Usage of Social Media and Mental Health of College Students at

Universidad De Manila

In partial fulfillment for the subject

Research Methods in Psychology 2

Group 11

Domingo, Cyrille Joy B.

Llanera, Mark Razen R.

Respicio, Caine Hamlet S.

Velonza, Alfred Kylo P.

Submitted to:

Dr. Jose De Leon

December 2024
 Chapter I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the study

The study focuses on identifying the impact of social media use on the mental

health of Universidad de Manila college students. Social media refers to online

platforms and applications that allow users to create, publish, and trade content

while also engaging in social networking. These platforms enable people to connect

with others, communicate, and interact in a variety of ways, including text,

photographs, videos, and links.

In recent years, the wide usage of social media platforms has changed the

nature of personal interaction and information communication, particularly among

the younger generation. With the growth of smartphones and constant connectivity,

adolescents and young adults are spending more time on social media platforms like

Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Snapchat, and TikTok. While social media provides

various positives, such as improved communication, sociability, and access to

information, there is rising worry about its potential influence on mental health,

particularly among students.

Gagalang (2022) stated that many students use social media a lot, which gives

them chances to read. But teachers worry that spending too much time on social

media might make students worse at reading and affect how well they do in school.
While students generally like reading and learning new things, they don't spend as

much time reading for fun or with friends as they used to. As a result, their reading

skills don't seem as good as they could be.

Social media has recently become a part of people's daily lives; many spend

hours each day on prominent social media platforms. As a result, many researchers

and experts investigate the impact of social media and applications on different parts

of people's life, according to Cureus (2020).

Mental health refers to our emotional, psychological, and social well-being. It

influences how we think, feel, and behave. It also influences how we deal with stress

and interact with others. Mental health is a vital element of total well-being, and

students should prioritize their mental health throughout their academic careers

(Bautista & Manuel, 2020).

Humans are naturally social and need to be around others to do well in life.

Having friends and connections can help reduce stress, anxiety, and sadness. But not

having these connections can be really bad for mental health. This implies that social

connections play a crucial role in maintaining good mental health. Being socially

connected can provide emotional support and alleviate negative feelings such as

stress, anxiety, and sadness, based on a study by Karim (2020).

The researchers conducted this study to help the college students come up with
some helpful ideas, gain knowledge, and discover exactly the things that can be

valuable in many areas of life, such as making social media more useful for college

students.

One thing we might want to take a closer look at in our study is how different

social media platforms affect students' mental well-being. We all know that not all

platforms are created equal, some might make students feel more connected and

supported, while others could actually make them feel more stressed or anxious.

Imagine scrolling through Instagram and feeling pressured to measure up to

everyone's seemingly perfect lives, versus chatting with friends on a platform where

you feel comfortable being yourself. Understanding these differences could really

help us figure out how to support students better and make social media a positive

space for mental health.

This research aims to investigate what exactly social media brings to the

mental health of students. It also intends to assist students in using social media

responsibly and managing it effectively to preserve their mental health.

Objectives of the study

This study investigates the impact of social media usage on the mental health of

college students at Universidad De Manila.

This objective aims to explore how social media engagement, frequency of use,

and specific platforms correlate with mental health outcomes among college
students. By examining factors such as anxiety, depression, and overall psychological

well-being, the study seeks to provide insights into the potential risks and benefits

associated with social media use in this specific context.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to explore the role of social media in the lives of college students

at Universidad De Manila, particularly focusing on its impact on their mental health.

This study seeks to address the following inquiries:

1. What is the extent of social media usage in terms of:

1.1.​ Information

1.2.​ Communication

1.3.​ Entertainment

1.4.​ Self-Expression

1.5.​ Marketing

2. What is the level of mental health of the college students when using

social media in terms of:

1.6.​ Emotional

1.7.​ Psychological

1.8.​ Social Well-being

3. Is there a significant relationship between extent of usage of social

media and mental health of college students at Universidad De Manila?

Hypothesis

The researchers provided a null hypothesis to identify the relationship

between social media and mental health of college students.

H0: There is no significant relationship between social media and mental health.

Scope and Limitation

The researchers will investigate the effects of usage of social media and mental

health of the college students at the Universidad De Manila. The study targets 100

College Students. The respondents will be 100 Third-Year students coming from

different courses and sections from College of Arts and Sciences.

The researchers will conduct a survey using google forms to determine the

impact of usage of social media on mental health of college students.

This research will be conducted at Universidad De Manila located at One

Mehan Gardens, Manila, Philippines 1000. This study will commence in the

Academic Period 2023 – 2024.

Significance of the Study

This study has significant implications for students, teachers, school

administrators, and future researchers.

Students: This study benefits students by teaching them how to use social media

properly, which can be particularly challenging for those with mental health

conditions.

Teachers: The findings of this study can assist teachers in educating students on the

effective use of social media. Additionally, it highlights the importance of mental

health awareness and support among students.

School Administrators: This study can help school administrators recognize the

impact of social media on mental health and the importance of addressing this issue

within educational settings.

Future Researchers: The insights from this study can serve as a guide for future

researchers interested in exploring similar topics and conducting related studies.

Definition of Terms

Social Media Usage - Social media usage encompasses how people interact with

platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and TikTok, etc, engaging in

activities like posting updates, sharing content, liking and commenting on posts,

messaging, and consuming media. Different demographics use social media in varied

ways; for instance, younger users often gravitate toward platforms like TikTok and

Instagram, while older demographics might prefer Facebook. People spend varying

amounts of time on social media, with many dedicating several hours daily,

influencing their lives positively and negatively. The purposes for using social media
range from staying connected with friends and family, professional networking, and

entertainment to news consumption and following influencers.

