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 Information Storage and
Management

ffirs.indd i 4/19/2012 12:13:26 PM

ffirs.indd ii 4/19/2012 12:13:26 PM
 Information Storage
and Management
Storing, Managing, and Protecting
Digital Information in Classic,
Virtualized, and Cloud Environments

2nd Edition

Edited by
Somasundaram Gnanasundaram
Alok Shrivastava

ffirs.indd iii 4/19/2012 12:13:27 PM

 Information Storage and Management: Storing, Managing, and Protecting Digital Information in Classic,
Virtualized, and Cloud Environments 2nd Edition

Published by
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
10475 Crosspoint Boulevard
Indianapolis, IN 46256
www.wiley.com
Copyright © 2012 by EMC Corporation
Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana

Published simultaneously in Canada

ISBN: 978-1-118-09483-9
ISBN: 978-1-118-22347-5 (ebk)
ISBN: 978-1-118-23696-3 (ebk)
ISBN: 978-1-118-26187-3 (ebk)

Manufactured in the United States of America

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ffirs.indd iv 4/19/2012 12:13:33 PM

 THE INFORMATION IN THIS PUBLICATION IS PROVIDED “AS IS.” EMC CORPORATION MAKES NO
REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND WITH RESPECT TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS
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EMC2, EMC, Data Domain, RSA, EMC Centera, EMC ControlCenter, EMC LifeLine, EMC OnCourse, EMC
Proven, EMC Snap, EMC SourceOne, EMC Storage Administrator, Acartus, Access Logix, AdvantEdge,
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Resource Manager, AutoStart, AutoSwap, AVALONidm, Avamar, Captiva, Catalog Solution, C-Clip, Cel-
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John Wiley & Sons, Inc. is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book.

ffirs.indd v 4/19/2012 12:13:33 PM

ffirs.indd vi 4/19/2012 12:13:33 PM
 About the Editors

Somasundaram Gnanasundaram (Somu) is the director at EMC Education

Services, leading worldwide industry readiness initiatives. Somu is the architect
of EMC’s open curriculum, aimed at addressing the knowledge gap that exists
in the IT industry in the area of information storage and emerging technolo-
gies such as cloud computing. Under his leadership and direction, industry
readiness initiatives such as the EMC Academic Alliance program continue
to experience significant growth, educating thousands of students worldwide
on information storage and management technologies. Key areas of Somu’s
responsibility include guiding a global team of professionals, identifying and
partnering with global IT education providers, and setting the overall direction
for EMC’s industry readiness initiatives. Prior to his current role, Somu held
various managerial and leadership roles within EMC as well as with other lead-
ing IT service providers. He holds an undergraduate technology degree from
Anna University Chennai, and a Master of Technology degree from the Indian
Institute of Technology, Mumbai, India. Somu has been in the IT industry for
more than 25 years.

Alok Shrivastava is the senior director at EMC Education Services. Alok is

the architect of several of EMC’s successful education initiatives, including the
industry leading EMC Proven Professional program, industry readiness pro-
grams such as EMC’s Academic Alliance, and this unique and valuable book
on information storage technology. Alok provides vision and leadership to a
team of highly talented experts, practitioners, and professionals that develops
world-class technical education for EMC’s employees, partners, customers, stu-
dents, and other industry professionals covering technologies such as storage,
virtualization, cloud, and big data. Prior to his success in education, Alok built

vii

ffirs.indd vii 4/19/2012 12:13:34 PM

 viii About the Editors

and led a highly successful team of EMC presales engineers in Asia-Pacific and
Japan. Earlier in his career, Alok was a systems manager, storage manager, and
backup/restore/disaster recovery consultant working with some of the world’s
largest data centers and IT installations. He holds dual Master’s degrees from
the Indian Institute of Technology in Mumbai, India, and the University of Sagar
in India. Alok has worked in information storage technology and has held a
unique passion for this field for most of his 30-year career in IT.

