1

Name: ______________________

Class: ______________________

Due Date: ______________________

B.1 Thermal Energy Transfers

Understandings
o Molecular theory in solids, liquids, and gases.
o Density 𝜌 as given by 𝜌 = .
o Kelvin and Celsius scales are used to express temperature.
o The change in temperature of a system is the same when expressed with the
Kelvin or Celsius scales.
o The internal energy of a system is the total intermolecular potential energy
arising from the forces between the molecules plus the total random kinetic
energy of the molecules arising from their random motion.
o Temperature difference determines the direction of the resultant thermal energy
transfer between bodies.
o A phase change represents a change in particle behavior arising from a change
in energy at constant temperature.
o Quantitative analysis of thermal energy transfers Q with the use of specific heat
capacity c and specific latent heat of fusion and vaporization of substances L as
given by 𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐∆𝑇 and 𝑄 = 𝑚𝐿.
o Conduction, convection, and thermal radiation are the primary mechanisms for
thermal energy transfer.
o Conduction in terms of the difference in the kinetic energy of particles.
o Quantitative analysis of rate of thermal energy transfer by conduction in terms
of the type of material and cross-sectional area of the material and the
∆ ∆
temperature gradient as given by = 𝑘𝐴 .
∆ ∆
o Qualitative description of thermal energy transferred by convection due to fluid
density differences.
o Quantitative description of thermal energy transferred by convection due to
fluid density differences.
o Quantitative analysis of energy transferred by radiation as a result of the
emission of electromagnetic waves from the surface of a body, which in the
case of a black body can be modeled by the Stefan-Boltzmann law as given by

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𝐿 = 𝜎𝐴𝑇 where L is the luminosity, A is the surface area, and T is the absolute
temperature of the body.
o The concept of apparent brightness b.
o Luminosity L of a body as given by 𝑏 = .
o The emission spectrum of a black body and the determination of the
temperature of the body using Wien’s displacement law as given by 𝜆 𝑇 =
2.9 × 10 mK where 𝜆 is the peak wavelength emitted.

Equations

𝜌=

𝐸 = 𝑘 𝑇

𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐∆𝑇

𝑄 = 𝑚𝐿
∆ ∆
= 𝑘𝐴
∆ ∆

𝐿 = 𝜎𝐴𝑇

𝑏=

𝜆 𝑇 = 2.898 × 10 mK

If you are interested in learning more about thermal physics then please read the
book Concepts in Thermal Physics by Stephen J. Blundell and Katherine M.
Blundell.

Visiting the coldest town in the world - Chilling Out | 60 Minutes Australia
60 Minutes Australia
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l1noUh2NrLI

The hottest place on Earth | 60 Minutes Australia

60 Minutes Australia
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bdeOZ6rJ36Q

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 3

The solutions can be found on the YouTube channel Go Physics Go:

https://www.youtube.com/@gophysicsgo/playlists

Part 1: Use your favorite sources to answer the following questions

1. C: Define solid. What are its characteristics?

2. C: Define fluid.

3. C: Define liquid. What are its characteristics?

4. C: Define gas. What are its characteristics?

5. C: Define and give the units for each variable for density 𝜌 = . Is it a scalar
or vector? Do not confuse density ρ with power P or momentum 𝑝⃑ or pressure
p!

6. E: Determine the volume of a 1.00 kg gold bar if gold has a density of

approximately 19,300 kg/m3.

7. C: Define diffusion.

8. C: Which state of matter has the most potential energy: a solid, a liquid, or a
gas?

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9. C: Define temperature.

10. C: Define Degrees Celsius. What is the melting point and the boiling point of
water in degrees Celsius?

11. C: Define Kelvin. What is the melting point and the boiling point of water in
Kelvin?

12. C: Define absolute zero.

13. C: Which has greater kinetic energy: 0 ℃ ice or 0 ℃ water? Which has greater
potential energy?

14. C: Define and give the units for each variable of the equation for Boltzmann’s
constant 𝑘 = .

15. C: Define and give the units for each variable for the equation for the internal
energy of an ideal gas 𝐸 = 𝑘 𝑇 = 𝑇.

16. C: Define thermal equilibrium.

17. C: Define heat.

18. C: Define internal energy.

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19. C: Define phase change.

20. C: What does the equation 𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐∆𝑇 tell us? Define and give the units of
each variable.

21. C: Define melting. Does an object gain potential energy or lose potential
energy when it melts? What about kinetic energy?

22. C: Define freezing. Does an object gain potential energy or lose potential
energy when it freezes? What about kinetic energy?

23. C: Define vaporization/boiling. Does an object gain potential energy or lose

potential energy when it vaporizes/boils? What about kinetic energy?

24. C: Define condensation. Does an object gain potential energy or lose potential
energy when it condenses? What about kinetic energy?

25. C: What does the equation 𝑄 = 𝑚𝐿 tell us? Define and give the units of each
variable.

26. C: What does the equation 𝑄 = 𝑚𝐿 tell us? Define and give the units of each
variable.

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27. E: Moses has 500 grams of gold.

a. Go online to find the specific heat capacity of gold in its solid state in .
×

b. How much energy will it take to increase the temperature of solid gold by
50°C?

c. How much energy will be lost by solid gold if its temperature decreases by
50°C?

28. E: How much energy will be needed to increase the temperature of 0.8 kg of
solid ice from minus 30°C to steam at plus 140°C? Draw a temperature vs.
energy graph of this process.