Mental Health - Mental health is about how we feel and think every day. It's like

our emotional and mental well-being. Just like we take care of our bodies by eating

healthy and exercising, we also need to take care of our minds by talking about our

feelings, taking breaks when we're stressed, and doing things that make us happy.

Review of Related Literature and Studies

Social Media

Social media plays a significant role in the lives of students and young people,

offering both opportunities and challenges. On the positive side, platforms such as

Instagram, Facebook, and TikTok allow individuals to connect with friends, share

experiences, and access a wealth of information. Studies like those by Olipas (2022)

highlight how social media can support learning by enabling students to share ideas,

collaborate on projects, and access educational resources. Thapa (2018) also

emphasizes the benefits of social media in providing mental health support, fostering

a sense of belonging, and empowering individuals to express themselves and explore

their interests.

However, the drawbacks of excessive social media use cannot be overlooked.

Kolhar et al. (2020) found that spending too much time on social media for

non-academic purposes can negatively impact students’ focus on their studies, delay

bedtime, and reduce the quality of sleep. These distractions not only harm academic

performance but can also diminish face-to-face interactions with family and peers,
weakening real-world relationships. This reduced engagement can lead to feelings of

isolation, anxiety, and mood swings, further affecting students’ overall well-being.

Social media’s influence on mental health is another area of concern. While it

offers platforms for communication and emotional support, studies like Cureus

(2020) and Mayo Clinic (2024) reveal that it can also contribute to mental health

challenges. For instance, excessive exposure to curated and idealized images online

often leads to unhealthy comparisons, resulting in low self-esteem and feelings of

inadequacy. Adolescents, in particular, are vulnerable to the negative effects of

cyberbullying and social pressure, which can significantly impact their emotional

development and self-image.

Despite its potential drawbacks, social media has transformed how people

learn, communicate, and interact. It has sparked social movements, shaped public

opinions, and opened avenues for collaboration and innovation. To maximize these

benefits, it is crucial for students to adopt mindful habits, striking a balance between

academic and recreational use. By using social media responsibly, students can

harness its advantages while avoiding the pitfalls of overuse. This balanced approach

is essential for fostering a healthier and more productive relationship with social

media.

Mental Health

Using social media can have a significant impact on mental health. While it

allows us to stay connected and access information easily, it also comes with

challenges that can affect well-being.

 Mental health is a pressing issue in the Philippines, as highlighted by the

Philippine Council for Health Research and Development (2021). The country’s

vulnerability to natural disasters, coupled with the uncertainty and isolation brought

by the pandemic, has significantly worsened the mental health challenges faced by its

population. Despite these issues, Maravilla and Tan (2021) note that the government

has paid little attention to mental health, allocating only about 5% of the total

healthcare budget to this area. Although legislative measures like the Mental Health

Act and Universal Health Care Law have been passed, these remain underfunded,

pointing to the urgent need for greater investment in mental health services.

Globally, the prevalence of mental health issues has risen by 30% in the past

three decades, as noted by the United Nations Development Program. Factors such

as genetics, socioeconomic conditions, and environmental challenges all contribute

to this increase. Similarly, the World Health Organization (2001, as cited in Cleofas,

2019) reports that one in four individuals will experience mental health problems at

some point, affecting millions worldwide. In the Philippines, approximately 3.6

million people are affected, with an annual suicide rate of 5.4 per 100,000

individuals (Department of Health [Philippines], 2021, as cited in Tan et al., 2022).

These statistics highlight the importance of managing stress and addressing mental

health concerns to prevent severe outcomes.

Social media is also a significant factor influencing mental health. According

to Nguyen (2021), while social media facilitates communication and information

access, it also poses risks such as addiction and cyberbullying, which can negatively
affect academic performance and mental well-being. Beyari (2023) further notes that

features like likes, comments, and followers on platforms like Facebook, Instagram,

and Twitter significantly impact the mental health of young people, potentially

leading to stress, anxiety, and self-esteem issues.

Social connections play a vital role in mental health. Karim (2020) explains

that humans are naturally social beings, and strong relationships help reduce stress,

anxiety, and sadness. Conversely, a lack of social connections can severely affect

mental well-being, underscoring the importance of building supportive networks.

Bautista and Manuel (2020) also emphasize that mental health is essential for

emotional, psychological, and social well-being, influencing how individuals handle

stress, relate to others, and make decisions.

In summary, the interconnectedness of mental health, social challenges, and

social media use highlights the need for a holistic approach to mental health care.

Increased funding, effective stress management, and mindful social media usage are

necessary to mitigate the negative effects and promote overall well-being.

Synthesis

Social media has become a significant part of modern life, shaping the way

individuals communicate, engage, and perceive the world. While it offers numerous

benefits, such as fostering connections, self-expression, and emotional support, its

impact on mental health is complex and multifaceted. According to Cureus (2020),

the widespread use of social media has prompted extensive research into its effects,

highlighting both its positive and negative consequences.

 On the positive side, social media provides a platform for individuals to

maintain friendships, express themselves, and seek support from online

communities. The Mayo Clinic (2024) emphasizes that these connections are

particularly valuable for teenagers, offering emotional support and aiding identity

formation. Similarly, Thapa (2018) notes that social media can promote personal

empowerment, create a sense of belonging, and support mental health awareness,

which can help reduce stigma and foster empathy.

However, excessive use of social media can lead to significant challenges.

Kolhar et al. (2020) found that non-academic use among students disrupts their

sleep patterns, reduces face-to-face interactions, and negatively affects social

well-being, contributing to feelings of despair and anxiety. Thapa (2018) further

identifies risks such as cyberbullying, social media addiction, and low self-esteem.