ffirs.indd viii 4/19/2012 12:13:34 PM

 Credits

Executive Editor Production Manager

Carol Long Tim Tate
Project Editor Vice President and Executive
Tom Dinse Group Publisher
Richard Swadley
Senior Production Editor
Debra Banninger Vice President and Executive
Publisher
Copy Editor
Neil Edde
San Dee Phillips
Associate Publisher
Editorial Manager
Jim Minatel
Mary Beth Wakefield
Project Coordinator, Cover
Freelancer Editorial Manager
Katie Crocker
Rosemarie Graham
Proofreader
Associate Director of Marketing
Nancy Carrasco
David Mayhew
Indexer
Marketing Manager
Robert Swanson
Ashley Zurcher
Cover Designer
Business Manager
Mallesh Gurram, EMC
Amy Knies

ix

ffirs.indd ix 4/19/2012 12:13:34 PM

ffirs.indd x 4/19/2012 12:13:34 PM
 Acknowledgments

When we embarked upon the project to develop this book in 2008, the first
challenge was to identify a team of subject matter experts covering the vast
range of technologies that form the modern information storage infrastructure.
A key factor that continues to work in our favor is that at EMC we have the
technologies, the know-how, and many of the best talents in the industry. When
we reached out to individual experts, they were as excited as we were about the
prospect of publishing a comprehensive book on information storage technol-
ogy. This was an opportunity to share their expertise with professionals and
students worldwide.
This book is the result of efforts and contributions from a number of key EMC
organizations led by EMC Education Services and supported by the office of
CTO, Global Marketing, and EMC Engineering.
The first edition of the book was published in 2009, and the effort was led by
Ganesh Rajaratnam of EMC Education Services and Dr. David Black of the EMC
CTO office. The book continues to be the most popular storage technology book
around the world among professionals and students. In addition to its English
and e-book editions, it is available in Mandarin, Portuguese, and Russian.
With the emergence of cloud computing and the broad adoption of virtualiza-
tion technologies by the organizations, we felt it is time to update the content to
include information storage in those emerging technologies and also the new
developments in the field of information storage. Ashish Garg of Education
Services led the effort to update content for the second edition of this book. In
addition to reviewing the content, Joe Milardo and Nancy Gessler led the effort
of content review with their team of subject matter experts.

xi

ffirs.indd xi 4/19/2012 12:13:34 PM

 xii Acknowledgments

We are grateful to the following experts from EMC for their support in devel-
oping and reviewing the content for various chapters of this book:
Content contributors:
Rodrigo Alves Sagar Kotekar Patil
Charlie Brooks Andre Rossouw
Debasish Chakrabarty Tony Santamaria
Diana Davis Saravanaraj Sridharan
Amit Deshmukh Ganesh Sundaresan
Michael Dulavitz Jim Tracy
Dr. Vanchi Gurumoorthy Anand Varkar
Simon Hawkshaw Dr. Viswanth VS
Anbuselvi Jeyakumar
Content reviewers:
Ronen Artzi Manoj Kumar
Eric Baize Arthur Johnson
Greg Baltazar Michelle Lavoie
Edward Bell Tom McGowan
Ed Belliveau Jeffery Moore
Paul Brant Toby Morral
Juergen Busch Wayne Pauley
Christopher Chaulk Peter Popieniuck
Brian Collins Ira Schild
Juan Cubillos Shashikanth, Punuru
John Dowd Murugeson Purushothaman
Roger Dupuis Shekhar Sengupta
Deborah Filer Kevin Sheridan
Bala Ganeshan Ed VanSickle
Jason Gervickas Mike Warner
Jody Goncalves Ronnie Zubi
Jack Harwood Evan Burleigh

We also thank Mallik Motilal of EMC for his support in creating all illustra-
tions; Mallesh Gurram of EMC for the cover design; and the publisher, John
Wiley & Sons, for its timely support in bringing this book to the industry.
— Somasundaram Gnanasundaram
Director, Education Services, EMC Corporation
— Alok Shrivastava
Senior Director, Education Services, EMC Corporation
March 2012