𝑐 𝑐
J
J J 𝑐 = 1,996
= 2,108 = 4,186 kg × K
kg × K kg × K
J J
𝐿 = 3.34 × 10 𝐿 = 2.26 × 10
kg kg

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29. E: Approximately how much energy will be needed to melt 1.25 kg of silver
which is at a room temperature of 22.0 °C? The specific heat capacity of silver
is approximately 236 , the latent heat of vaporization of silver is
×°
approximately 2.51 × 10 J, and the melting point of silver is approximately
962 °C.

30. E: Aaron drops a 6.00 kg gold block with a temperature of 20.0°C into a tub
with 2.00 kg of liquid water at 90.0°C. What will be the final temperature of
the system?

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31. E: A ball of copper, which has a specific heat capacity of 𝑐 = 390. , has a
°
mass of 165 grams and is initially at a temperature of 115°C. This ball is
quickly inserted into an insulated cup containing 125 ml of water at a
temperature of 22.0°C.

a. What will be the final, equilibrium temperature of the ball and the water?

b. How much heat did the copper ball lose to the water?

c. How much heat did the water gain from the ball?

32. C: Define conduction, convection, and radiation. Give an example of each.

33. C: What is the difference between a thermal conductor and thermal insulator?
Give an example of each.

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∆ ∆
34. C: Describe the equation = 𝑘𝐴 .
∆ ∆

35. E: A silver plate 3.00 cm thick has a cross-sectional area of 4,000. cm . One
face is at 160.°C and the other is at 130.°C. How much heat passes through the
plate each second? For silver, 𝑘 = 406 .

36. E: A metal plate 6.00 mm thick has a temperature difference of 48.0°C between
its faces. It transmits 200. kcal/h through an area of 7.00 cm . Calculate the
thermal conductivity of this metal in .

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37. E: Two metal plates are soldered together. It is known that 𝐴 = 70.0 cm ,
𝐿 = 2.00 mm, 𝐿 = 4.00 mm, 𝑇 = 110. ℃, and 𝑇 = 20.0℃. For the plate
on the left 𝑘 = 45.0 and for the plate on the right 𝑘 = 85.0 .
Determine the temperature of the soldered junction in K and the heat flow rate
in J/s.

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38. C: Define absorb, reflect and emit.

39. C: Define black body.

40. C: State the definition, equation, and units for emissivity. What is the emissivity
of a really dark colored object? What is the emissivity of a really light colored
object?

41. C: Define luminosity L. Units?

42. C: What does the Stefan-Boltzmann law tell us? State the equation and define
each variable in the Stefan-Boltzmann law.

43. E: A spherical body of 5.00 cm in diameter is maintained at 700.°C. Assuming

that it radiates as if it were a blackbody, at what rate (in Watts) is energy
radiated from the sphere?

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44. E: The average surface temperature of the Sun is 5.778 × 10 K and its average
radius is 6.957 × 10 m. Assuming that it radiates as if it were a blackbody, at
what rate (in Watts) is energy radiated from the sphere?

45. E: The radius of star X is four times that of star Y and its temperature is three
times that of Y. Find the ratio of luminosity of Y to that of X.

46. E: A blackbody has a surface area of 4.00 m and temperature of 450. K. The
blackbody is in a closed room with room temperature of 293 K. How much
energy does the blackbody lose per minute?

47. C: Define apparent brightness b. Units? What is the mathematical relationship

between apparent brightness b and luminosity L?

48. E: The luminosity of the Sun is 3.846 × 10 W and its distance from the Earth
is about 1.50 × 10 m. Determine the apparent brightness b of the Sun.

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49. E: The apparent brightness of star X as observed from Earth is three times
greater than that of star Y as observed from Earth. The luminosity of star X is
two times greater than that of star Y. Determine the ratio of the distance of star
Y to Earth to that of star X to Earth.

50. C: What does Wien’s displacement law tell us? State the equation and define
each variable for Wien’s displacement law. Draw and label a graph describing
Wien’s displacement law.

51. E: The Sun emits electromagnetic waves with a maximum wavelength of 570.
nm. According to this information what is the surface temperature of the Sun?

52. E: The maximum surface temperature of the red supergiant Betelgeuse is

approximately 3.80 × 10 K. Determine the maximum wavelength emitted.

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 1

Name: ______________________

Class: ______________________

Due Date: ______________________

B.2 Greenhouse Effect

Understandings
o The conservation of energy.
o Emissivity as the ratio of the power radiated per unit area by a surface
compared to that of an ideal black surface at the same temperature as given by
emissivity = .
o Albedo as a measure of the average energy reflected off a macroscopic system
as given by albedo = .
o The Earth’s albedo varies daily and is dependent on cloud formations and
latitude.
o The solar constant S.
o The incoming radiative power is dependent on the projected surface of a planet
along the direction of the path of the rays, resulting in a mean value of the
incoming intensity being .
o Methane CH , water vapor H O, carbon dioxide CO , and nitrous oxide N O are
the main greenhouse gases and each of these has origins that are both natural
and created by human activity.
o The absorption of infrared radiation by the main greenhouse gases in terms of
the molecular energy levels.
o The augmentation of the greenhouse effect due to human activities is known as
the enhanced greenhouse effect.

