, infrastructural limitations, poor
engine/emission control technologies and limited provision for maintenance or vehicle
regulation.

The principle pollutants produced by industrial, domestic and traffic sources are Sulphur
dioxide, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, carbon monoxide, ozone, hydrocarbons,
benzene, 1,3butadiene, toxic organic micro pollutants, lead and heavy metals.

Brief introduction to the principal pollutants are as follows:

Sulphur dioxide is a corrosive acid gas, which combines with water vapor in the atmosphere
to produce acid rain. Both wet and dry deposition have been implicated in the damage and
destruction of vegetation and in the degradation of soils, building materials and
watercourses. SO2 in ambient air is also associated with asthma and chronic bronchitis.
The principal source of this gas is power stations and industries burning fossil fuels, which
contain Sulphur.

Nitrogen oxides are formed during high temperature combustion processes from the
oxidation of nitrogen in the air or fuel. The principal source of nitrogen oxides - nitric oxide
(NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), collectively known as NOx is road traffic. NO and NO2
concentrations are greatest in urban areas where traffic is heaviest. Other important sources
are power stations and industrial processes.

Nitrogen oxides are released into the atmosphere mainly in the form of NO, which is then
readily oxidized to NO2 by reaction with ozone. Elevated levels of NOx occur in urban
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environments under stable meteorological conditions, when the air mass is unable to
disperse.

Nitrogen dioxide has a variety of environmental and health impacts. It irritates the
respiratory system and may worsen asthma and increase susceptibility to infections. In the
presence of sunlight, it reacts with hydrocarbons to produce photochemical pollutants such
as ozone.

Nitrogen oxides combine with water vapor to form nitric acid. This nitric acid is in turn
removed from the atmosphere by direct deposition to the ground, or transfer to aqueous
droplets (e.g. cloud or rainwater), thereby contributing to acid deposition.

Acidification from SO2 and NOx

Acidification of water bodies and soils, and the consequent impact on agriculture, forestry
and fisheries are the result of the re-deposition of acidifying compounds resulting
principally from the oxidation of primary SO2 and NO2 emissions from fossil fuel
combustion. Deposition may be by either wet or dry processes, and acid deposition studies
often need to examine both of these acidification routes.

Airborne particulate matter varies widely in its physical and chemical composition, source
and particle size. PM10 particles (the fraction of particulates in air of very small size (<10
µm)) are of major current concern, as they are small enough to penetrate deep into the lungs
and so potentially pose significant health risks. In addition, they may carry surface-
absorbed carcinogenic compounds into the lungs. Larger particles, combustion, where
transport of hot exhaust vapor into a cooler exhaust pipe can lead to spontaneous nucleation
of "carbon" particles before emission. Secondary particles are typically formed when low
volatility products are generated in the atmosphere, for example the oxidation of Sulphur
dioxide to Sulphuric acid. The atmospheric lifetime of particulate matter is strongly related
to particle size, but may be as long as 10 days for particles of about 1mm in diameter.
Concern about the potential health impacts of PM10 has increased very rapidly over recent
years. Increasingly, attention has been turning towards monitoring of the smaller particle
fraction PM2.5 capable of penetrating deepest into the lungs, or to even smaller size
fractions or total particle numbers.

Carbon monoxide (CO) is a toxic gas, which is emitted into the atmosphere as a result of
combustion processes, and from oxidation of hydrocarbons and other organic compounds.

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In urban areas, CO is produced almost entirely (90%) from road traffic emissions. CO at
levels found in ambient air may reduce the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. It
survives in the atmosphere for a period of approximately 1 month and finally gets oxidized
to carbon dioxide (CO2).

Ground-level ozone (O3), unlike other primary pollutants mentioned above, is not emitted
directly into the atmosphere, but is a secondary pollutant produced by reaction between
nitrogen dioxide (NO2), hydrocarbons and sunlight. Ozone can irritate the eyes and air
passages causing breathing difficulties and may increase susceptibility to infection. It is a
highly reactive chemical, capable of attacking surfaces, fabrics and rubber materials. Ozone
is also toxic to some crops, vegetation and trees.

Whereas nitrogen dioxide (NO2) participates in the formation of ozone, nitrogen oxide
(NO) destroys ozone to form oxygen (O2) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). For this reason,
ozone levels are not as high in urban areas (where high levels of NO are emitted from
vehicles) as in rural areas. As the nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons are transported out of
urban areas, the ozone-destroying NO is oxidized to NO2, which participates in ozone
formation.

Hydrocarbons

There are two main groups of hydrocarbons of concern: volatile organic compounds
(VOCs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). VOCs are released in vehicle
exhaust gases either as unburned fuels or as combustion products, and are also emitted by
the evaporation of solvents and motor fuels. Benzene and 1,3-butadiene are of particular
concern, as they are known carcinogens. Other VOCs are important because of the role
they play in the photochemical formation of ozone in the atmosphere.