ffirs.indd xii 4/19/2012 12:13:34 PM

 Contents

Foreword xxvii
Introduction xxix
Section I Storage System 1
Chapter 1 Introduction to Information Storage 3
1.1 Information Storage 4
1.1.1 Data 4
1.1.2 Types of Data 6
1.1.3 Big Data 7
1.1.4 Information 9
1.1.5 Storage 9
1.2 Evolution of Storage Architecture 9
1.3 Data Center Infrastructure 11
1.3.1 Core Elements of a Data Center 11
1.3.2 Key Characteristics of a Data Center 12
1.3.3 Managing a Data Center 13
1.4 Virtualization and Cloud Computing 14
Summary 15
Chapter 2 Data Center Environment 17
2.1 Application 18
2.2 Database Management System (DBMS) 18
2.3 Host (Compute) 19
2.3.1 Operating System 19
Memory Virtualization 20
2.3.2 Device Driver 20
2.3.3 Volume Manager 20
2.3.4 File System 22
2.3.5 Compute Virtualization 25

xiii

ftoc.indd xiii 4/19/2012 12:13:52 PM

 xiv Contents

2.4 Connectivity 27
2.4.1 Physical Components of Connectivity 27
2.4.2 Interface Protocols 28
IDE/ATA and Serial ATA 28
SCSI and Serial SCSI 29
Fibre Channel 29
Internet Protocol (IP) 29
2.5 Storage 29
2.6 Disk Drive Components 31
2.6.1 Platter 32
2.6.2 Spindle 32
2.6.3 Read/Write Head 32
2.6.4 Actuator Arm Assembly 33
2.6.5 Drive Controller Board 33
2.6.6 Physical Disk Structure 34
2.6.7 Zoned Bit Recording 35
2.6.8 Logical Block Addressing 36
2.7 Disk Drive Performance 36
2.7.1 Disk Service Time 37
Seek Time 37
Rotational Latency 37
Data Transfer Rate 38
2.7.2 Disk I/O Controller Utilization 39
2.8 Host Access to Data 40
2.9 Direct-Attached Storage 41
2.9.1 DAS Benefits and Limitations 42
2.10 Storage Design Based on Application
Requirements and Disk Performance 43
2.11 Disk Native Command Queuing 45
2.12 Introduction to Flash Drives 46
2.12.1 Components and Architecture of Flash Drives 47
2.12.2 Features of Enterprise Flash Drives 48
2.13 Concept in Practice: VMware ESXi 48
Summary 49
Chapter 3 Data Protection: RAID 51
3.1 RAID Implementation Methods 52
3.1.1 Software RAID 52
3.1.2 Hardware RAID 52
3.2 RAID Array Components 53
3.3 RAID Techniques 53
3.3.1 Striping 53
3.3.2 Mirroring 55
3.3.3 Parity 55
3.4 RAID Levels 57
3.4.1 RAID 0 57
3.4.2 RAID 1 58

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 Contents xv

3.4.3 Nested RAID 59

3.4.4 RAID 3 62
3.4.5 RAID 4 63
3.4.6 RAID 5 63
3.4.7 RAID 6 64
3.5 RAID Impact on Disk Performance 64
3.5.1 Application IOPS and RAID Configurations 66
3.6 RAID Comparison 66
3.7 Hot Spares 68
Summary 68
Chapter 4 Intelligent Storage Systems 71
4.1 Components of an Intelligent Storage System 72
4.1.1 Front End 72
4.1.2 Cache 72
Structure of Cache 73
Read Operation with Cache 73
Write Operation with Cache 75
Cache Implementation 75
Cache Management 76
Cache Data Protection 77
4.1.3 Back End 78
4.1.4 Physical Disk 78
4.2 Storage Provisioning 79
4.2.1 Traditional Storage Provisioning 79
LUN Expansion: MetaLUN 80
4.2.2 Virtual Storage Provisioning 82
Comparison between Virtual and Traditional
Storage Provisioning 82
Use Cases for Thin and Traditional LUNs 84
4.2.3 LUN Masking 84
4.3 Types of Intelligent Storage Systems 85
4.3.1 High-End Storage Systems 85
4.3.2 Midrange Storage Systems 86
4.4 Concepts in Practice: EMC Symmetrix and VNX 87
4.4.1 EMC Symmetrix Storage Array 87
4.4.2 EMC Symmetrix VMAX Component 88
4.4.3 Symmetrix VMAX Architecture 89
Summary 91
Section II Storage Networking Technologies 93
Chapter 5 Fibre Channel Storage Area Networks 95
5.1 Fibre Channel: Overview 96
5.2 The SAN and Its Evolution 97
5.3 Components of FC SAN 98
5.3.1 Node Ports 99
5.3.2 Cables and Connectors 99