Equations

emissivity =

albedo =

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 2

The solutions can be found on the YouTube channel Go Physics Go:

https://www.youtube.com/@gophysicsgo/playlists

Part 1: Use your favorite sources to answer the following questions

1. C: State the law of conservation of energy.

2. C: State the definition, equation, and units for emissivity. What is the emissivity
of a really dark colored object? What is the emissivity of a really light colored
object?

3. C: State the definition, equation, and units for albedo. What is the albedo of a
really dark colored object? What is the albedo of a really light colored object?

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 3

4. C: What is the mathematical relationship between the albedo and emissivity of

an object?

5. E: A naked person has a surface area of 1.80 m , an emissivity of 0.980, and a

skin temperature of 37.0°C. This naked person is in a room with room
temperature of 20.0°C. How much energy does this person lose per minute?

6. E: By which factor does the power emitted by an object decrease when its
temperature decreases from 800.0 K to 500.0 K?

7. E: On a hot summer day a forest receives an intensity of approximately

1,210 . If the forest has an albedo of approximately 0.122 then determine
how much energy is absorbed and reflected every second by each square meter.

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 4

8. E: The planet Saturn has an average surface temperature of -178°C and a radius
of approximately 5.82 × 10 m. Suppose Saturn has an emissivity of
approximately 0.650. Determine the rate of thermal energy emitted.

9. C: What is the meaning of the Sun-Earth solar constant?

10. E: The luminosity of the Sun is approximately 3.828 × 10 W. The average

distance from the Sun to Earth is 1.5 × 10 m. Use the equation 𝐼 = =
to determine the Sun-Earth solar constant.

11. C: Describe the equation 𝐼 ̅ = = .

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 5

12. E: The average albedo of Earth is approximately 0.300 and the average
emissivity of the Earth is approximately 0.600. Use the solar constant to
determine the average temperature of the Earth.

13. E: The average albedo of Earth is approximately 0.300. Use the solar constant
to determine the average intensity reaching the Earth during the day or night.

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 6

14. C: Define the greenhouse effect and the enhanced greenhouse effect. What are
the four major greenhouse gases? State their name and chemical formula.

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 7

Part 2: Browse these websites for more information on climate change

The world's most viewed site on global warming and climate change
www.wattsupwiththat.com

Climate Depot: Redefining Global Warming Reporting

https://www.climatedepot.com/

Part 3: Explain what went wrong from these climate predictions

https://cei.org/blog/wrong-again-50-years-of-failed-eco-pocalyptic-predictions/

https://extinctionclock.org/

https://mishtalk.com/economics/lets-review-50-years-of-dire-climate-forecasts-
and-what-actually-happened/

1. 1967 Salt Lake Tribune: Dire Famine Forecast by 1975, Already Too Late
2. 1969 NYT: “Unless we are extremely lucky, everyone will disappear in a cloud
of blue steam in 20 years. The situation will get worse unless we change our
behavior.“
3. 1970 Boston Globe: Scientist Predicts New Ice Age by 21st Century said James
P. Lodge, a scientist at the National Center for Atmospheric Research.
4. 1971 Washington Post: Disastrous New Ice Age Coming says S.I. Rasool at
NASA.
5. 1972 Brown University Letter to President Nixon: Warning on Global Cooling
6. 1974 The Guardian: Space Satellites Show Ice Age Coming Fast
7. 1974 Time Magazine: Another Ice Age “Telling signs everywhere. Since the
1940s mean global temperatures have dropped 2.7 degrees F.”
8. 1974 “Ozone Depletion a Great Peril to Life” University of Michigan Scientist
9. 1976 NYT The Cooling: University of Wisconsin climatologist Stephen
Schneider laments about the “deaf ear his warnings received.”
10. 1988 Agence France Press: Maldives will be Completely Under Water in 30
Years.
11. 1989 Associated Press: UN Official Says Rising Seas to ‘Obliterate Nations’ by
2000.
12. 1989 Salon: New York City’s West Side Highway underwater by 2019 said Jim
Hansen the scientist who lectured Congress in 1988 about the greenhouse
effect.

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 8

13. 2000 The Independent: “Snowfalls are a thing of the past. Our children will not
know what snow is,” says senior climate researcher.
14. 2004 The Guardian: The Pentagon Tells Bush Climate Change Will Destroy
Us. “Britain will be Siberian in less than 20 years,” the Pentagon told Bush.
15. 2008 Associate Press: NASA Scientist says “We’re Toast. In 5-10 years the
Arctic will be Ice Free”
16. 2008 Al Gore: Al Gore warns of ice-free Arctic by 2013.
17. 2009 The Independent: Prince Charles says Just 96 Months to Save the World.
“The price of capitalism is too high.”
18. 2009 The Independent: Gordon Brown says “We have fewer than 50 days to
save our planet from catastrophe.”
19. 2013 The Guardian: The Arctic will be Ice Free in Two Years. “The release of
a 50 gigaton of methane pulse” will destabilize the planet.
20. 2013 The Guardian: US Navy Predicts Ice Free Arctic by 2016. “The US
Navy’s department of Oceanography uses complex modeling to makes its
forecast more accurate than others.
21. 2014 John Kerry: “We have 500 days to Avoid Climate Chaos” discussed Sec of
State John Kerry and French Foreign Minister Laurent Fabious at a joint
meeting.

