X-Ray

What’s the difference between X-

ray and Gamma ray?
 History of X-rays
R o nt g e n’s d i sc o v e r y
occurred accidentally in
his Wurzburg, Germany,
lab, where he was
testing whether cathode
rays could pass through
glass when he noticed a
g l o w c o m i ng f ro m a
nearby chemically
coated screen.
 History of X-rays

• To prove his discovery, Roentgen took an

X-ray of his wife's hand. This is an image
o f t h a t f ir s t - e v e r X - r a y o f B e r t h a
R o e n t g e n's h a n d . I t w a s t a ke n o n
December 22, 1895.
• X-rays later called Roentgen-rays in his
honor.
• Doctors don’t have to do surgery to see
bones.
 What is an X – Ray?
• An x–ray is a form of radiation, that is
invisible
• Very high energy
• Basically gives an “inside view”
• X‐rays can penetrate matter more easily
than can visible light.
• Their ability to penetrate matter depends
on the density of the matter
• The energy of X‐rays, like all
electromagnetic radiation, is inversely
proportional to their wavelength as
given by the Einstein equation:
E = hν = hc/λ
where E = energy
h = Planck's constant, 6.62607004 × 10-34 m2
kg / s
ν = frequency
c = velocity of light = 2.99793 x 108m/sec
λ = wavelength
Since X‐rays have a smaller wavelength than
visible light, they have higher energy.
 Properties of X-rays
• X-rays travel in straight lines.
• X-rays cannot be deflected by electric
field or magnetic field.
• X-rays have a high penetrating power.
• Photographic film is blackened by X-
rays.
• Fluorescent materials glow when X-
rays are directed at them.
• Ionization of a gas results when an X-
ray beam is passed through it.
 What is an X-ray used for?
• Used in many medical purposes
and security purposes.
• X-rays are also used for looking
at fractured bones in the human
body.
• Can show cavities and
swallowed objects or objects
stuck inside humans
 X-ray tube

High Voltage

Power Supply

Current

Tungsten Filament

Anode Target Cathode

Glass Envelope

Tube Housing
X-ray tube
 X Ray tube components
• Cathode: heated f il ament which is the
source of the electron beam directed
towards the anode (tungsten filament)
• Anode (stationary or rotating): impacted
by electrons, emits X Rays, > 99% of
electron energy is dissipated as heat
• Metal tube housing surrounding glass
(or metal) X Ray tube
• Shielding material (protection against
extra-focal spot radiation from anode)
 Cathode structure

• The cathode is the

negative side of
the tube and
contains two
primary parts:
• The filaments
• The focusing cup
 What Is Happening In Cathode
(--)
electrons cathode

Thermo ionic emission: when a metal is heated

its atoms absorb thermal energy and some
electrons escape the metal surface.
(1)Focusing cup:
it can condense the electron beam to a small
area of the anode.

For large focal spot

For small focal spot

focusing cup
(2) Tungsten filament :

•Filament is made of tungsten wire with

high melting point (33700 C) and low
vaporization.

•Most tube have two filaments which

provide a choice of quick exposures or high
resolution.
 Filament Current
• When the x-ray machine is turned on, a
current f lows through the f il ament to
war m i t an d prepare i t for th e bi g
thermal necessary for x-ray production.
 The Anode
• The anode is the positive side of the
tube.
• X-ray tubes are classified by the type of
anode:
– Stationary
– Rotating
 The Stationary Anode

• Stationary anodes are

used in dental x-ray and
some portable x-ray
machine.
•U s e d w h e n h i g h t u b e
current and power are not
required because they are
not capable of producing
high-intensity
x-ray beams in a short time.
 The Rotating Anode

• The rotating anode

allows the electron
beam to interact with a
much larger target area.
• The heat is not conf ined
to a small area.
• Its rotational speeds up
to 1 0 ,0 0 0 R P M
(Revolutions per minute)
& temperatures 2000 0C.
• The Anode must also be High melting
point.
• When the electron beam strikes the
anode more than 99% of the kinetic
energy is converted to heat.
• Tungsten is used as the target for the
electron beam.
• Tungsten is used for two reasons
• High atomic number
• High melting point
How an X-ray Machine Works

• Lead case holds

machine to keep
X-rays from
going in all
directions
How an X-ray Machine Works

• X-rays come out

of little window
facing the
patient
• X-rays pass
harmlessly
through the
patient
 How an X-ray Machine Works
1. When the X-rays go
through the human or
object, the x-ray
beam continues.
2. On the other side
there is a camera
that takes the picture.
3. The camera is just
like any other camera
we use.
How much heat must be absorbed by 375
grams of water to raise its temperature by
25° C?
Specific heat of water= 4180 J/kg.K
 Problem
A sample of zinic has amass of 7.35g
at 14.5 ⁰c .The sample mixed with 150g
of water at 85 ⁰c inside a calorimeter,
the mass of the calorimeter is 520.57 g
and its specific heat is 400 J/Kg.K
What is the final temperature?
Czinc = 389 J/Kg.K , Cwater =4180 J/Kg.K)
 Solution
Heat loss = Heat gain
Q(M)=Q(W+Calorimeter)
mcΔt =mcΔt+mcΔt
7.35x 10 x389(Tf-287.5)=
-3

0.15x4180x(358-Tf(+0.52027x
400x(358-Tf)
TF=357.6 K