An Adaptive Protection Scheme for Optimal Overcurrent Relay

Coordination in Interconnected Power Systems

A.Y. Abdelaziz H. E. A. Talaat A. I. Nosseir Ammar A. Hajjar

Department of Electrical Power and Machines Electrical Power Department
Faculty of Engineering Faculty of Mech. and Electrical Engineering
Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt Tishreen University, Latakia, Syria

Abstract faults, abnormal operating conditions and system

contingencies are predetermined in order to set and
This paper presents an adaptive protection scheme coordinate protective relays in an electric power
for optimal coordination of overcurrent relays system. The relays respond to these predetermined
(OCR) in interconnected power networks with an conditions in a satisfactory manner. But if a
improved formulation. The scheme adapts to system condition arises which has not been included in the
changes; new relays settings are implemented as analysis earlier, the response of the relays would not
load, generation-level or system-topology changes. be satisfactory and the security of the power system,
The software developed for this application is as far as the protection is concerned, is jeopardized.
described. The developed scheme is applied to the Furthermore, it is not only difficult to identify and
IEEE 30-bus test system. Results showed the analyze all the operating conditions of concerns in
importance and necessity of this scheme in advance, it is also impossible to determine the relay
maintaining the optimal performance of the relays in settings, which would be optimal for all abnormal
all conditions. and normal operating conditions.
Keywords: overcurrent relay coordination, The power system protection is improved and
optimization, adaptive protection, interconnected system security enhanced by following adaptive
power networks. protection philosophy. Adaptive protection is
relatively a new concept. It is defined as the ability
1. Introduction of the protection system to automatically alter its
operating parameters in response to changing power
Directional overcurrent relaying, which is simple
system conditions, to provide reliable relaying
and economic, is commonly used in power system
decisions.
protection, as a primary protection in distribution
In recent years, a number of adaptive relaying
and subtransmission systems and as a secondary
concepts have been proposed [9-11]. The Adaptive
protection in transmission systems. The main
Protection and Control Working Group of IEEE
problem that arises with this type of protection, is
Power System Relaying Committee recently
the difficulty in performing the relays coordination,
conducted a survey [12] which reveals that while
especially in the multi-loop, multi-source networks
protection engineers are satisfied with presently used
[1]. Since the sixties, a great effort has been devoted
systems, they consider it desirable to take advantage
for solving this problem by computer. The methods,
of the improvements that can be achieved using
which are used, for performing this task (relay
adaptive relaying concepts.
settings) can be classified into three classes: trial and
The idea of adaptive protection has been applied to
error method [2], topological analysis method [3,4],
the problem of overcurrent relay coordination. The
and optimization method [5-8].
relay coordination in an interconnected power
In the optimization method, some researchers used
system is a tedious and a time-consuming task. To
nonlinear programming for determining the optimal
relieve the protection engineer from this laborious
settings of the pickup current and a linear
task, it is proposed to set and coordinate relays in an
programming for optimizing the time dial settings of
on-line manner. In adaptive coordination, the relays
the relays subject to the coordination constraints,
should respond to the changing system conditions
and the limits of the relay settings [5,6]. Other
and adapt according to the new prevailing
researchers [7] applied the linear programming
conditions. The changing system conditions could be
technique only to minimize operating time while the
operational or topological.
pickup currents are selected based on experience.
In this paper, the authors suggest an adaptive
The presently followed protection philosophy
protection scheme for optimal coordination of
assumes pre-determinism in its application. All the
overcurrent relays in interconnected power networks