These issues are often exacerbated by the pressures of social comparison and

unrealistic expectations.

Given these contrasting effects, promoting awareness of responsible social

media use is essential. For students, understanding both the benefits and risks can

lead to healthier online habits and better mental health outcomes. Furthermore,

psychology students and future mental health practitioners have a critical role in

fostering safe online environments and guiding individuals toward balanced social

media use.

Theoretical Framework
 This study will anchor on Uses and Gratifications Theory proposed by Katz

and Blumler (1974), which proposes that people intend to select and use media to

meet specific needs and desires. This theory suggests that varied gratifications drive

their engagement with these platforms, affecting their mental well-being. Using the

Uses and Gratifications Theory, this study seeks to provide a full understanding of

the complex relationship between social media usage and mental health among

students at the Universidad de Manila.

This study seeks to inform interventions and strategies aimed at promoting

positive social media practices and enhancing the psychological well-being of college

students by identifying underlying motivations, desirable satisfactions, usage

patterns, and their effects on mental health.

Conceptual Framework

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Figure 1

The Relationship of Social Media Usage and Mental Health

 The conceptual framework explores the relationship between social media

usage and mental health outcomes among college students. Social media usage, the

independent variable, encompasses various components such as the frequency of use,

the duration of daily engagement, and the specific platforms used, including

Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and TikTok. The dependent variable, mental health

outcomes, is measured through indicators like anxiety levels, assessed using

standardized scales such as the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale, depressive

symptoms, evaluated through self-report questionnaires like the Beck Depression

Inventory, and overall psychological well-being, which combines various aspects of

mental health status.

Several mediating variables are identified to explain the relationship between

social media usage and mental health outcomes. These include social support, which

refers to the emotional support or feelings of loneliness derived from social media

interactions; comparison and envy, which consider how social media influences

self-perception and comparison with others; and sleep disruption, highlighting the

impact of late-night social media use on sleep quality. Additionally, moderating

variables that may alter the strength or direction of this relationship are examined.

These factors include gender, indicating differences in social media behavior and

mental health responses; personality traits such as extroversion, neuroticism, and

openness, which affect susceptibility to social media effects; and academic stress,

which considers the role of academic workload and stress in mediating the

relationship.
 The framework also posits several hypotheses: H1 suggests that increased social

media usage is associated with higher anxiety levels among college students; H2

proposes that greater social media exposure leads to increased depressive symptoms;

H3 indicates that mediating variables like social support, comparison, and sleep

disruption influence the relationship between social media usage and mental health

outcomes; and H4 posits that moderating variables, including gender, personality

traits, and academic stress, impact the strength of these associations. This framework

provides a comprehensive approach to understanding how social media usage affects

the mental health of college students, considering various influencing and

moderating factors.
 Chapter II

METHODS

This chapter gives the description of the research method and the procedure of

the study, which includes the sampling technique, the research instruments and

statistical tools.

Research Design

This research is a quantitative study, the researchers will make use of

correlational research design to investigate the relationship between the usage of

social media and mental health among the respondents. According to Bhandari

(2023), Correlational research is ideal for gathering data quickly from natural

settings that helps you generalize your findings to real-life situations in an externally

valid way. Therefore, to be able to investigate the potential relationship between

usage of social media and mental health among college students and to gain valuable

insights to the Third-year students enrolled in various courses within the College of

Arts and Sciences department at Universidad De Manila, this research approach will

be utilized by the researchers.

Sample and Sampling Techniques

This study will be conducted among third-year students enrolled in various

courses within the College of Arts and Sciences department at the Universidad De

Manila. The total population of third-year students across all courses within the

College of Arts and Sciences is 493 students. The researchers intend to select 20%

of this population, as suggested by Omniconvert (n.d.), which states that for average
populations (around 500 people), the sample size needed is approximately 20%.

The distribution of the sample is provided in the table below.

Table 1. Distribution of the respondents

Course Populatio Sampl Percentage of

n e Sample

BS Psychology 138 20 20%

BS Public 84 20 20%

Administration

BS 74 15 15%

Communication

Arts

BS Political 75 15 15%

Science

BS Social Work 93 20 20%

BS Math 29 10 10%

Total 493 100 100%

The sample size of 100 respondents will be determined using a non-probability

sampling technique particularly the purposive sampling technique. This sampling

method allows researchers to intentionally select participants with specific

characteristics or unique experiences related to the research question (Sago, n.d.).

The researchers decided to use this sampling technique to understand how college

students at the Universidad de Manila use social media and how it influences their

mental health. This topic requires a thorough survey to delve into various aspects of

social media usage, such as how frequently students interact with it and which

specific platforms they use. Additionally, it aims to explore the potential effects of

social media on their mental well-being.

Research Instrument

The researchers used a self designed questionnaire for the social media

instrument. The social media questionnaire used likert scale to measure individuals'

frequency of social media use with the always - never scale for a series of

statements. Likert scale was developed by Rensis Likert (1932), this was commonly

used in surveys to measure attitudes or opinions. The research questionnaire

consists of 25 items with different statements that were divided into 5 categories

which are information, communication, entertainment, self-expression

and marketing. The instrument that the researchers used for Mental Health is

Mental Health Inventory-38 or MHI-38 and was developed by Veit and Ware

(1983). This questionnaire is designed to assess various dimensions of mental

health and psychological well-being. The MHI-38 consists of 38 items and covers

a wide range of mental health aspects, including anxiety, depression, behavioral

control, positive affect, and general distress. Each item on the questionnaire is rated

on a Likert scale, allowing respondents to indicate the frequency or intensity of

their feelings and behaviors over a specific period.