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 1

Name: ______________________

Class: ______________________

Due Date: ______________________

B.3 Gas Laws

Understandings
o Pressure is given by 𝑃 = where F is the force exerted perpendicular to the
surface.
o The amount of substance n as given by 𝑛 = where N is the number of
molecules and 𝑁 is the Avogadro constant.
o Ideal gases are described in terms of the kinetic energy and constitute a
modeled system used to approximate the behavior of real gases.
o The ideal gas law equation can be derived from the empirical gas laws for
constant pressure, constant volume, and constant temperature as given by
= constant.
o The equations governing the behavior of ideal gases as given by 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑘 𝑇
and 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇.
o The change in momentum of particles due to collisions with a given surface
gives rise to pressure in gases and, from that analysis, pressure is related to the
average translational speed of molecules as given by 𝑃 = 𝜌𝑣 .
o The relationship between the internal energy 𝑈 of an ideal monatomic gas and
the number of molecules or amount of substance as given by 𝑈 = 𝑁𝑘 𝑇 or
𝑈 = 𝑅𝑛𝑇.
o The temperature, pressure, and density conditions under which an ideal gas is a
good approximation of a real gas.

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Equations

𝑃=

𝑁=

= constant

𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇 = 𝑁𝑘 𝑇

𝑃 = 𝜌𝑣

𝑈 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇 = 𝑁𝑘 𝑇

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 3

The solutions can be found on the YouTube channel Go Physics Go:

https://www.youtube.com/@gophysicsgo/playlists

Part 1: Use your favorite sources to answer the following questions

1. C: Define and give the units for each variable for pressure 𝑃 = . Is it a scalar
or vector? Do not confuse pressure P with power P or momentum 𝑝⃑ or density
ρ!

2. E: The surface area of an average human male foot is approximately 651 cm .

Determine the pressure on each foot of a 75.0 kg man standing on both feet.

3. C: Define Avogadro’s constant 𝑁 .

4. C: Define and give the units for each variable for a mole 𝑛 = 𝑁/𝑁 .

5. E: Determine the number of molecules in 3.25 moles of O .

6. E: Determine the number of moles of 1.47 × 10 particles.

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 4

7. E: Consider H O.
a. What is the molar mass of H O?

b. How many moles are in 50.0 grams of H O?

c. How many grams are in 18.0 moles of H O?

8. E: Consider CO .
a. What is the molar mass of CO ?

b. How many moles are in 26.0 grams of CO ?

c. How many grams are in 32 moles of CO ?

9. E: Consider CH .
a. What is the molar mass of CH ?

b. How many moles are in 46.0 grams of CH ?

c. How many grams are in 146 moles of CH ?

10. C: Define and give the units of atomic mass unit u.

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 5

11. C: State some characteristics of an ideal gas.

12. C: What are some differences between an ideal gas and a real gas?

13. C: Define and draw a graph showing Boyle’s Law.

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 6

14. C: Define and draw a graph showing Charles’ Law.

15. C: Define and draw a graph showing Gay-Lussac’s Law.

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 7

16. C: Take Boyle’s Law, Charles’ Law, and Gay-Lussac’s Law to obtain a general
equation for an ideal gas.

17. C: Define and give the units of each variable for the Ideal Gas Law 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇.

18. C: Define and give the units of each variable for the Ideal Gas Law 𝑃𝑉 =
𝑁𝑘 𝑇.

19. E: What is the number of moles of an ideal gas in 80.0 cm at room

temperature of 20.0°C and a pressure of 1.00 × 10 Pa?

20. E: What is the volume of 22.0 moles of an ideal gas when it fills a cylinder at a
temperature of 40.0°C and a pressure of 1.01 × 10 Pa?

21. E: What is the temperature of 0.255 moles of an ideal gas when it fills a volume
of 225 cm at a pressure of 1.01 × 10 Pa?

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 8

22. E: Three moles of an ideal gas originally occupies a volume of 120. cm with a
pressure of 1.01 × 10 Pa at a temperature of 23.0℃. What will be its new
volume if its pressure is held constant and its temperature increases to 35.0℃?

23. E: Five moles of an ideal gas originally occupies a volume of 160. cm with a
pressure of 1.01 × 10 Pa at a temperature of 23.0℃. What will be its new
pressure if its volume is held constant and its temperature increases to 75.0℃?

24. E: Two moles of an ideal gas originally occupies a volume of 346. cm with a
pressure of 1.01 × 10 Pa at a temperature of 30.0℃. What will be its new
pressure if its volume increases to 362. cm and its temperature is held
constant?

25. C: Define and give the units for each variable for the equation for the kinetic
theory of an ideal gas 𝑃 = 𝜌𝑣 .

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 9

26. E: The density of air on Earth is approximately 1.29 at a pressure of

1.01 × 10 Pa. Assume the air is an ideal gas. Determine the average speed of
the air.

27. E: The density of air on Mars is approximately 0.200 at a pressure of 610

Pa. Assume the air is an ideal gas. Determine the average speed of the air.

28. C: Define and give the units for each variable for the equation for the internal
energy of an ideal monatomic gas 𝑈 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇 = 𝑁𝑘 𝑇.

29. E: Determine the internal energy of 7.42 moles of an ideal gas at a temperature
of 32.0°C.

30. E: Determine the internal energy of 2.84 × 10 particles of an ideal gas at a

temperature of 27.0°C.

31. E: Use the equation 𝐸 = 𝑘 𝑇 to determine the average kinetic energy and
speed of O at a room temperature of 20.0°C. Assume O is an ideal gas.