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through applying a linear programming technique. The operating time of the backup relay must be
Results showed the importance and necessity of this greater than the sum of the operating time of its
scheme in maintaining the optimal performance of primary relay and the coordination margin. This can
the relays in all conditions. be expressed as:
Tji ≥ Tii + CTI (3)
2. Optimal coordination of overcurrent
relays where: Tji is the operating time of the backup relay
Rj for the same near-end fault at i, and CTI is the
The general relay coordination problem can be coordination time interval.
stated as a parametric optimization problem. The
objective function of operating times of the primary From equation (1) one can see that the relation
relays is minimized subject to keeping the operation between the operating time T of the time overcurrent
of the backup relays coordinated. One possible unit, and the multiple pickup current M, is nonlinear.
approach to achieve minimum shock to the system Since the multiple pickup current of the relays can
due to faults would be to minimize a sum of the be predetermined, so for a fixed M, equation (1)
operating times of all primary relays hoping that the becomes linear as follows:
operating times of individual primary relays would T = a . TDS (4)
be close to the minimum individual operating times
that might be possible. where:
The objective function is taken as the sum of the
k 1
time dial settings (TDS) of all primary relays a= M k2
−1 (5)
irrespective of the type and location of the fault. The
By substitution in equation (2), the objective
constraints considered here are based only on the
function becomes:
maximum near-end faults. The considerations of the n
weight factors and far-end faults in the problem
formulation haven’t any effect on the optimal
J= ∑ a .TDS
i =1
i i (6)
solution [13]. So, the problem dimensionality is
reduced to a quarter in comparison with [8]. In equation (6), ai’s haven’t any effect on the
Consequently, a faster algorithm, which is more optimal solution and can be assumed ones, they are
suitable for on line application is obtained. predetermined from equation (5) and substituted in
In the application reported in this paper, the (3); values of TDSi are determined by minimizing J
overcurrent relay is conformed to the following IEC (the objective function) and satisfying the
characteristic [14]: coordination between the primary and backup relays.
k1 .TDS Equation (6) is optimized using the Active Set
Strategy two-phase method subject to the condition
T= (1)
[ M k 2 − 1] that the operation of the backup relays remains
properly coordinated.
where M is a multiple of the pickup current, i.e.,
I 3. The adaptive relaying scheme
M = , I is the relay current (overload and/or
Ipu Fig. (2) shows the functional block diagram of the
fault), Ipu is the pickup current, k1 and k2 are adaptive relaying scheme proposed for overcurrent
constants which depend on the relay characteristic. protection of the power system. Similar
configurations of relays and computers are used at
The problem formulation can be demonstrated with other substation. The relays sample line currents via
the help of Fig. (1) and by assuming a network current transformers. Each relay possesses quantized
consisting of n relays, the objective function J to be samples and calculates voltage and current phasors.
minimized can be expressed as: Under normal operating conditions, each relay
n
provides the measurements to the substation control
J= ∑
i =1
Tii (2) computer at regular intervals.
where: Tii is the operating time of the primary relay The SCADA system checks the status of local
Ri for a near-end fault i, isolators and circuit breakers and provides the
information to the substation computers. In addition
near-end Far-end to communicating with the relays, the station
Rj Ri fault fault computer pass on the collected information to the
central computer at prespecified intervals (e.g. one
hour).
Tji Tii

Fig. (1) – An illustrative diagram for basic

definitions

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Transfer settings to the relays: in adaptive

coordination of overcurrent relays, it is assumed that
POWER SYSTEM all relays are of digital type and that there is a
communication channel between them and the
substation control computers (optic-fiber cables) as
TO OTHER
shown in Fig. (2). Hence, once the relay settings are
SUBSTATIONS
calculated, these are communicated to the respective
HIGH VOLTAGE EQUIPMENT relays.
Monitoring: the power system is continuously
I Trip Trip I monitored, using SCADA system, for any change
RTU Signal Signal RTU operational or topological. If the change detected is
C.B status

an operational change, the computer will restart the

C.B status
Digital Digital
coordination process from the load flow program
Relay #1 Relay # n
and if the change is due to a topological change, the
procedure will be restarted from the topology
DATA

Ipu Ipu
TDS TDS DATA processor.

SUBSTATION COMPUTER Breaker status information

Ipu Topology processor

OTHER
DATA

SUBSTATION TDS SUBSTATION

COMPUTERS Load flow

CENTRAL CONTROL
Optimal coordination

Transfer settings to the relays

Fig. (2) - A block diagram of the adaptive scheme
for a sample substation System Monitoring (SCADA system)
The central computer estimates the system state and
decides whether or not the relay settings should be No
changed. If it decides to change the settings, it will Any change
Detected ?
calculate the new settings and conveys them to the
relays via the substation control computers. The Yes
relays implement the new settings and send Topological Operational
Type of
confirmation messages to the central computer via Change ?
substation computers. If the central computer
decides not to change the settings, the decision will
Fig. (3) - Flowchart of the proposed adaptive
be communicated to the relays for the purpose of optimal coordination algorithm
sharing information and confirming that
communication facilities are working properly.
5. Application of the proposed
4. Algorithm for adaptive coordination methodology to the IEEE 30-bus system
Fig. (3) illustrates the flowchart of the developed Considering the IEEE 30-bus test system shown in
MATLAB algorithm for the adaptive coordination Appendix [A], it consists of two subsystems
of the overcurrent relays. Each block of the (subtransmission system 132 KV and distribution
flowchart is explained as follows: system 33 KV). The conjunction substations have
132/33 KV step-down transformers. Each line is
Topology processor: the topology processor tracks equipped with a circuit breaker at each end. Each
the network topology over the time. The circuit breaker is equipped with a directional overcurrent
breaker status information is the main input to this relay (with inverse characteristics). Directional
module. The topology processor feeds the network overcurrent relays are used to protect the 33/132 KV
information to the load flow program and the fault transformers and load circuit emanating from the
analysis program. substations. The system data (loads and line
Optimal coordination procedure: just as described parameters) are given in [15].
in section 2 using a linear programming technique To investigate the adequacy of the developed
algorithm and the necessity of adaptive scheme for
(Active Set Strategy two-phase method) as follows:
changing system conditions operational and/or
In phase I, a feasible solution is obtained and in
topological, the following four operating states of
phase II, the optimal solution is found.
the system were considered:

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 Seventh International Middle-East Power Systems Conference MEPCON' 2000

State 1: Maximum system load and generation with MNLG-1 - 1499 1.5 0.2989
line L2 is in service (MXLG-1). MXLG-2 - 1573 1.5 0.2391
MNLG-2 - 1496 1.5 0.2933
State 2: Minimum system load and generation with
10 MXLG-1 - 1772 100/5 1.5 0.3822
line L2 is in service (MNLG-1). MNLG-1 - 1723 1.5 0.4851
State 3: Maximum system load and generation with MXLG-2 - 1725 1.5 0.3648
line L2 is open (MXLG-2). MNLG-2 - 1670 1.5 0.4397
13 MXLG-1 163 3198 200/5 6 0.1260
State 4: Minimum system load and generation with MNLG-1 82.2 3241 3.25 0.2174
line L2 is open (MNLG-2). MXLG-2 179.7 3125 6.75 0.1171
MNLG-2 90 3173 3.5 0.2049
Load flows for different operating conditions were
14 MXLG-1 - 2899 200/5 1.5 0.1744
conducted and relay currents for faults at different MNLG-1 - 2893 1.5 0.2325
near-end locations in the system were calculated. A MXLG-2 - 2875 1.5 0.1847
coordination time interval of 0.2s was adopted, with MNLG-2 - 2876 1.5 0.2369
a TDS in the range of [0.05-1]. The current 15 MXLG-1 - 2452 200/5 1.5 0.3565
transformer (CT) selection was achieved based on MNLG-1 - 2395 1.5 0.4924
the maximum load and fault currents in order to MXLG-2 - 2392 1.5 0.3417
MNLG-2 - 2312 1.5 0.4397
prevent the miscoordination problem resulting from
16 MXLG-1 131 3305 200/5 5 0.2165
CT’s saturation. Table (1) shows the load and fault MNLG-1 108 3451 4 0.2558
currents, C.T’s and Ipu selections and the optimal MXLG-2 138.4 3190 5.25 0.2087
TDS for the four mentioned operating states for the MNLG-2 98 3347 3.75 0.2552
33 KV distribution system of the IEEE–30 bus 17 MXLG-1 77 3688 200/5 2.75 0.3099
system. Full results of the whole system are listed in MNLG-1 36 3724 1.5 0.4145
[15]. MXLG-2 77 3590 3 0.2974
MNLG-2 36.5 3630 1.5 0.4026
Table (1) - Loads, fault currents and TDS for 18 MXLG-1 - 938 50/5 1.5 0.4405
IEEE 30-bus system MNLG-1 - 811 1.5 0.5218
MXLG-2 - 953 1.5 0.4338
Operating Load Near- CT Ipu optimal
MNLG-2 - 817 1.5 0.4842
condition Current end Ratio [A] TDS 19 MXLG-1 - 2742 200/5 1.5 0.2378
Relay