FOR SOCIAL MEDIA QUESTIONNAIRE:

Number of Cronbach alpha Remarks

items coefficient

17 0.80 Accepted

Good)

FOR MENTAL HEALTH QUESTIONNAIRE:

Number of Cronbach alpha Remarks

items coefficient

38 0.79 Accepted

(Good)

The researchers made sure their survey was reliable and consistent for the

people they wanted to study. They had three psychology experts check it first. Then

they gave the survey to 20 students from the College of Arts and Science and used a

tool called Cronbach Alpha Coefficient to check its reliability. The results showed

that the survey was consistent, scoring .80 for Social Media questions and .79 for

Mental Health questions.

Data Gathering Procedure

 It is crucial for the researchers of this study to get formal approval from the

College of Arts and Sciences’ Dean, before beginning any research. This guarantees

that the study is carried out morally and in accordance with the institution's norms.

After authorization is obtained, the researchers will find a varied group of College of

Arts and Sciences students who are open to taking part in the research. Next, they

will conduct a survey questionnaire that is in line with the goals of the research and

give it to the chosen students, a survey that is easy to understand, covers all pertinent

study features, and is brief. Next, they will compile the survey results from the

students and arrange the information in an orderly manner. Subsequently, they will

examine the collected information to find relationships and connections. In order to

appropriately interpret the results, they will use the relevant statistical methods and

instruments. Last but not least, the researcher will write a thorough report that

summarizes their data analysis and conclusions. They will provide pertinent

statistics, graphs, and charts to back up their conclusions and they will submit the

report together with any conclusions or suggestions based on the research.

Statistical Treatment

The data collected in this study consist of quantifiable variables, and

appropriate statistical treatments will be applied to analyze the results. For

Problems 1 and 2, the mean and standard deviation will be used to assess

respondents’ well-being. These measures will provide insights into the average level

of mental health promotion and the extent of variation in the data. For Problem 3,

which aims to examine the significant relationship between social media usage and

mental health, Pearson’s r will be employed. This statistical method will determine

the strength and direction of the relationship between social media usage and
mental health outcomes. Excel will be used to compute the necessary numerical

data.

After collecting data from the respondents, the researchers will analyze the

results using the described statistical methods:

●​ Problem 1: The relationship between mental health promotion and social

media usage will be analyzed using the mean and standard deviation to

measure the average frequency and dispersion of responses.

●​ Problem 2: The effects of social media on students’ mental health will also be

analyzed using the mean and standard deviation to assess the central

tendency and variability in responses.

●​ Problem 3: Pearson’s r will be used to measure the correlation between social

media usage and mental health outcomes. This analysis will help determine

whether a statistically significant relationship exists and describe its strength

and direction.

Ethical Consideration

This research, titled “Usage of Social Media and Mental Health,” is timely

given the growing interest in the impact of social media and mental health. As social

networks are a relatively new phenomenon, the potential relationship between their

use and feelings of loneliness and depression has not been thoroughly investigated,

as noted by Pantic (2017).

 The study aims to ensure transparency and integrity throughout the research

process. Participants will be fully informed about the purpose and details of the

study before participation. They will also be reminded of their right to withdraw

from the study at any time without penalty. In such cases, their decision will be

respected, and no further data will be collected from them.

Confidentiality and anonymity are important in this study. All personal

information and identifiers provided by participants will be securely stored and will

not be shared with any external parties or made available to the public. The

researchers will take all necessary measures to protect participants’ privacy and

ensure that the data is used solely for the purpose of the study.
 Chapter III

RESULTS

This chapter presents the findings of the study and data analysis conducted

using SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences). The results are structured

around demographics, respondents’ psychological well-being, and the variations

among them. This analysis addresses the research questions and offers an in-depth

examination of the collected data, forming the basis for the key conclusions.

Table 1. Information

INFORMATION

N Mean Std. Deviation

1. Social media is a frequent source for 100 2.12 1.289
staying updated with current events and
news.
2. Social media often serves as a tool 100 2.37 1.284
for researching topics of interest.
3. Educational content is commonly 100 2.43 1.174
discovered through social media
platforms.
4. Social media plays a role in 100 2.34 1.327
exploring new products or services.
5. Following updates from experts or 100 2.32 1.238
influencers is a common activity on
social media.
TOTAL RESPONDENTS: 100
 The data reveals that social media is moderately utilized for keeping up with

current events and news (Mean = 2.12, Std. Deviation = 1.289). Previous research

supports this trend, suggesting that users often rely on platforms such as Twitter,

Facebook, and Instagram for real-time updates and breaking news due to their

accessibility and immediacy ( Hermida, 2016). Beyond news, it also serves as a

platform for researching topics of interest, with a slightly higher mean score of 2.37.

Educational content discovery is the most prominent activity in this category, as

users often come across valuable resources for learning (Mean = 2.43, Std. Deviation

= 1.174). Additionally, social media helps users explore new products and services

(Mean = 2.34), and many follow updates from experts or influencers to gain

specialized knowledge (Mean = 2.32). These findings highlight the platform's

growing role as a hub for both personal and professional knowledge acquisition.

Table 2. Communication

COMMUNICATION

Total Mean Std. Deviation

6. Staying connected with friends 100 2.16 1.316
and family often involves social
media use.
7. Professional networking 100 2.57 1.103
frequently occurs through social
media.
8. Group chats or discussions are a 100 2.38 1.293
regular part of social media
engagement.
9. Social media is often utilized to 100 2.58 1.304
coordinate events or meetings.
10. Many people connect with others 100 2.47 1.344
who share similar interests or
hobbies on social media.