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 10

32. E: Use the equation 𝐸 = 𝑘 𝑇 to determine the average kinetic energy and
speed of CO at a temperature of 23.0°C. Assume CO is an ideal gas.

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 1

Name: ______________________

Class: ______________________

Due Date: ______________________

B.4 Thermodynamics
Additional HL Understandings
o The first law of thermodynamics, as given by 𝑄 = ∆𝑈 + 𝑊, results from the
application of conservation of energy to a closed system and relates the internal
energy of a system to the transfer of energy as heat and as work.
o The work done by or on a closed system as given by 𝑊 = 𝑃∆𝑉 when its
boundaries are changed can be described in terms of pressure and changes of
volume of the system.
o The change in internal energy, as given by ∆𝑈 = 𝑛𝑅∆𝑇 = 𝑁𝑘 ∆𝑇, of a
system is related to the change of its temperature.
o Entropy S is a thermodynamic quantity that relates to the degree of disorder of
the particles in a system.
o Entropy can be determined in terms of macroscopic quantities such as thermal
∆
energy and temperature as given as ∆𝑆 = and also in terms of the properties
of individual particles of the system as given by 𝑆 = 𝑘 ln Ω where 𝑘 is the
Boltzmann constant and Ω is the number of possible microstates of the system.
o The second law of thermodynamics refers to the change in entropy of an
isolated system and sets constraints on possible physical processes and on the
overall evolution of the system.
o Processes in real isolated systems are almost always irreversible and
consequently the entropy of a real isolated system always increases.
o The entropy of a non-isolated system can decrease locally, but this is
compromised by an equal or greater increase of the entropy of the surroundings.
o Isovolumetric, isobaric, isothermal, and adiabatic processes are obtained by
keeping one variable fixed.
o Adiabatic processes in monatomic ideal gases can be modeled by the equation
as given by 𝑃𝑉 = constant.
o Cyclic gas processes are used to run heat engines.
o A heat engine can respond to different cycles and is characterized by its
efficiency as given by 𝜂 = .

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 2

o The Carnot cycle sets a limit for the efficiency of a heat engine at the
temperatures of its heat reservoirs as given by 𝜂 =1− .

Additional HL Equations

𝑄 = ∆𝑈 + 𝑊

𝑊 = 𝑃∆𝑉

∆𝑈 = 𝑛𝑅∆𝑇 = 𝑁𝑘 ∆𝑇

∆
∆𝑆 =

𝑆 = 𝑘 ln Ω

𝑃𝑉 = constant

𝜂=

𝜂 = 1−

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 3

The solutions can be found on the YouTube channel Go Physics Go:

https://www.youtube.com/@gophysicsgo/playlists

Part 1: Use your favorite sources to answer the following questions

1. C: Define thermodynamics.

2. C: Define a closed system.

3. C: Define an isolated system.

4. C: State the first law of thermodynamics.

5. C: Consider a system filled with an ideal gas and the equation for the law of
conservation of energy 𝑄 = ∆𝑈 + 𝑊.

a. Define ∆𝑈. What is the meaning if ∆𝑈 > 0 Joules? ∆𝑈 = 0 Joules?

∆𝑈 < 0 Joules?

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 4

b. Define 𝑊. What is the meaning if 𝑊 > 0 Joules? 𝑊 = 0 Joules? 𝑊 <

0 Joules?

c. Define 𝑄. What is the meaning if 𝑄 > 0 Joules? 𝑄 = 0 Joules? 𝑄 <

0 Joules?

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6. E: 8.42 × 10 J of heat is given to a closed system while the system does

4.37 × 10 J of work. What is the change in internal energy of the system
during this process?

7. E: A closed system absorbs 2.33 × 10 J and at the same time 1.24 × 10 J of

work is done on it. What is the change in internal energy of the system during
this process?

8. E: 9.97 × 10 J is removed from a gas held at a constant volume. What is the

change in internal energy of the system during this process?

9. E: 246 J of thermal energy is used to compress a gas while its internal energy
increases by 122 J. Determine the amount of energy leaving the system.

10. E: In a slow isothermal compression 3.45 × 10 J of work is done on an ideal

gas. Determine the work done on the gas.

11. E: During a slow isothermal expansion 3.45 × 10 J of work is done by an ideal

gas. Determine the work done by the gas.

12. C: Describe the equation 𝑊 = 𝑃∆𝑉.

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13. E: An ideal gas in a piston is compressed from an initial volume of 1.87 ×

10 m to a final volume of 1.03 × 10 m at a constant pressure of
4.04 × 10 Pa. The initial temperature of the ideal gas, before expansion, is
406 K. Determine the work done on the ideal gas and the final temperature of
the ideal gas.

14. E: An ideal gas in a piston is expanded from an initial volume of 9.87 ×

10 m to a final volume of 1.23 × 10 m at a constant pressure of 3.03 ×
10 Pa. The initial temperature of the ideal gas, before expansion, is 398 K.
Determine the work done by the ideal gas and the final temperature of the ideal
gas.

15. C: Describe the equation ∆𝑈 = 𝑁𝑘 ∆𝑇 = 𝑛𝑅∆𝑇.

16. C: Define thermal equilibrium.

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17. C: State the zeroth law of thermodynamics.

thermodynamics

18. C: What does the area under a pressure-volume curve tell us?

a. Define isothermal process.

process Draw three isothermal processes (isotherms) on
a pressure vs. volume graph.