ftoc.indd xv 4/19/2012 12:13:52 PM

 xvi Contents

5.3.3 Interconnect Devices 100

5.3.4 SAN Management Software 101
5.4 FC Connectivity 102
5.4.1 Point-to-Point 102
5.4.2 Fibre Channel Arbitrated Loop 102
5.4.3 Fibre Channel Switched Fabric 103
FC-SW Transmission 105
5.5 Switched Fabric Ports 106
5.6 Fibre Channel Architecture 106
5.6.1 Fibre Channel Protocol Stack 107
FC-4 Layer 108
FC-2 Layer 108
FC-1 Layer 108
FC-0 Layer 108
5.6.2 Fibre Channel Addressing 109
5.6.3 World Wide Names 109
5.6.4 FC Frame 110
5.6.5. Structure and Organization of FC Data 112
5.6.6 Flow Control 112
BB_Credit 112
EE_Credit 112
5.6.7 Classes of Service 113
5.7 Fabric Services 113
5.8 Switched Fabric Login Types 114
5.9 Zoning 115
5.9.1 Types of Zoning 116
5.10 FC SAN Topologies 118
5.10.1 Mesh Topology 118
5.10.2 Core-Edge Fabric 119
Benefits and Limitations of Core-Edge Fabric 119
5.11 Virtualization in SAN 122
5.11.1 Block-level Storage Virtualization 122
5.11.2 Virtual SAN (VSAN) 124
5.12 Concepts in Practice: EMC Connectrix and EMC VPLEX 125
5.12.1 EMC Connectrix 125
Connectrix Switches 126
Connectrix Directors 126
Connectrix Multi-purpose Switches 126
Connectrix Management Tools 127
5.12.2 EMC VPLEX 127
VPLEX Family of Products 128
Summary 128
Chapter 6 IP SAN and FCoE 131
6.1 iSCSI 132
6.1.1 Components of iSCSI 132
6.1.2 iSCSI Host Connectivity 133

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 Contents xvii

6.1.3 iSCSI Topologies 133

Native iSCSI Connectivity 133
Bridged iSCSI Connectivity 135
Combining FC and Native iSCSI Connectivity 135
6.1.4 iSCSI Protocol Stack 135
6.1.5 iSCSI PDU 136
6.1.6 iSCSI Discovery 138
6.1.7 iSCSI Names 138
6.1.8 iSCSI Session 140
6.1.9 iSCSI Command Sequencing 141
6.2 FCIP 142
6.2.1 FCIP Protocol Stack 142
6.2.2 FCIP Topology 144
6.2.3 FCIP Performance and Security 144
6.3 FCoE 145
6.3.1 I/O Consolidation Using FCoE 145
6.3.2 Components of an FCoE Network 147
Converged Network Adapter 148
Cables 148
FCoE Switches 149
6.3.3 FCoE Frame Structure 150
FCoE Frame Mapping 151
6.3.4 FCoE Enabling Technologies 152
Priority-Based Flow Control (PFC) 153
Enhanced Transmission Selection (ETS) 154
Congestion Notification (CN) 154
Data Center Bridging Exchange Protocol (DCBX) 154
Summary 155
Chapter 7 Network-Attached Storage 157
7.1 General-Purpose Servers versus NAS Devices 158
7.2 Benefits of NAS 159
7.3 File Systems and Network File Sharing 160
7.3.1 Accessing a File System 160
7.3.2 Network File Sharing 160
7.4 Components of NAS 162
7.5 NAS I/O Operation 163
7.6 NAS Implementations 163
7.6.1 Unified NAS 164
7.6.2 Unified NAS Connectivity 164
7.6.3 Gateway NAS 164
7.6.4 Gateway NAS Connectivity 165
7.6.5 Scale-Out NAS 166
7.6.6 Scale-Out NAS Connectivity 167
7.7 NAS File-Sharing Protocols 168
7.7.1 NFS 169
7.7.2 CIFS 170