TOTAL RESPONDENTS: 100

As reflected in a moderate mean score of 2.16. Beyond personal connections,

Professional networking through platforms like Linkedin is a significant activity

(Mean = 2.57), showcasing how social media fosters career development and

collaboration. Group chats and discussions also play a vital role in user engagement

(Mean = 2.38), while coordinating events or meetings is the most frequent activity in

this category (Mean = 2.58). Additionally, social media enables individuals to

connect with others who share similar interests or hobbies (Mean = 2.47), fostering a

sense of community. Social media enables individuals to connect with others who

share similar interests or hobbies, reflected in a mean score of 2.47. This finding

resonates with existing literature that highlights how platforms like Reddit, Facebook

Groups, and Pinterest foster a sense of community among users with common

passions. These communities serve as spaces for sharing knowledge, experiences, and

emotional support (Wellman et al., 2011)

Table 3. Entertainment

ENTERTAINMENT

N Mean Std. Deviation

11. Watching videos or 100 2.26 1.307
live streams is a typical
way people engage with
social media.
12. Playing games on 100 2.54 1.366
social media is a common
pastime for some users.
13. Following celebrities 100 2.44 1.209
or entertainment pages is
a popular social media
activity.
14. Social media often 100 2.30 1.345
serves as a platform for
discovering new music,
movies, or TV shows.
15. Browsing memes or 100 2.21 1.328
humorous content is a
frequent activity on social
media.
TOTAL RESPONDENT: 100

The data shows that social media also thrives as a source of entertainment.

Watching videos or live streams is a common activity, as indicated by a mean score of

2.26. Gaming on social media platforms is notably popular, with a high mean of 2.54,

suggesting its role as a pastime for many users.

Following celebrities and entertainment pages is another favored activity, with a

mean score of 2.44. Social media also serves as a platform for discovering new music,

movies, or TV shows (Mean = 2.30), and browsing memes or humorous content is a

frequent activity (Mean = 2.21). This aligns with research indicating that platforms

like YouTube, TikTok, and Twitch have become primary destinations for video

consumption and live streaming, attracting users through their engaging and

personalized content (Sjoblom & Hamari, 2017).

Table 3. Self-Expression

SELF-EXPRESSION

N Mean Std. Deviation

16. Sharing thoughts or opinions 100 2.59 1.190
often happens on social media
platforms.
17. Posting photos or videos of daily 100 2.63 1.178
life is a regular social media habit.

18. Creativity is frequently expressed 100 2.55 1.209

on social media through art, writing,
or music.
19. Customizing profiles to reflect 100 2.59 1.248
personal style is common on social
media.
20. Discussions or debates about 100 2.59 1.181
important topics often occur on
social media.
TOTAL RESPONDENT: 100

The data suggests that sharing thoughts and opinions is moderately common, as

shown by a mean score of 2.59 with a standard deviation of 1.190. Similarly, posting

photos or videos of daily life is a prevalent habit (mean = 2.63, SD = 1.178). Creativity

is frequently showcased through art, writing, or Music, with a slightly lower mean of

2.55 and a standard deviation of 1.209. The customization of profiles to reflect

personal style is also widespread (mean = 2.59, SD = 1.248). Additionally,

discussions or debates about significant topics occur regularly on social media, as

indicated by the same mean score (2.59, SD = 1.181). These findings highlight how

social media serves as a platform for personal expression in various forms. Lastly.

Subrahmanyam, K. et al., (2020) stated that positive engagement with social media

can foster well-being and a sense of community, particularly when users focus on

active and meaningful participation rather than passive consumption.

Table 4. Marketing

MARKETING

N Mean Std. Deviation

21. Social media is widely used for 100 2.54 1.275
promoting businesses or personal
brands.
22. Advertising products or services 100 2.69 1.261
is a common use of social media.
23. Engaging with followers or 100 2.68 1.213
customers for marketing purposes
happens frequently on social media.
24. Social media is a valuable tool 100 2.68 1.246
for analyzing market trends and
customer feedback.
25. Running marketing campaigns or 100 2.68 1.270
contests is a typical activity on social
media.
TOTAL RESPONDENT: 100

The table focuses on the use of social media for marketing purposes, emphasizing

its role in promoting businesses and interacting with consumers. Social media is

widely utilized for advertising products or services, reflected by the highest mean
score in this table (2.69,SD = 1.261). Engaging with followers for marketing purposes

and analyzing market trends or customer feedback are equally valued, both with a

mean score of 2.68 and standard deviations of 1.213 and 1.246, Scholars such as

Kietzmann et al. (2011) have emphasized the interactive nature of social media,

which enables businesses to receive realtime feedback from consumers, fostering

trust and customer loyalty. Moreover, businesses use data analytics tools integrated

into social platforms to monitor trends, thereby optimizing marketing strategies.

Additionally, running marketing campaigns or contests is a common activity,

achieving the same mean (2.68, SD = 1.270). Social media's ability to promote

personal brands and businesses has a slightly lower mean of 2.54 and a standard

deviation of 1.275. Collectively, this data underscores the critical role of social media

as a versatile tool in modern marketing strategies.