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process Draw an isobaric process on a pressure vs. volume

b. Define isobaric process.
graph.

c. Define isochoric/isovolumetric process.

process Draw an isochoric/isovolumetric
process on a pressure vs. volume diagram.

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process. Draw an adiabatic process on a pressure vs.

d. Define adiabatic process
volume graph.

19. E: A gas does 1.00 × 10 J of work while a closed system expands

adiabatically. Determine the change in internal energy.

20. E: 1.23 × 10 J of work is done on a closed system during an adiabatic

compression. Determine the change in internal energy.

21. C: Define entropy 𝑆. Units?

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∆
22. C: Describe the equation ∆𝑆 = .

∆
23. C: The change in entropy 𝑆 of a system is defined as ∆𝑆 = .
a. What can we do to make ∆𝑆 positive?

b. What can we do to make ∆𝑆 negative?

24. E: A cup of hot chocolate at a temperature of 90.0°C is in a room with an

ambient temperature of 23.0°C. If the temperature of the hot chocolate and
room do not change and 1.97 × 10 J of energy flows out of the hot chocolate
to the room then determine the change in entropy.

25. E: Two large cubes filled with water are separated by a thin thermally
conducting metal plate. The temperature of the water in cube 1 is 82.0°C and
the temperature of the water in cube 2 is 39.0°C. Determine the change in
entropy of the whole system if heat flows between the plate at 249 Joules per
second.

26. E: 400. g of ice at 0.00°C melts to water at a constant temperature. The latent
heat of fusion of H O is 3.34 × 10 . Determine the change in entropy.

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27. E: 500. g of water at 0.00°C freezes to ice at a constant temperature. The latent
heat of fusion of H O is 3.34 × 10 . Determine the change in entropy.

28. E: 600. g of boiling water at 100.°C vaporizes to steam at a constant

temperature. The latent heat of vaporization of H O is 2.26 × 10 .
Determine the change in entropy.

29. E: 800. g of steam at 100.°C condenses to water at a constant temperature. The

latent heat of vaporization of H O is 2.26 × 10 . Determine the change in
entropy.

30. E: A piston is slowly compressed so the temperature of the ideal gas inside it
remains at 40.0°C. 748 J of work is done on the gas. Determine the change in
entropy of the gas.

31. E: A piston is slowly expanded so the temperature of the ideal gas inside it
remains at 68.3°C. 498 J of work is done by the gas. Determine the change in
entropy of the gas.

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32. C: Describe the equation 𝑆 = 𝑘 ln Ω.

33. E: Determine the entropy of a system which has 7.53 × 10 microstates.

34. C: State the second law of thermodynamics.

35. C: State the Clausius version of the second law of thermodynamics.

36. C: State the Kelvin version of the second law of thermodynamics.

37. C: State the arrow of time and entropy in terms of the second law of
thermodynamics.

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38. C: State the third law of thermodynamics.

39. C: Describe the equation 𝑃𝑉 = constant.

40. E: An ideal gas is initially held at a pressure of 1.23 × 10 Pa, a volume of

9.06 × 10 m , and a temperature of 348 K. The ideal gas then expands
adiabatically to a new volume of 1.00 × 10 m . Determine the final pressure
and final temperature of the ideal gas.

41. E: An ideal gas is initially held at a pressure of 7.65 × 10 Pa, a volume of

9.63 × 10 m , and a temperature of 388 K. The ideal gas then compresses
adiabatically to a new volume of 8.28 × 10 m . Determine the final pressure
and final temperature of the ideal gas.

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42. E: In an adiabatic process the volume of a piston increases from 145 cm to

194 cm . By which factor does the pressure change?

43. E: In an adiabatic process the pressure of a piston increases from 3.03 × 10 Pa

to 7.07 × 10 Pa. By y which factor does the volume change?

44. C: Define heat engine and heat pump.

cycle. Label the

45. C: Use a pencil! Carefully and clearly draw the Carnot cycle
vertical axis and the horizontal axis. Label the adiabatic processes and
isothermal processes.

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46. C: In general the efficiency of an engine is 𝜂 = . For a Carnot

engine 𝜂 =1− .

a. Is the Carnot cycle a fast or slow process?

b. Is the Carnot cycle realistic?

.

c. Is the Carnot cycle efficient?

47. E: Calculate the efficiency of a Carnot engine operating between the following
temperatures.

a. 123°C and 23.0°C

b. 223°C and 123°C

c. 323°C and 223°C

48. E: Suppose you have 12 two-sided fair unbiased coins. You throw them all up
and count the number of heads and number of tails. You want to determine the
number of arrangements to land one head, two heads, three heads, etc. and also
its probability. Complete the table below:

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Number of Heads Number of Arrangements Probability

10

11

12

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Name: ______________________

Class: ______________________

Due Date: ______________________

B.5 Current and Circuits

Understandings
o Cells provide a source of emf.
o Chemical cells and solar cells as the energy source in circuits.
o Circuit diagrams represent the arrangement of components in a circuit.
∆
o Direct current (dc) I as a flow of charge carriers as given by 𝐼 = .
∆
o The electric potential difference V is the work done per unit charge on moving a
positive charge between two points along the path of the current as given by
𝑉= .
o The properties of electrical conductors and insulators in terms of mobility or
charge carriers.
o Electric resistance and its origin.
o Electrical resistance R as given by 𝑅 = .
o Resistance as given by 𝜌 = .
o Ohm’s law.
o The ohmic and non-ohmic behavior of electrical conductors, including the
heating effect of resistors.
o Electrical power P dissipated by a resistor as given by 𝑃 = 𝐼𝑉 = 𝐼 𝑅 = .
o The combinations of resistors in series and parallel circuits.