[A] fault MNLG-1 - 2717 1.5 0.2574

current [0.05-1] MXLG-2 - 2700 1.5 0.2361
[A]
MNLG-2 - 2673 1.5 0.2500
20 MXLG-1 13 2149 200/5 1.5 0.2369
1 MXLG-1 370 4607 400/5 7 0.0524 MNLG-1 13 2197 1.5 0.2900
MNLG-1 177.2 4628 3.5 0.1500 MXLG-2 16.3 2105 1.5 0.2292
MXLG-2 650.4 3962 12 0.0500 MNLG-2 11 2157 1.5 0.2688
MNLG-2 308.4 3962 5.75 0.1303 32 MXLG-1 - 2808 200/5 1.5 0.1232
2 MXLG-1 370 4607 400/5 7 0.0524 MNLG-1 - 2803 1.5 0.1769
MNLG-1 177.2 4628 3.5 0.1500 MXLG-2 - 2725 1.5 0.1635
MXLG-2 - - - - MNLG-2 - 2688 1.5 0.2151
MNLG-2 - - - - 33 MXLG-1 - 2791 200/5 15 0.1651
3 MXLG-1 345 4958 400/5 6.5 0.0705 MNLG-1 - 2819 15 0.2281
MNLG-1 168.4 4941 3.25 0.1964 MXLG-2 - 2778 15 0.1694
MXLG-2 451.8 4590 8.5 0.0500 MNLG-2 - 2820 15 0.2362
MNLG-2 217.8 4558 4 0.1574 34 MXLG-1 309 2144 300/5 7.75 0.1251
4 MXLG-1 - 3835 200/5 1.5 0.1641 MNLG-1 147.7 2214 3.75 0.2345
MNLG-1 - 3781 1.5 0.2498 MXLG-2 365.9 2118 9.25 0.1032
MXLG-2 - 3026 1.5 0.1752 MNLG-2 172.2 2199 4.5 0.2079
MNLG-2 - 2878 1.5 0.2683 37 MXLG-1 205 3459 200/5 7.5 0.1908
5 MXLG-1 - 3835 1.5 0.1641 MNLG-1 109.6 3478 4 0.4614
MNLG-1 - 3781 200/5 1.5 0.2498 MXLG-2 208.2 3388 8 0.1746
MXLG-2 - - - -
MNLG-2 110.4 3414 4.25 0.3190
MNLG-2 - - - -
21 MXLG-1 127 3470 200/5 4.75 0.1813
6 MXLG-1 193 4378 300/5 4.75 0.1341
MNLG-1 78 3489 3 0.2787
MNLG-1 96.6 4386 2.5 0.2795
MXLG-2 145.5 2826 3.75 0.1452 MXLG-2 125.8 3374 4.75 0.1772
MNLG-2 73 3839 2 0.2683 MNLG-2 78.8 3389 3 0.2799
7 MXLG-1 260 4350 300/5 6.5 0.1075 22 MXLG-1 71 3688 200/5 2.5 0.2337
MNLG-1 129.2 4368 3.25 0.2511 MNLG-1 38.1 3705 1.5 0.4343
MXLG-2 224.6 3816 5.75 0.1083 MXLG-2 69.6 3593 2.75 0.2145
MNLG-2 111 3849 2.75 0.2425 MNLG-2 37.6 3613 1.5 0.3465
8 MXLG-1 349 4434 400/5 6.5 0.1033 69 MXLG-1 71 2626 200/5 2 0.2366
MNLG-1 171.9 4456 3.25 0.2283 MNLG-1 36 2629 1.5 0.2747
MXLG-2 335.8 3929 6.5 0.0937 MXLG-2 70 2579 1.75 0.2343
MNLG-2 163.3 3962 3 0.2155 MNLG-2 36 2583 1.5 0.2840
9 MXLG-1 - 1575 100/5 1.5 0.2300

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 Seventh International Middle-East Power Systems Conference MEPCON' 2000

