CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION TO MECHANICAL VIBRATION

What is Vibration?
 It is a mechanical phenomenon where oscillation
occurs at equilibrium points.
 Any motion that repeats itself after an interval of
time
 Theory of vibration deals with oscillatory motions of
bodies and associated forces
 Oscillations can be periodic or random.
 Cont.……
 Periodic: it has a fixed interval of time, after
which it repeats its motion
Example: the motion of a pendulum or the
motion of a shaft due to unbalanced masses.
Random: there is no fixed interval when it will
repeat
Example: Oscillation of a vehicle on a typical
roadway , oscillation of an airplane wing in
turbulent airflow, wind force, earthquake
IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS IN
VIBRATION ANALYSIS
 Inertia: The property of a body (either in rest or in
motion) by which it continues to be in its present state
unless acted upon by an external force.
 Displacement: The change in position of an object
in a particular direction by application of an
external force.
 Disturbance: Any action that destroys a vibrating
system's static equilibrium is called a disturbance to
the system.
Cont…

 Restoring force: The displaced body doesn’t stay 1n

the new position because of the restoring force
provided by gravity, elasticity, or both.
 Damping: It is the resistance offered to the motion of
the vibrating body.
 Periodic motion: The motion repeats itself after an
equal interval.
 Amplitude: The maximum displacement from the
mean position of the vibrating body.
Cont…

 Cycle: It is the motion completed during

one time period.
 Period (𝝉): It is time a motion takes to
repeat itself and is measured in seconds.
2𝛱
𝜏=
𝜔
Cont…

 Frequency (f): The number of cycles of

motion completed in one second.
Expressed in hertz and is equal to 1
cycle/sec.
1 1 
f    or   2f
 2 2

Cont…
 Natural frequency(n ) It is the frequency of free
vibration without damping.
 Damped natural frequency(𝜔𝑑 ) It is the system’s
frequency of free vibration with friction.
 Cont.
Causes of Vibration
why mechanical system vibrates?
 Every mechanical system has some mass and
stiffness are prone to vibrate
 Moreover, Mechanical system vibrate as they are
usually subjected to external forces or internal
generated forces of the system
 Looseness/Clearance b/n force transmitting
components or members like vibrating pumps,
vibrating motors, belts and pulley drives, then
vibrates the fan.
 Cont.
 Several External Excitations exist in nature (wind load,
earthquake, water waves &Etc.)when the
structure(building, ship) is subjected to these loads and
starts vibrating.

Figure 1.1 Vibration of some Mechanical Systems

 Cont.
Effect of Vibration
The effect is positive or negative?
 In general, in mechanical systems, in several
applications, we avoid or we do not want vibrations.
 Vibration in automobiles or in train can cause
discomfort to passengers
 In turbines, vibration cause Mechanical failure
 The structures designed to support heavy centrifugal
machines, like motors and turbines, or reciprocating
machines, like steam &gas engines and reciprocating
pumps are also subjected to Vibration
 Cont.
 The structure or machine component subjected to
vibration can fail due to material fatigue resulting
from the cyclic vibration of the induced stress.
 Moreover, Vibration causes more rapid wear of
machine parts such as bearing & gears and also
creates excessive noise.
 In machines, vibration causes fasteners such as nuts
to become loose
 In metal cutting processes, vibration can cause
chatter, which leads to a poor surface finish
 Cont.

Figure 1.2. Effects of Vibration

 Cont.
Why to study Vibration?
 Generally vibration is undesirable in a mechanical
system
 Whenever the natural frequency of vibration of
structure coincides with the frequency of the external
excitation resonance occurs leading to excessive
deflections and failures
 Remove the causes of vibration at design stage
 For an existing machine or structure reduce the
effect of vibration by designing proper vibration
mitigation strategies, such as Viscous
damper/suspension.
 Cont.
Vibration in Industrial Application
Vibratory conveyors, hoppers, sieves, washing
machines, compactors, electric tooth brushes,
dentist’s drills, clocks, and electric massaging
units
 Improve the efficiency of certain machining,
casting, forging, and welding process
 Explosion of space shuttle Challenger
 Degree of Freedom(DoF)
 A system is said to be n-degrees of freedom
(DoF) if it needs n independent coordinates to
specify completely the configuration of the
system at any instant.
Cont.
Cont.
 Cont.

Figure 1.6 Infinite degree of freedom

Elements of a Vibrating System
Mechanical Systems :-Systems that posses significant mass,
inertia, spring, and energy dissipation components driven by
forces, torques, and specified displacements.

Figure .1.7 Elementary parts of vibrating systems

 Cont.
1. Stiffness elements
 Stiffness of continuous elastic elements such as rods, beams,
and shafts, which produce restoring elastic forces, is obtained
from deflection considerations. Example

Figure.1.8 Torsional and Longitudinal vibration of rods

 Cont.
 When there are several springs arranged in parallel as shown
in Fig. 2.3, the equivalent spring constant is given by
algebraic sum of the stiffness of individual springs.
Mathematically,

Figure. 1.9 Springs in parallel

 Cont.
 When the springs are arranged in series as shown in Fig. 2.4,
the same force is developed in each spring and is equal to the
force acting on the mass. The equivalent stiffness keq is given
by:

Figure.1.10 Springs in series.

 Cont.
 Example 1 Consider the spring–mass arrangement of Figure
below and calculate the equivalent spring constant of the
system. Assume k1= k2= k3= k4= k5= k
 Cont.
2. Damping elements
 A means by which energy is gradually lost.

Figure 1.11 damper Figure. 1.12 Torsional damper

When arranged parallel or in series, their equivalent damping
constant can be determined similarly to the spring constant.
 Cont.
3. Mass or Inertia element
 A means for storing kinetic energy.

Figure 1.13 Mass and Rotating Inertia