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 xviii Contents

7.8 Factors Affecting NAS Performance 171

7.9 File-Level Virtualization 174
7.10 Concepts in Practice: EMC Isilon
and EMC VNX Gateway 175
7.10.1 EMC Isilon 175
7.10.2 EMC VNX Gateway 176
Summary 177
Chapter 8 Object-Based and Unified Storage 179
8.1 Object-Based Storage Devices 180
8.1.1 Object-Based Storage Architecture 181
8.1.2 Components of OSD 182
8.1.3 Object Storage and Retrieval in OSD 183
8.1.4 Benefits of Object-Based Storage 184
8.1.5 Common Use Cases for Object-Based Storage 185
8.2 Content-Addressed Storage 187
8.3 CAS Use Cases 188
8.3.1 Healthcare Solution: Storing Patient Studies 188
8.3.2 Finance Solution: Storing Financial Records 189
8.4 Unified Storage 190
8.4.1 Components of Unified Storage 190
Data Access from Unified Storage 192
8.5 Concepts in Practice: EMC Atmos, EMC VNX,
and EMC Centera 192
8.5.1 EMC Atmos 193
8.5.2 EMC VNX 194
8.5.3 EMC Centera 195
EMC Centera Architecture 196
Summary 197
Section III Backup, Archive, and Replication 199
Chapter 9 Introduction to Business Continuity 201
9.1 Information Availability 202
9.1.1 Causes of Information Unavailability 202
9.1.2 Consequences of Downtime 203
9.1.3 Measuring Information Availability 204
9.2 BC Terminology 205
9.3 BC Planning Life Cycle 207
9.4 Failure Analysis 210
9.4.1 Single Point of Failure 210
9.4.2 Resolving Single Points of Failure 211
9.4.3 Multipathing Software 212
9.5 Business Impact Analysis 213
9.6 BC Technology Solutions 213
9.7 Concept in Practice: EMC PowerPath 214
9.7.1 PowerPath Features 214
9.7.2 Dynamic Load Balancing 215

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 Contents xix

I/O Operation without PowerPath 215

I/O Operation with PowerPath 216
9.7.3 Automatic Path Failover 217
Path Failure without PowerPath 218
Path Failover with PowerPath: Active-Active Array 218
Path Failover with PowerPath: Active-Passive Array 219
Summary 221

Chapter 10 Backup and Archive 225

10.1 Backup Purpose 226
10.1.1 Disaster Recovery 226
10.1.2 Operational Recovery 226
10.1.3 Archival 226
10.2 Backup Considerations 227
10.3 Backup Granularity 228
10.4 Recovery Considerations 231
10.5 Backup Methods 231
10.6 Backup Architecture 233
10.7 Backup and Restore Operations 234
10.8 Backup Topologies 236
10.9 Backup in NAS Environments 239
10.9.1 Server-Based and Serverless Backup 239
10.9.2 NDMP-Based Backup 240
10.10 Backup Targets 242
10.10.1 Backup to Tape 243
Physical Tape Library 243
Limitations of Tape 245
10.10.2 Backup to Disk 245
10.10.3 Backup to Virtual Tape 246
Virtual Tape Library 246
10.11 Data Deduplication for Backup 249
10.11.1 Data Deduplication Methods 249
10.11.2 Data Deduplication Implementation 250
Source-Based Data Deduplication 250
Target-Based Data Deduplication 250
10.12 Backup in Virtualized Environments 252
10.13 Data Archive 254
10.14 Archiving Solution Architecture 255
10.14.1 Use Case: E-mail Archiving 256
10.14.2 Use Case: File Archiving 257
10.15 Concepts in Practice: EMC NetWorker,
EMC Avamar, and EMC Data Domain 257
10.15.1 EMC NetWorker 258
10.15.2 EMC Avamar 258
10.15.3 EMC Data Domain 259
Summary 260