Series circuits Parallel circuits

𝐼=𝐼 =𝐼 =⋯ 𝐼 =𝐼 +𝐼 +⋯
𝑉 =𝑉 +𝑉 +⋯ 𝑉=𝑉 =𝑉 =⋯
𝑅 =𝑅 +𝑅 +⋯ 1 1 1
= + +⋯
𝑅 𝑅 𝑅

o Electric cells are characterized by their emf 𝜀 and internal resistance 𝑟 as given
by 𝜀 = 𝐼(𝑅 + 𝑟).

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o Resistors can have variable resistance.

Equations
∆
𝐼=
∆

𝑉=

𝑅=

𝜌=

𝑃 = 𝐼𝑉 = 𝐼 𝑅 =

Series circuits Parallel circuits

𝐼 =𝐼 +𝐼 +⋯
𝐼=𝐼 =𝐼 =⋯
𝑉=𝑉 =𝑉 =⋯
𝑉 =𝑉 +𝑉 +⋯
1 1 1
𝑅 =𝑅 +𝑅 +⋯ = + +⋯
𝑅 𝑅 𝑅

𝜀 = 𝐼(𝑅 + 𝑟)

If you are interested in learning more about electricity and magnetism then please
read the book Electricity and Magnetism by Edward M. Purcell and David J.
Morin.

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The solutions can be found on the YouTube channel Go Physics Go:

https://www.youtube.com/@gophysicsgo/playlists

Part 1: Use your favorite sources to answer the following questions

1. C: Define electric potential difference. Units?

2. C: What are the units of voltage?

3. C: Use a pencil and ruler! The work done in moving a charge is given by the
equation 𝑊 = 𝑞 × ∆𝑉. Draw and label a diagram to describe this equation.

4. C: What is charge q? Units?

5. C: Define electric current I and state its equation and units. Do not confuse
current I with impulse 𝐽⃑!

6. C: What is the relationship in magnitude and direction between electron flow

and current in a conductor?

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7. C: Define resistance. Give the units of resistance Ω.

8. C: What is the resistance of an ideal wire?

9. C: Define resistor. Do resistors increase or decrease the current in a circuit?

Why is it necessary to have a resistor in a circuit?

10. C: Define resistivity ρ. Do not confuse resistivity ρ with density ρ!

11. C: What is the resistance of a non-ideal wire directly proportional to?

12. C: What is the resistance of a non-ideal wire inversely proportional to?

13. E: A piece of wire 40.0 cm long is measured to have a resistance of 7.20 Ω.

What will be the resistance of an otherwise identical wire which has a length of
120. cm?

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14. E: A piece of wire, which has a diameter of 0.500 mm, is measured to have a
resistance of 8.40 Ω. What will be the resistance of an otherwise identical wire
which has a diameter of 0.250 mm?

15. C: Define Ohm’s Law. Draw a current vs. voltage graph of a resistor obeying
Ohm’s law.

16. C: What does a thermistor do? Draw a resistance vs. temperature graph of a
thermistor.

17. C: What does a light-dependent resistor (LDR) do?

18. C: What does a potentiometer do?

19. C: Define non-ohmic.

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20. C: Give three versions of the equation for electrical power.

21. E: A current of 0.870 Amperes flows through a certain light bulb when it is
attached to a 115. Volt power supply. How much power does this light bulb
dissipate?

22. E: A 25.0 Ω resistor is connected to a 5.70 Volt battery with negligible internal
resistance.

a. What will be the current flowing through the resistor?

b. How much power will be dissipated in this resistor?

23. E: A certain light bulb is designed to dissipate 5.00 W of power when attached
to a 12.0 V source. What is the resistance of the light bulb filament?

24. E: A 25.0 Ω resistor and a 75.0 Ω resistor are connected in series across a 12.0
V source. How much power will be consumed by the 25.0 Ω resistor?

25. E: A 55.0 Ω resistor is attached to a 12.0 V power supply. This resistor is then
immersed in a Styrofoam cup containing 25.0 g of water initially at a
temperature of 22.5°C for a period of 150. s.

a. How much power is being delivered to the resistor?

b. How much energy will be delivered to the water during these 150. s?

c. What will be the final temperature of the water?

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26. C: Define electromotive force emf. What are its units?

27. C: State Kirchhoff’s loop rule. Which conservation rule does this law obey?

28. State Kirchhoff’s junction rule. Which conservation rule does this law obey?

29. C: Resistors in series have the same ___________.

30. C: Resistors in parallel have the same ___________.

31. C: How can we simplify many resistors in series?

32. C: How can we simplify many resistors in parallel?

33. C: What does an ammeter do? Draw its symbol. What is a characteristic of an
ideal ammeter? How/Where do we insert an ammeter in a circuit?

34. C: What does a voltmeter do? Draw its symbol. What is a characteristic of an
ideal voltmeter? How/Where do we insert a voltmeter in a circuit?

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35. E: Six 2.02 Volt cells are connected in series. What will be the total emf
produced?