Table 5. Emotional

EMOTIONAL

N Mean Std. Deviation

1. You have experienced happiness, 100 2.72 1.356
satisfaction, or contentment with
your personal life during the past
month.
2. A sense of hope and promise about 100 2.99 1.267
the future has been part of your
experiences during the past month.
3. Your daily life has been filled with 100 2.76 1.182
interesting activities and experiences
during the past month.
4. You have generally enjoyed the 100 2.81 1.169
activities you’ve engaged in during
the past month.
5. Feelings of depression have been a 100 3.23 1.347
part of your emotional state during
the past month.
6. There have been moments when 100 3.28 1.408
you felt there was nothing to look
forward to during the past month.
7. A sense of calmness and peace has 100 2.91 1.334
characterized parts of your past
month.
8. Feeling downhearted or blue has 100 3.36 1.411
been a part of your emotional state
during the past month.
9. Crying has been a response to your 100 3.35 1.431
emotions during the past month.
10. Thoughts that others might be 100 3.31 1.468
better off without you have crossed
your mind during the past month.
11. Situations not turning out as you 100 3.14 1.279
wanted have occurred during the past
month.
12. Living has felt like a wonderful 100 2.92 1.195
adventure during the past month.
13. Feelings of being down in the 100 3.25 1.381
dumps, beyond consolation, have
occurred during the past month.
14. Thoughts of taking your own life 100 3.61 1.476
have
entered your mind during the past
month.
15. You have experienced moodiness 100 3.20 1.341
or brooding during the past month.
16. Cheerfulness and 100 2.94 1.391
lightheartedness have been part of
your emotional state during the past
month.
17. Happiness has been a notable 100 2.88 1.241
feature of your past month.
18. Low spirits or very low spirits 100 3.37 1.346
have been part of your experience
during the past month.
TOTAL RESPONDENT: 100

The table presents 18 statements reflecting positive and negative emotional states.

Positive emotions, such as happiness and cheerfulness, show moderate mean scores

(e.g., statement 1: mean 2.72, SD 1.356), indicating variability but generally lower

levels of positive experiences. Statements on hope and optimism (e.g., mean 2.99)

suggest stronger prevalence of these feelings.

Negative emotions, like depression (mean 3.23, SD 1.347) and being downhearted

(mean 3.36, SD 1.411), are more frequently reported, with self-worth and suicidal

ideation (mean 3.61, SD 1.476) reflecting significant distress. These findings align

with studies that indicate social media use can contribute to increased feelings of

loneliness, depression, and anxiety, particularly when users are exposed to negative

content or engage in social comparison (Kross et al., 2013). On the other hand,

positive statements, such as living adventurously (mean 2.92) and cheerfulness

(mean 2.94), indicate a balance but are overshadowed by low spirits. Standard

deviations (1.2–1.5) highlight diverse emotional experiences and coping mechanisms

in the sample.

Table 6. Psychological

PSYCHOLOGICAL
 N Mean Std. Deviation
19. Nervousness or jumpiness 100 3.06 1.301
occurred in response to excitement or
unexpected situations during the past
month.

20. Relaxation and freedom from 100 2.77 1.213

tension have characterized your past
month to some extent.

21. There have been moments during 100 3.10 1.374

the past month when you questioned
your mental clarity or self-control.

22. Nervousness has been a recurring 100 3.15 1.313

feeling during the past month.

23. You have woken up expecting 100 2.89 1.254

interesting days during the past
month.
24. Feelings of tension or being 100 3.14 1.279
high-strung have been present during
the past month.
25. You have maintained control over 100 3.06 1.286
your behavior, thoughts, emotions, or
feelings during the past month.

26. Your hands have occasionally 100 3.15 1.298

shaken while performing tasks
during the past month.
27. Emotional stability has been a 100 2.99 1.251
part of your experience during the
past month.
28. Relaxation has been achieved 100 3.02 1.363
without difficulty during the past
month.
29. Nervousness or tension has been 100 3.16 1.383
a recurring experience during the
past month.
30. Restlessness, fidgeting, or 100 3.13 1.292
impatience have been part of your
experience during the past month.

31. Situations have left you rattled, 100 3.13 1.253

upset, or flustered during the past
month.
32. Anxiety or worry has been a part 100 3.16 1.331
of your mental state during the past
month.
33. You have found yourself 100 3.02 1.214
attempting to calm down during the
past month.
34. You have woken up feeling fresh 100 2.85 1.158
and rested during the past month.

35. Strain, stress, or pressure have 100 3.09 1.319

been a factor in your life during the
past month.
TOTAL RESPONDENT: 100

The psychological data highlights a theme of stress and tension, with high levels of

nervousness and anxiety reported (mean = 3.06, 3.15, 3.16). These suggest difficulty

in managing emotional responses to everyday situations. Despite this, participants

show some resilience, maintaining control over thoughts and behaviors (mean =

3.06).

This aligns with research suggesting that individuals can develop coping

mechanisms and emotional regulation strategies to manage stress triggered by online

interactions (Valkenburg & Peter, 2013). However, there are moments of

vulnerability, including concerns about mental clarity and self-control (mean = 3.10)

and feelings of tension (mean = 3.14). Physical signs of stress, such as shaky hands

(mean = 3.15), also emerge. Relaxation and emotional stability are areas of concern,

with low scores for relaxation (mean = 3.02) and feeling rested (mean = 2.85),

indicating challenges in finding peace and achieving emotional balance.

Table 8. Social Well-being

SOCIAL WELL-BEING

N Mean Std. Deviation

36. Feelings of loneliness 100 3.20 1.356
have been present to some
degree during the past month.
37. Love and a sense of being 100 2.86 1.271
wanted have been present in
your life during the past
month.
38. Your love relationships 100 2.75 1.282
have felt full and complete
during the past month.
TOTAL RESPONDENT: 100

The social dimension of well-being explores participants' experiences with

loneliness, love, and relationships. Among these, feelings of loneliness (mean = 3.20)

stand out as the most significant issue. This indicates that a majority of respondents

have experienced a sense of isolation to some degree over the past month, which may

contribute to the psychological stress observed.Research indicates that, despite being

more connected than ever, social media can exacerbate feelings of loneliness, as
online interactions often lack the depth and emotional fulfillment of face-to-face

communication (Primack et al., 2017). On the other hand, the presence of love and a

sense of being wanted (mean = 2.86) reflects moderate levels of social connection,

although this score is not particularly high. The lowest score in this section pertains

to feelings of completeness in love relationships (mean = 2.75), suggesting that many

participants may find their personal relationships lacking in fulfillment. These

findings point to a gap

Table 8. Relationship Between Social Media Usage and Mental Health

Variable Mean r-Value Interpretation p-Value Decision

Social 2.4684 Positive Reject Null

media .094 Correlation <0.001 Hypothesis

Mental 3.0335 Positive

Health Correlation

The table provides an analysis of the relationship between social media usage and

mental health. The key variables under investigation are “Social Media” and “Mental

Health,” for which statistical measures such as the mean, correlation coefficient

(r-value), p-value, and interpretation of the findings are provided.

