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Chapter 9b. Applications of Modular Arithmetic

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36 views18 pages

Chapter 9b. Applications of Modular Arithmetic

Uploaded by

Ayresh Sheyn
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER 9.

Mathematical System–
Applications
of Modular Arithmetic
learning objectives

1. discuss variety of applications of


modular arithmetic; and

2. solve problems involving modular


arithmetic.
THE ISBN

International Standard Book Number (ISBN)


THE ISBN
International Standard Book Number (ISBN)
• Every book that is cataloged in the National Library has an
International Standard Book Number (ISBN).

• It is consisting of 13 digits.
!" , !$ , !%, - first digit – composed of 978
!' - next digit – indicates the country in which the publisher
is incorporated (either 0 or 1)
- next two to seven digits – indicate publisher
…

- next group of digits – indicates the title of the book


!"% - last digit (13th digit) – is called check digit
THE ISBN
Formula for the ISBN Check Digit
!"# = "% − !" + #!( + !# + #!) + !* + #!+ + !, + #!- + !. + #!"% + !"" + #!"( /01 "%
If !"# = "% , then the check digit is 0.

It is this check digit that is used to ensure accuracy.

Example:
The ISBN for the fourth edition of the American Heritage Dictionary is
978-0-395-82517-4. Suppose, how-ever, that a bookstore clerk sends an
order for the American Heritage Dictionary and inadvertently enters the
number 978-0-395-28517-4, where the clerk transposed the 8 and 2 in
the five numbers that identify the book.
Correct ISBN: 978-0-395-82517-4
Incorrect ISBN: 978-0-395-28517-4
THE ISBN
Formula for the ISBN Check Digit
!"# = "% − !" + #!( + !# + #!) + !* + #!+ + !, + #!- + !. + #!"% + !"" + #!"( /01 "%
If !"# = "% , then the check digit is 0.

It is this check digit that is used to ensure accuracy.

Example:
Determine the ISBN check digit for the book The Equation
that Couldn't Be Solved by Mario Livio. The first 12 digits of
the ISBN are 978-0-7432-5820-?.
Formula for the ISBN Check Digit
!"# = "% − !" + #!( + !# + #!) + !* + #!+ + !, + #!- + !. + #!"% + !"" + #!"( /01 "%
If !"# = "% , then the check digit is 0.

Solution: 978-0-7432-5820-?.

234 = 10 − (9 + 7 3 + 8 + 0 3 + 7 + 4 3 + 3 + 2 3 +
5 + 8 3 + 2 + 0(3)) mod 10

234 = (10 − 97) mod 10

234 = −87 mod 10 −87 + 90 = 3


234 = 3
THE ISBN
Formula for the ISBN Check Digit
!"# = "% − !" + #!( + !# + #!) + !* + #!+ + !, + #!- + !. + #!"% + !"" + #!"( /01 "%
If !"# = "% , then the check digit is 0.

It is this check digit that is used to ensure accuracy.

Example:
A purchase order for the book The Mathematical Tourist
by Ivars Peterson includes the ISBN 978-0-760-73261-6.
Determine whether this is a valid ISBN.
Formula for the ISBN Check Digit
!"# = "% − !" + #!( + !# + #!) + !* + #!+ + !, + #!- + !. + #!"% + !"" + #!"( /01 "%
If !"# = "% , then the check digit is 0.

Solution: ISBN 978-0-760-73261-6

234 = 10 − (9 + 7 3 + 8 + 0 3 + 7 + 6 3 + 0 + 7 3 +
3 + 2 3 + 6 + 1(3)) mod 10

234 = (10 − 102) mod 10

234 = −92 mod 10 −92 + 100 = 8


234 = 8
UNIVERSAL PRODUCT CODE (UPC)
UNIVERSAL PRODUCT CODE (UPC)

• UPC (Universal Product Code) is a number placed on


many items and is particularly useful in grocery.

• UPC gives the store manager accurate information about


inventory and the buying habits of the store’s customers.

• The UPC is a 12-digit number that satisfies a congruence


equation that is similar to the one for ISBNs.
UNIVERSAL PRODUCT CODE(UPC)
Formula for the UPC Check Digit
!"# = "% − '!" + !# + '!' + !) + '!* + !+ + '!, + !- + '!. + !"% + '!"" /01 "%
If !"# = "% , then the check digit is 0.

Example:
1. Find the check digit for the DVD release of the film Alice
in Wonderland if the first 11 digits are 7-86936-79798-?

2. Is 1-32342-65933-9 a valid UPC?


Formula for the UPC Check Digit
!"# = "% − '!" + !# + '!' + !) + '!* + !+ + '!, + !- + '!. + !"% + '!"" /01 "%
If !"# = "% , then the check digit is 0.

Solution: 7-86936-79798-?

234 = 10 − (7 3 + 8 + 6 3 + 9 + 3 3 + 6 + 7 3 +
9 + 7 3 + 9 + 8(3)) mod 10

234 = 10 − 155 mod 10

234 = −145 mod 10 −145 + 150 = 5

234 = 5
CREDIT CARD NUMBERS
• Companies that issue credit cards also use modular arithmetic
to determine whether a credit card number is valid.
• The primary coding method is based on the Luhn algorithm,
which uses mod 10 arithmetic.

• Credit card numbers are normally 13 to 16 digits long


o The first one to four digits are used to identify the
card issuer.
LUHN ALGORITHM
It is used to determine whether a credit card number is valid and is
calculated as follows:

1. Beginning with the next-to-last digit (the last digit is the check digit)
and reading from right to left, double every other digit.
2. If a digit becomes a 2-digit number after being doubled, treat the
number as two individual digits.
3. Find the sum of the new list of digits; the final sum must be congruent
to 0 mod 10.

Example:
Determine whether 5234 8213 3410 1298 is a valid credit
card number.
LUHN ALGORITHM
It is used to determine whether a credit card number is valid and is
calculated as follows:

1. Beginning with the next-to-last digit (the last digit is the check digit)
and reading from right to left, double every other digit.
2. If a digit becomes a 2-digit number after being doubled, treat the
number as two individual digits.
3. Find the sum of the new list of digits; the final sum must be congruent
to 0 mod 10.

Example:
Is 6011 0123 9145 2317 a valid credit card number?
End of Discussion…

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