36. E: What will be the emf produced by four 1.50 Volt cells connected in series?

37. E: What will be the emf produced by three 6.00 Volt batteries connected in
parallel?

38. E: What will be the emf produced by the combination of cells below?

39. E: What will be the emf produced by the combination of cells below?

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40. E: Solve for the unknowns. Give your answers in reduced fractions.

Given:

V = 10 V

R = 2Ω

R = 4Ω

R = 6Ω

𝑉 = 𝐼 =
𝑅 =
𝑉 = 𝐼 =
𝐼 =
𝑉 = 𝐼 =

What will happen to the current leaving the battery if the number of resistors in
series increases? Will the current increase, decrease, or stay the same?

What will happen to the overall resistance of the circuit if the number of resistors
in series increases? Will the overall resistance increase, decrease, or stay the
same?

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41. E: Solve for the unknowns. Give your answers in reduced fractions.

Given:

V = 10 V

R =2Ω

R =4Ω

R =6Ω

𝑉 = 𝐼 =
𝑅 =
𝑉 = 𝐼 =
𝐼 =
𝑉 = 𝐼 =

What will happen to the current leaving the battery if the number of resistors in
parallel increases? Will the current increase, decrease, or stay the same?

What will happen to the overall resistance of the circuit if the number of resistors
in parallel increases? Will the overall resistance increase, decrease, or stay the
same?

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42. E: Solve for the unknowns. Give your answers in reduced fractions.

Given:

V = 10 V

R =2Ω

R =4Ω

R =6Ω

R =8Ω

𝑉 = 𝐼 =

𝑅 = 𝑉 = 𝐼 =

𝐼 = 𝑉 = 𝐼 =

𝑉 = 𝐼 =

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43. E: Solve for the unknowns. Give your answers in reduced fractions.

𝑉 =6V

𝑉 = 11 V

𝑉 = 17 V

𝑅 =3Ω

𝑅 =1Ω

𝑅 =4Ω

𝐼 = 𝑉 =

𝐼 = 𝑉 =

𝐼 = 𝑉 =

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44. E: Solve for the unknowns. Give your answers in reduced fractions.

𝑉 = 10 V
𝑅 =1Ω
𝑅 =2Ω
𝑅 =3Ω
𝑅 =4Ω
𝑅 =5Ω
𝑅 =6Ω

𝑅 = 𝐼 =

𝐼 = 𝐼 = 𝐼 = 𝐼 = 𝐼 = 𝐼 =

𝑉 = 𝑉 = 𝑉 = 𝑉 = 𝑉 = 𝑉 =

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45. E: Solve for the unknowns. Give your answers in reduced fractions.

𝑉 = 30 V
𝑅 =1Ω
𝑅 =2Ω
𝑅 =3Ω
𝑅 =4Ω
𝑅 =5Ω
𝑅 =6Ω

𝑅 = 𝐼 =

𝐼 = 𝐼 = 𝐼 = 𝐼 = 𝐼 = 𝐼 =

𝑉 = 𝑉 = 𝑉 = 𝑉 = 𝑉 = 𝑉 =

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46. C: What is a potential/voltage divider?

47. C: Define internal resistance r. Units?

48. C: Define the following variables for the equation 𝜀 = 𝐼(𝑅 + 𝑟). Draw an
image to describe this equation.

49. E: A dry cell has an emf of 3.04 V. Its terminal potential drops to zero when a
current of 50.0 A passes through it. What is its internal resistance?

50. E: A cell has an emf of 145 V. This means that its terminal voltage is 145 V
when no current flows through it. When the terminal potential is 120. V the
current through the circuit is 25.0 A.

a. What is the internal resistance of the cell?

b. What will be the terminal potential when the current is 12.0 A?

51. E: A cell with internal resistance is connected to a 3.00 Ω resistor. Determine

the internal resistance 𝑟 of the cell if the current going through it is 2.00 Amps
when its ε is 12.0 V.

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52. E: A battery with internal resistance is connected to a variable resistor. When

the resistor has a resistance 𝑅 of 12.0 Ω the current is 2.00 Amps. When the
resistor has a resistance 𝑅 of 6.00 Ω the current is 3.00 Amps. Determine the
emf ε and internal resistance r of the battery.

53. E: While attached to a 2.00 Ω resistance the terminal voltage of a battery is

measured to be 5.20 V. The open circuit voltage of this same battery is
measured to be 6.70 V.

a. What is the internal resistance of the battery?

b. What will be the maximum current that can be delivered by the battery?

54. E: A battery is known to have an emf of 4.60 Volts and an internal resistance of
2.20 Ω. What will be the terminal voltage of this battery while connected to a
load of 7.80 Ω?

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55. E: Consider the circuit below:

a. What is the total resistance of this circuit?

b. What will be the total current flowing through this circuit?

c. What will be the current flowing through each 12.0 Ω resistor?

d. What will be the voltage drop across each of the 12.0 Ω resistors?

e. What will be the terminal voltage of the battery?

f. What will be the voltage drop across the 10.0 Ω resistor?

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56. E: A battery, which has an emf of 6.00 V and an internal resistance 𝑟 =

0.500 Ω, is connected to a load which has a resistance of 𝑅 = 3.50 Ω.

a. What will be the current flowing in this circuit?

b. What will be the voltage drop across the load?

c. How much power is being supplied by the battery?

d. How much power is being consumed by the load?

e. How much power is being consumed by the internal resistance of the

battery?

f. With what efficiency is power being delivered to the load in this circuit?

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