Benzene is an aromatic VOC, which is a minor constituent of petrol (about 2% by volume).

The main sources of benzene in the atmosphere are the distribution and combustion of
petrol. Of these, combustion by petrol vehicles is the single biggest source (70% of total
emissions) whilst the refining, distribution and evaporation of petrol from vehicles accounts
for approximately a further 10% of total emissions. Benzene is emitted in vehicle exhaust
not only as unburnt fuel but also as a product of the decomposition of other aromatic
compounds. Benzene is a known human carcinogen. 1,3-butadiene, like benzene, is a VOC
emitted into the atmosphere principally from fuel combustion of petrol and diesel vehicles.
Unlike benzene, however, it is not a constituent of the fuel but is produced by the
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combustion of olefins. 1,3-butadiene is also an important chemical in certain industrial
processes, particularly the manufacture of synthetic rubber. It is handled in bulk at a small
number of industrial locations. Other than in the vicinity of such locations, the dominant
source of 1,3butadiene in the atmosphere are the motor vehicles. 1,3 Butadiene is also a
known, potent, human carcinogen.

TOMPs (Toxic Organic Micro pollutants) are produced by the incomplete combustion of
fuels. They comprise a complex range of chemicals some of which, although they are
emitted in very small quantities, are highly toxic or and carcinogenic. Compounds in this
category include:

 PAHs (PolyAromatic Hydrocarbons)

 PCBs (PolyChlorinated Biphenyls)
 Dioxins
 Furans

Heavy Metals and Lead

Particulate metals in air result from activities such as fossil fuel combustion (including
vehicles), metal processing industries and waste incineration. There are currently no
emission standards for metals other than lead. Lead is a cumulative poison to the central
nervous system, particularly detrimental to the mental development of children.

Lead is the most widely used non-ferrous metal and has a large number of industrial
applications. Its single largest industrial use worldwide is in the manufacture of batteries
and it is also used in paints, glazes, alloys, radiation shielding, tank lining and piping.

As tetraethyl lead, it has been used for many years as an additive in petrol; with the
increasing use of unleaded petrol, however, emissions and concentrations in air have
reduced steadily in recent years.

1.5 Climatic Change

Human activities, particularly the combustion of fossil fuels, have made the blanket of
green- house gases (water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, ozone etc.) around the earth
thicker. The resulting increase in global temperature is altering the complex web of systems
that allow life to thrive on earth such as rainfall, wind patterns, ocean currents and
distribution of plant and animal species.

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1.6 Greenhouse Effect and the Carbon Cycle

The greenhouse effect

Life on earth is made possible by energy from the sun, which arrives mainly in the form of
visible light. About 30 percent of the sunlight is scattered back into space by outer
atmosphere and the balance 70 percent reaches the earth's surface, which reflects it in form
of infrared radiation. The escape of slow moving infrared radiation is delayed by the
greenhouse gases. A thicker blanket of greenhouse gases traps more infrared radiation and
increase the earth's temperature.

Greenhouse gases makeup only 1 percent of the atmosphere, but they act as a blanket
around the earth, or like a glass roof of a greenhouse and keep the earth 30 degrees warmer
than it would be otherwise - without greenhouse gases, earth would be too cold to live.
Human activities that are responsible for making the greenhouse layer thicker are emissions
of carbon dioxide from the combustion of coal, oil and natural gas; by additional methane

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and nitrous oxide from farming activities and changes in land use; and by several man made
gases that have a long life in the atmosphere.

The increase in greenhouse gases is happening at an alarming rate. If greenhouse gases

emissions continue to grow at current rates, it is almost certain that the atmospheric levels
of carbon dioxide will increase twice or thrice from pre-industrial levels during the 21st
century.

Even a small increase in earth's temperature will be accompanied by changes in climate-

such as cloud cover, precipitation, wind patterns and duration of seasons. In an already
highly crowded and stressed earth, millions of people depend on weather patterns, such as
monsoon rains, to continue as they have in the past. Even minimum changes will be
disruptive and difficult.

Carbon dioxide is responsible for 60 percent of the "enhanced greenhouse effect". Humans
are burning coal, oil and natural gas at a rate that is much faster than the rate at which these
fossil fuels were created. This is releasing the carbon stored in the fuels into the atmosphere
and upsetting the carbon cycle (a precise balanced system by which carbon is exchanged
between the air, the oceans and land vegetation taking place over millions of years).
Currently, carbon dioxide levels in the atmospheric are rising by over 10 percent every 20
years.