Two modes of operation are assumed for the Table (5) - Samples of OCR operating times for
relaying scheme: nonadaptive and adaptive modes. IEEE-30 bus test system (MNLG-2)
In the nonadaptive mode, the relay settings are
Nonadaptive mode Adaptive mode
optimized based on the concepts discussed in section Backup Time Primary Time Backup Time Primary Time
2 corresponding to the operating condition of state 1 Relay no. (s) Relay no. (s) Relay no. (s) Relay no. (s)
(MXLG-1: maximum generation and load with line- 32 0.3519 1 0.1838 32 0.6144 1 0.4144
2 is in service). Meanwhile, in the adaptive mode the 4 0.3677 3 0.2225 4 0.6039 3 0.4039
relay settings will be updated according to the 1 0.3462 6 0.3517 1 0.7233 6 0.5233
14 0.5325 6 0.3517 14 0.7233 6 0.5233
significant changes detected in the operating
1 0.3462 7 0.3215 1 0.7233 7 0.5224
conditions discussed in this section. 9 0.5673 7 0.3215 9 0.7233 7 0.5224
Tables (2)-(5) show samples of overcurrent relay 33 0.5053 7 0.3215 33 0.7230 7 0.5224
operating times for the four operating conditions in 1 0.3462 8 0.3489 1 0.7233 8 0.5230
the nonadaptive and adaptive modes. 14 0.5325 8 0.3489 14 0.7233 8 0.5230
33 0.5053 8 0.3489 33 0.7230 8 0.5230
Table (2) - Samples of OCR operating times for 3 0.7049 34 0.5549 3 0.9222 34 0.6794
IEEE 30-bus test system (MXLG-1) 3 0.7049 37 0.5360 3 0.9222 37 0.7222
34 0.7717 17 0.5990 34 0.8592 17 0.6592
Optimal coordination based on maximum near-end fault 20 0.8942 18 0.7410 20 1.0145 18 0.8145
Backup Time Primary Time Backup Time Primary Time 16 0.6128 19 0.4220 16 0.6436 19 0.4436
Relay no. (s) Relay no. (s) Relay no. (s) Relay no (s)
8 0.8296 10 0.6296 70 0.6471 80 0.4442 From the previous four studied states, it is concluded
7 0.8480 15 0.6480 4 0.4141 3 0.2141 that:
34 0.7961 17 0.5961 4 0.4141 2 0.1703 In state-1, optimal solution is obtained without any
20 0.9151 18 0.7151 32 0.3703 2 0.1703 miscoordination case, because the optimal
16 0.6191 19 0.4191 5 0.4141 3 0.2141 coordination is conformed with this state (maximum
37 1.1558 39 0.9558 17 0.7203 69 0.5203
5 0.4141 1 0.1703 32 0.3703 1 0.1703
load and generation and all lines are in service).
In state-2, when the maximum loads and generations
Table (3) - Samples of OCR operating times for are reduced to minimum (operational change), there
IEEE 30-bus test system (MNLG-1) is 26-miscoordination case in the nonadaptive mode,
but in the adaptive mode this problem is removed.
Nonadaptive mode Adaptive mode
In state-3, when the system operates at the maximum
Backup Time Primary Time Backup Time Primary Time load and generation condition, but line-2 is removed
Relay no. (s) Relay no. (s) Relay no. (s) Relay no. (s) (topological change), there is 18-miscoordination
8 0.8219 10 0.6341 8 1.0049 10 0.8049 case in the nonadaptive mode but in the adaptive
7 0.8492 15 0.6523 7 1.1010 15 0.9010
34 0.7867 17 0.5945 34 0.8743 17 0.6743
mode this problem is also removed. It is worth to
20 0.8817 18 0.7422 20 1.0792 18 0.8792 mention that only a local sub-system has been
16 0.6062 19 0.4201 16 0.6547 19 0.4547 affected by the disturbance.
37 1.1515 39 0.9533 37 1.2765 39 1.0765 In state-4, the system undergoes both topological
70 0.6233 20 0.4442 70 0.7437 20 0.5437 and operational changes (the maximum loads reduce
17 0.7179 69 0.5202 17 0.7910 69 0.5910 to minimum with line-2 outage). This case is the
worst because it resulted in 35-miscoordination case.
Table (4) - Samples of OCR operating times for These miscoordination cases are removed by
IEEE 30-bus test system (MXLG-2) following the adaptive protection scheme.
Nonadaptive mode Adaptive mode
6. Conclusion
Backup Time Primary Time Backup Time Primary Time
Relay no. (s) Relay no. (s) Relay no. (s) Relay no. (s) An adaptive protection scheme for optimal
32 0.3341 1 0.1838 32 0.3978 1 0.1978 coordination of the directional overcurrent relays in
4 0.3558 3 0.2217 4 0.3677 3 0.1677
interconnected power networks with an improved
1 0.3441 6 0.3521 1 0.5487 6 0.3487
9 0.5280 6 0.3521 9 0.5487 6 0.3487
formulation has been introduced. This algorithm is
14 0.5180 6 0.3521 14 0.5487 6 0.3487 applied to the IEEE 30-bus test system with system
1 0.3441 7 0.3225 1 0.5487 7 0.3079 condition changes, operational and/or topological.
33 0.5045 7 0.3225 33 0.5178 7 0.3079 The results showed that the proposed adaptive
1 0.3441 8 0.3504 1 0.5487 8 0.3178 scheme has exhibited optimal performance in all
14 0.5180 8 0.3504 14 0.5487 8 0.3178 operating states without any miscoordination case.
33 0.5045 8 0.3504 33 0.5178 8 0.3178
3 0.6878 34 0.5688 3 0.7320 34 0.5320 7. References
38 0.7623 34 0.5688 38 0.7320 34 0.5320
3 0.6878 37 0.5377 3 0.7320 37 0.5058 [1] “Applied Protective Relaying”, Westinghouse
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18 0.8382 15 0.6525 18 0.8254 15 0.6254
Coral Springs, Florida 33065, 1982.
24 0.8502 15 0.6525 24 0.8254 15 0.6254
25 0.8497 15 0.6525 25 0.8254 15 0.6254
[2] R. E. Albrecht, et al., “Digital Computer
80 0.8395 15 0.6525 80 0.8254 15 0.6254 Protective Device Coordination program -I- General

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Appendix [A]

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Fig. (4) - IEEE 30-bus test system

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