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 xx Contents

Chapter 11 Local Replication 263

11.1 Replication Terminology 264
11.2 Uses of Local Replicas 264
11.3 Replica Consistency 265
11.3.1 Consistency of a Replicated File System 265
11.3.2 Consistency of a Replicated Database 266
11.4 Local Replication Technologies 269
11.4.1 Host-Based Local Replication 269
LVM-Based Replication 269
Advantages of LVM-Based Replication 269
Limitations of LVM-Based Replication 270
File System Snapshot 271
11.4.2 Storage Array-Based Local Replication 272
Full-Volume Mirroring 273
Pointer-Based, Full-Volume Replication 274
Pointer-Based Virtual Replication 277
11.4.3 Network-Based Local Replication 278
Continuous Data Protection 279
CDP Local Replication Operation 280
11.5 Tracking Changes to Source and Replica 281
11.6 Restore and Restart Considerations 282
11.7 Creating Multiple Replicas 283
11.8 Local Replication in a Virtualized Environment 284
11.9 Concepts in Practice: EMC TimeFinder,
EMC SnapView, and EMC RecoverPoint 285
11.9.1 EMC TimeFinder 285
TimeFinder/Clone 286
TimeFinder/Snap 286
11.9.2 EMC SnapView 286
SnapView Snapshot 286
SnapView Clone 287
11.9.3 EMC RecoverPoint 287
Summary 287
Chapter 12 Remote Replication 289
12.1 Modes of Remote Replication 289
12.2 Remote Replication Technologies 292
12.2.1. Host-Based Remote Replication 292
LVM-Based Remote Replication 293
Host-Based Log Shipping 294
12.2.2 Storage Array-Based Remote Replication 295
Synchronous Replication Mode 295
Asynchronous Replication Mode 296
Disk-Buffered Replication Mode 297
12.2.3 Network-Based Remote Replication 298
CDP Remote Replication 298
12.3 Three-Site Replication 300

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 Contents xxi

12.3.1 Three-Site Replication — Cascade/Multihop 300

Synchronous + Asynchronous 300
Synchronous + Disk Buffered 302
12.3.2 Three-Site Replication — Triangle/Multitarget 302
12.4 Data Migration Solutions 304
12.5 Remote Replication and Migration in a
Virtualized Environment 306
12.6 Concepts in Practice: EMC SRDF,
EMC MirrorView, and EMC RecoverPoint 307
12.6.1 EMC SRDF 308
12.6.2 EMC MirrorView 308
12.6.3 EMC RecoverPoint 308
Summary 309

Section IV Cloud Computing 311

Chapter 13 Cloud Computing 313
13.1 Cloud Enabling Technologies 314
13.2 Characteristics of Cloud Computing 314
13.3 Benefits of Cloud Computing 316
13.4 Cloud Service Models 316
13.4.1 Infrastructure-as-a-Service 316
13.4.2 Platform-as-a-Service 317
13.4.3 Software-as-a-Service 318
13.5 Cloud Deployment Models 318
13.5.1 Public Cloud 318
13.5.2 Private Cloud 319
13.5.3 Community Cloud 320
13.5.4 Hybrid Cloud 321
13.6 Cloud Computing Infrastructure 322
13.6.1 Physical Infrastructure 322
13.6.2 Virtual Infrastructure 323
13.6.3 Applications and Platform Software 324
13.6.4 Cloud Management and Service Creation Tools 324
13.7 Cloud Challenges 326
13.7.1 Challenges for Consumers 326
13.7.2 Challenges for Providers 327
13.8 Cloud Adoption Considerations 327
13.9 Concepts in Practice: Vblock 329
Summary 330

Section V Securing and Managing Storage Infrastructure 331

Chapter 14 Securing the Storage Infrastructure 333
14.1 Information Security Framework 334
14.2 Risk Triad 334
14.2.1 Assets 335
14.2.2 Threats 336