1.7 Current Evidence of Climatic Change

Cyclones, storm, hurricanes are occurring more frequently and floods and draughts are
more intense than before. This increase in extreme weather events cannot be explained
away as random events.

This trend toward more powerful storms and hotter, longer dry periods are predicted by
computer models. Warmer temperatures mean greater evaporation, and a warmer
atmosphere is able to hold more moisture and hence there is more water aloft that can fall
as precipitation. Similarly, dry regions are prone to lose still more moisture if the weather
is hotter and hence this leads to more severe droughts and desertification.

1.8 Future Effects of Climatic Change

Even the minimum predicted shifts in climate for the 21st century are likely to be significant
and disruptive. Predictions of future climatic changes are wide-ranging. The global
temperature may climb from 1.4 to 5.8 degrees C; the sea level may rise from 9 to 88 cm.

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Thus, increases in sea level this century are expected to range from significant to
catastrophic. This uncertainty reflects the complexity, interrelatedness, and sensitivity of
the natural systems that make up the climate.

1) Severe Storms and Flooding

The minimum warming forecast for the next 100 years is more than twice the 0.6-degree C
increase that has occurred since 1900 and that earlier increase is already having marked
consequences. Extreme weather events, as predicted by computer models, are striking more
often and can be expected to intensify and become still more frequent. A future of more
severe storms and floods along the world's increasingly crowded coastlines is likely.

2) Food Shortages

Although regional and local effects may differ widely, a general reduction is expected in
potential crop yields in most tropical and sub-tropical regions. Mid-continental areas such
as the United States' "grain belt" and vast areas of Asia are likely to become dry. Sub-
Saharan Africa where dry land agriculture relies solely on rain, the yields would decrease
dramatically even with minimum increase in temperature. Such changes could cause
disruptions in food supply in a world is already afflicted with food shortages and famines.

3) Dwindling Freshwater supply

Salt-water intrusion from rising sea levels will reduce the quality and quantity of freshwater
supplies. This is a major concern, since billions of people on earth already lack access to
fresh- water. Higher ocean levels already are contaminating underground water sources in
many parts of the world.

4) Loss of Biodiversity

Most of the world's endangered species (some 25 per cent of mammals and 12 per cent of
birds) may become extinct over the next few decades as warmer conditions alter the forests,
wetlands, and rangelands they depend on, and human development blocks them from
migrating elsewhere.

5) Increased Diseases

Higher temperatures are expected to expand the range of some dangerous "vector-borne"
diseases, such as malaria, which already kills 1 million people annually, most of them
children.
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 6) A World Under Stress

Ongoing environmentally damaging activities such as overgrazing, deforestation, and

denuded agricultural soils means that nature will be more vulnerable than previously to
changes in climate.

Similarly, the world's vast human population, much of it poor, is vulnerable to climate
stress. Millions live in dangerous places such as floodplains or in slums around the big
cities of the developing world. Often there is nowhere else for population to move. In the
distant past, man and his ancestors migrated in response to changes in habitat. There will
be much less room for migration in future.

Global warming almost certainly will be unfair. The industrialized countries of North
America and Western Europe, and other countries such as Japan, are responsible for the
vast amount of past and current greenhouse-gas emissions. These emissions are incurred
for the high standards of living enjoyed by the people in those countries.

Yet those to suffer most from climate change will be in the developing world. They have
fewer resources for coping with storms, with floods, with droughts, with disease outbreaks,
and with disruptions to food and water supplies. They are eager for economic development
them- selves, but may find that this already difficult process has become more difficult
because of climate change. The poorer nations of the world have done almost nothing to
cause global warming yet is most exposed to its effects.

7) Acid Rain

Acid rain is caused by release of SOX and NOX from combustion of fossil fuels, which
then mix with water vapor in atmosphere to form sulphuric and nitric acids respectively

The effects of acid rain are as follows:

 Acidification of lakes, streams, and soils

 Direct and indirect effects (release of metals, for example: Aluminum which washes
away plant nutrients)
 Killing of wildlife (trees, crops, aquatic plants, and animals)
 Decay of building materials and paints, statues, and sculptures
 Health problems (respiratory, burning- skin and eyes)

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1.9 Energy Security
The basic aim of energy security for a nation is to reduce its dependency on the imported
energy sources for its economic growth.

Increasing dependence on fossil fuel means reliance on energy source that is not renewable.
Hence, necessary measures should be taken to reduce the oil dependence of our economy,
which is possible through taking fiscal measures by developing alternatives to fossil fuels,
such as natural gas and renewable energy.

Some of the strategies that can be used to meet future challenges to their energy security
are;

 Development of renewable energy sources.

 Energy efficiency
 Sustainable development

Although all these options are feasible, their implementation will take time.