For social media, the mean value is reported as 2.4684, and the r-value is 1,

indicating a perfect positive correlation. The p-value is less than 0.001, suggesting

that the correlation is statistically significant. Based on this result, the decision is to

reject the null hypothesis, meaning there is strong evidence of a positive

correlation between social media usage and its impact on mental health.
 For mental health, the mean value is 3.0335, and the analysis similarly interprets

a positive correlation. This indicates that increased social media use corresponds to a

measurable impact on mental health outcomes.

The findings highlight a statistically significant positive correlation between social

media usage and mental health, as evidenced by the high r-value and low p-value,

leading to the rejection of the null hypothesis. This suggests that social media usage

is closely related to changes in mental health, with the potential for both positive and

negative implications depending on context. This align with the study of (Fuchs et al.,

2020) While social media can foster positive interactions and social support, it can

also exacerbate stress, anxiety, and negative body image, particularly among younger

users.
 Chapter IV

DISCUSSIONS

Summary of Findings

This study explored the usage of social media and its impact on the mental

health of college students at Universidad De Manila, focusing on five dimensions of

usage and three aspects of mental health.

1. Extent of Social Media Usage

●​ Information: Students moderately use social media to stay updated on

news, explore topics of interest, and find educational content, with learning

resources being the most common use.

●​ Communication: Beyond staying connected with friends, students use

social media for professional networking, organizing group activities, and

finding communities with shared interests.

●​ Entertainment: Platforms provide a wide range of entertainment options,

from gaming to following celebrities and browsing humorous content,

making it a go-to source for relaxation.

●​ Self-Expression: Many students use social media to share personal

updates, showcase creativity, and engage in discussions about meaningful

topics.

●​ Marketing: Social media is also a powerful tool for promoting products,

running campaigns, and even building personal brands.

2. Mental Health Levels

 ●​ Emotional: Students reported experiencing moments of happiness and

optimism, but feelings of sadness, depression, and even thoughts of

self-doubt were more frequent.

●​ Psychological: Many students struggle with stress and anxiety in their

daily lives, often feeling tense or overwhelmed. However, some still showed

resilience and maintained control over their emotions despite these

challenges.

●​ Social Well-being: Loneliness was a common experience among students,

even though some found comfort in feeling loved or connected. Many

expressed that their personal relationships could feel unfulfilling at times.

3. Relationship Between Social Media Usage and Mental Health

The study found a strong link between how students use social media and their

mental health. The data showed that the more students engage with social media,

the more it impacts their well-being—both positively and negatively.

Conclusions

This study highlights the multifaceted role of social media in the lives of

college students, emphasizing its impact on various aspects of usage and mental

health. The findings reveal that social media is moderately utilized for information,

communication, entertainment, self-expression, and marketing. Each category

demonstrates unique trends, such as the prevalence of using platforms for

educational content, professional networking, creative self-expression, and

advertising. These activities underline the versatility of social media as a tool for

personal, academic, and professional development.

 On the mental health front, the results show a balance between positive and

negative effects. While social media facilitates social support, self-expression, and

emotional connection, it also contributes to challenges such as loneliness, stress,

and anxiety. Emotional and psychological dimensions, in particular, reflect a mix of

resilience and vulnerability among participants, with significant experiences of

negative emotions like depression and nervousness. Social well-being data indicates

that while some students experience meaningful connections, many report feelings

of isolation and unfulfilled relationships.

The statistical analysis confirms a significant positive correlation between social

media usage and mental health, suggesting that increased usage impacts students’

emotional, psychological, and social experiences. This supports existing literature,

which highlights both the benefits and potential risks of social media use.

Overall, the study underscores the importance of promoting balanced and mindful

social media usage to maximize its positive impacts while mitigating its negative

effects. These findings serve as a foundation for future mental health interventions

and awareness campaigns tailored to the needs of college students.

Recommendations

Based on the findings, the researchers recommended that students practice

mindful social media usage by setting boundaries, such as limiting screen time and

avoiding exposure to negative or triggering content. They should leverage social

media for positive purposes, including accessing educational resources, connecting

with support networks, and engaging in creative self-expression. Additionally,

fostering face-to-face interactions is encouraged to promote deeper and more

meaningful relationships, helping to address feelings of loneliness and isolation.

Institutions like Universidad De Manila should also consider implementing

programs that promote responsible social media use, focusing on its positive

aspects while addressing its potential negative impacts. Finally, further research is

encouraged to explore additional factors influencing the relationship between social

media usage and mental health to better inform interventions and policies.
 APPENDIX I

INFORMED CONSENT

Greetings!

We, researchers from the Bachelor of Science in Psychology program at

Universidad de Manila, are conducting a study titled “Usage of Social Media and

Mental Health of College Students.”

We invite you to participate in a study exploring how social media usage affects the

mental health of college students. The goal is to promote healthier social media

practices and enhance student well-being. Participation involves completing a 10–15

minute survey. It is entirely voluntary, and you may withdraw at any time without

consequences. Your responses will remain confidential and anonymous, with no

identifying information collected. All data will be securely stored and used solely for

research purposes. Some questions may touch on sensitive mental health topics, but

you are free to skip any question or withdraw if you feel uncomfortable. By

participating, you confirm that you understand the study’s purpose and agree to

share your insights voluntarily and confidentially. If you have any questions, please

contact the research team.

Thank you for your time and contribution to this study.

Sincerely,

Domingo, Cyrille Joy B. Respicio, Caine Hamlet S.

Llanera, Mark Razen R. Velonza, Alfred Kylo P.

 APPENDIX II

Part I: Social Media Questionnaire

Directions: Please read each question and write your answer before the number by

the ONE statement that best describes how things have been FOR YOU during the

past month. There are no right or wrong answers.

These questions are answerable by the scale:

1 2 3 4 5

Always Often Sometimes Rarely Never

INFORMATION:

1.​ Social media is a frequent source for staying updated with current

events and news.

2.​ Social media often serves as a tool for researching topics of interest.

3.​ Educational content is commonly discovered through social media

platforms.

4.​ Social media plays a role in exploring new products or services.

5.​ Following updates from experts or influencers is a common activity on

social media.

COMMUNICATION:

6.​ Staying connected with friends and family often involves social media

use.

7.​ Professional networking frequently occurs through social media.

 8.​ Group chats or discussions are a regular part of social media

engagement.

9.​ Social media is often utilized to coordinate events or meetings.

10.​ Many people connect with others who share similar interests or hobbies

on social media.

ENTERTAINMENT:

11.​ Watching videos or live streams is a typical way people engage with

social media.

12.​ Playing games on social media is a common pastime for some users.

13.​ Following celebrities or entertainment pages is a popular social media

activity.

14.​ Social media often serves as a platform for discovering new music,

movies, or TV shows.

15.​ Browsing memes or humorous content is a frequent activity on social

media.

SELF EXPRESSION:

16.​ Sharing thoughts or opinions often happens on social media platforms.

17.​ Posting photos or videos of daily life is a regular social media habit.

18.​ Creativity is frequently expressed on social media through art, writing,

or music.

19.​ Customizing profiles to reflect personal style is common on social

media.

20.​ Discussions or debates about important topics often occur on social

media.

MARKETING:
 21.​ Social media is widely used for promoting businesses or personal

brands.

22.​ Advertising products or services is a common use of social media.

23.​ Engaging with followers or customers for marketing purposes happens

frequently on social media.

24.​ Social media is a valuable tool for analyzing market trends and

customer feedback.

25.​ Running marketing campaigns or contests is a typical activity on social

media.

Part II: Mental Health Questionnaire

Directions: Please read each question and write your answer before the number by

the ONE statement that best describes how things have been FOR YOU during the

past month. There are no right or wrong answers.

These questions are answerable by the scale:

1 2 3 4 5 6

All of the Most of the A good bit of Some of the A little of None of the

time time the time time the time time

EMOTIONAL:

1.​ You have experienced happiness, satisfaction, or contentment with your

personal life during the past month.

 2.​ A sense of hope and promise about the future has been part of your

experiences during the past month.

3.​ Your daily life has been filled with interesting activities and experiences

during the past month.

4.​ You have generally enjoyed the activities you’ve engaged in during the

past month.

5.​ Feelings of depression have been a part of your emotional state during

the past month.

6.​ There have been moments when you felt there was nothing to look

forward to during the past month.

7.​ A sense of calmness and peace has characterized parts of your past

month.

8.​ Feeling downhearted or blue has been a part of your emotional state

during the past month.

9.​ Crying has been a response to your emotions during the past month.

10.​ Thoughts that others might be better off without you have crossed your

mind during the past month.

11.​ Situations not turning out as you wanted have occurred during the past

month.

12.​ Living has felt like a wonderful adventure during the past month.

13.​ Feelings of being down in the dumps, beyond consolation, have

occurred during the past month.

14.​ Thoughts of taking your own life have entered your mind during the

past month.

15.​ You have experienced moodiness or brooding during the past month.
 16.​ Cheerfulness and lightheartedness have been part of your emotional

state during the past month.

17.​ Happiness has been a notable feature of your past month.

18.​ Low spirits or very low spirits have been part of your experience during

the past month.

PSYCHOLOGICAL:

19.​ Nervousness or jumpiness occurred in response to excitement or

unexpected situations during the past month.

20.​ Relaxation and freedom from tension have characterized your past

month to some extent.

21.​ There have been moments during the past month when you questioned

your mental clarity or self-control.

22.​ Nervousness has been a recurring feeling during the past month.

23.​ You have woken up expecting interesting days during the past month.

24.​ Feelings of tension or being high-strung have been present during the

past month.

25.​ You have maintained control over your behavior, thoughts, emotions,

or feelings during the past month.

26.​ Your hands have occasionally shaken while performing tasks during the

past month.

27.​ Emotional stability has been a part of your experience during the past

month.

28.​ Relaxation has been achieved without difficulty during the past month.

29.​ Nervousness or tension has been a recurring experience during the past

month.
 30.​ Restlessness, fidgeting, or impatience have been part of your experience

during the past month.

31.​ Situations have left you rattled, upset, or flustered during the past

month.

32.​ Anxiety or worry has been a part of your mental state during the past

month.

33.​ You have found yourself attempting to calm down during the past

month.

34.​ You have woken up feeling fresh and rested during the past month.

35.​ Strain, stress, or pressure have been a factor in your life during the past

month.

SOCIAL WELL-BEING:

36.​ Feelings of loneliness have been present to some degree during the past

month.

37.​ Love and a sense of being wanted have been present in your life during

the past month.

38.​ Your love relationships have felt full and complete during the past

month.
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