However, out of all these options, the simplest and the most easily attainable is reducing
demand through renewable energy sources.

What is Energy Conservation?

Energy Conservation and Energy Efficiency are separate, but related concepts. Energy
conservation is achieved when growth of energy consumption is reduced, measured in
physical terms. Energy Conservation can, therefore, be the result of several processes or
developments, such as productivity increase or technological progress. On the other hand,
Energy efficiency is achieved when energy intensity in a specific product, process or area
of production or consumption is reduced without affecting output, consumption or comfort
levels. Promotion of energy efficiency will contribute to energy conservation and is there-
fore an integral part of energy conservation promotional policies.

Energy efficiency is often viewed as a resource option like coal, oil or natural gas. It pro-
vides additional economic value by preserving the resource base and reducing pollution.
For example, replacing traditional light bulbs with Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs)
means you will use only 1/4th of the energy to light a room. Pollution levels also reduce by
the same amount.

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Nature sets some basic limits on how efficiently energy can be used, but in most cases our
products and manufacturing processes are still a long way from operating at this theoretical
limit. Very simply, energy efficiency means using less energy to perform the same function.
Although, energy efficiency has been in practice ever since the first oil crisis in 1973, it has
today assumed even more importance because of being the most cost-effective and reliable
means of mitigating the global climatic change. Recognition of that potential has led to
high expectations for the control of future CO2 emissions through even more energy
efficiency improvements than have occurred in the past. The industrial sector accounts for
some 41 per cent of global primary energy demand and approximately the same share of
CO2 emissions.

1.10 Energy Strategy for the Future

The energy strategy for the future could be classified into immediate, medium-term and
long- term strategy. The various components of these strategies are listed below:

Immediate-term strategy:

 Rationalizing the tariff structure of various energy products.

 Optimum utilization of existing assets
 Efficiency in production systems and reduction in distribution losses, including
those in traditional energy sources.
 Promoting R&D, transfer and use of technologies and practices for environmentally
sound energy systems, including new and renewable energy sources.

Medium-term strategy:

 Demand management through greater conservation of energy, optimum fuel mix,

structural changes in the economy, an appropriate model mix in the transport sector,
i.e. greater dependence on rail than on road for the movement of goods and
passengers and a shift away from private modes to public modes for passenger
transport; changes in design of different products to reduce the material intensity of
those products, recycling, etc.
 There is need to shift to less energy-intensive modes of transport. This would
include measures to improve the transport infrastructure viz. roads, better design of
vehicles, use of compressed natural gas (CNG) and synthetic fuel, etc. Similarly,

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 better urban planning would also reduce the demand for energy use in the transport
sector.
 There is need to move away from non-renewable to renewable energy sources such
as solar, wind, biomass energy, etc.

Long-term strategy:

 Efficient generation of energy resources

 Efficient production of coal, oil and natural gas
 Reduction of natural gas flaring
 Improving energy infrastructure
 Building new refineries
 Creation of urban gas transmission and distribution network
 Maximizing efficiency of rail transport of coal production.
 Building new coal and gas fired power stations.
 Enhancing energy efficiency
 Improving energy efficiency in accordance with national, socio-
economic, and environ- mental priorities
 Promoting of energy efficiency and emission standards
 Labeling programs for products and adoption of energy efficient
technologies in large industries
 Deregulation and privatization of energy sector
 Reducing cross subsidies on oil products and electricity tariffs
 Decontrolling coal prices and making natural gas prices competitive
 Privatization of oil, coal and power sectors for improved efficiency.
 Investment legislation to attract foreign investments.
 Streamlining approval process for attracting private sector participation
in power generation, transmission and distribution.
 Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE):
 The mission of Bureau of Energy Efficiency is to institutionalize energy
efficiency services, enable delivery mechanisms in the country and provide
leadership to energy efficiency in all sectors of economy. The primary
objective would be to reduce energy intensity in the Indian Economy.

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 The general superintendence, directions and management of the affairs of
the Bureau is vested in the Governing Council with 26 members. The
Council is headed by Union Minister of Power and consists of members
represented by Secretaries of various line Ministries, the CEOs of technical
agencies under the Ministries, members representing equipment and
appliance manufacturers, industry, architects, consumers and five power
regions representing the states. The Director General of the Bureau shall be
the exfficio member-secretary of the Council.
 The BEE will be initially supported by the Central Government by way of
grants through budget, it will, however, in a period of 5-7 years become self-
sufficient. It would be authorized to collect appropriate fee in discharge of
its functions assigned to it. The BEE will also use the Central Energy
Conservation Fund and other funds raised from various sources for
innovative financing of energy efficiency projects in order to promote
energy efficient investment.

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