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 xxii Contents

14.2.3 Vulnerability 337

14.3 Storage Security Domains 338
14.3.1 Securing the Application Access Domain 339
Controlling User Access to Data 340
Protecting the Storage Infrastructure 341
Data Encryption 342
14.3.2 Securing the Management Access Domain 342
Controlling Administrative Access 344
Protecting the Management Infrastructure 344
14.3.3 Securing Backup, Replication, and Archive 345
14.4 Security Implementations in Storage Networking 346
14.4.1 FC SAN 346
FC SAN Security Architecture 347
Basic SAN Security Mechanisms 347
LUN Masking and Zoning 349
Securing Switch Ports 349
Switch-Wide and Fabric-Wide Access Control 350
Logical Partitioning of a Fabric: Virtual SAN 350
14.4.2 NAS 350
NAS File Sharing: Windows ACLs 351
NAS File Sharing: UNIX Permissions 352
NAS File Sharing: Authentication and Authorization 353
Kerberos 354
Network-Layer Firewalls 355
14.4.3 IP SAN 357
14.5 Securing Storage Infrastructure in
Virtualized and Cloud Environments 358
14.5.1 Security Concerns 359
14.5.2 Security Measures 359
Security at the Compute Level 359
Security at the Network Level 360
Security at the Storage Level 361
14.6 Concepts in Practice: RSA and
VMware Security Products 361
14.6.1 RSA SecureID 362
14.6.2 RSA Identity and Access Management 362
14.6.3 RSA Data Protection Manager 362
14.6.4 VMware vShield 363
Summary 363

Chapter 15 Managing the Storage Infrastructure 365

15.1 Monitoring the Storage Infrastructure 366
15.1.1 Monitoring Parameters 366
15.1.2 Components Monitored 367
Hosts 367
Storage Network 368
Storage 369

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 Contents xxiii

15.1.3 Monitoring Examples 369

Accessibility Monitoring 369
Capacity Monitoring 370
Performance Monitoring 372
Security Monitoring 374
15.1.4 Alerts 375
15.2 Storage Infrastructure Management Activities 376
15.2.1 Availability Management 376
15.2.2 Capacity Management 376
15.2.3 Performance Management 377
15.2.4 Security Management 377
15.2.5 Reporting 378
15.2.6 Storage Infrastructure Management in a
Virtualized Environment 378
15.2.7 Storage Management Examples 380
Example 1: Storage Allocation to a New Server/Host 380
Example 2: File System Space Management 381
Example 3: Chargeback Report 382
15.3 Storage Infrastructure Management Challenges 384
15.4 Developing an Ideal Solution 384
15.4.1 Storage Management Initiative 385
15.4.2 Enterprise Management Platform 386
15.5 Information Lifecycle Management 386
15.6 Storage Tiering 388
15.6.1 Intra-Array Storage Tiering 388
15.6.2 Inter-Array Storage Tiering 390
15.7 Concepts in Practice: EMC Infrastructure
Management Tools 391
15.7.1 EMC ControlCenter and Prosphere 391
15.7.2 EMC Unisphere 392
15.7.3 EMC Unified Infrastructure Manager (UIM) 393
Summary 393

Appendix A Application I/O Characteristics 395

Random and Sequential 395
Reads and Writes 395
I/O Request Size 396

Appendix B Parallel SCSI 399

SCSI Standards Family 400
SCSI Client-Server Model 401
Parallel SCSI Addressing 402

Appendix C SAN Design Exercises 405

Exercise 1 405
Solution 405
Exercise 2 406
Solution 406

ftoc.indd xxiii 4/19/2012 12:13:53 PM

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him. But he can play baseball and he’s a peach of a baseman. He’s
not much at hitting, though. Are you, Joe?”
“Fairly rotten, thanks.”
“Well, that won’t do. You dig hard when practice begins. Find your
batting-eye, Joey. Then, if you can hold down first base decently
well, you might oust Mr. Foley. I’d consider it a personal favour if you
did.”
“Seems to me it’s a good thing you don’t actually hate Foley. If
you did you’d insist on having him thrown into the river or browned
in oil! When you take a dislike to me, please let me know, Jack, so I
can beat it while the beating’s good.”
“Well,” replied Jack cheerfully, “I’m like that, I guess. If I like a
fellow I like him a lot. If I dislike him I haven’t any use for him. I
suppose it’s my ardent Spanish nature.”
“Your what?”
“Yep. You see, Joey, about three or maybe four hundred years ago
I had a Spanish ancestor. Spaniards, you know, are hot-blooded,
desperate rascals. Whenever I do anything real wicked I lay it to that
ancestor. It’s a convenience.”
“You and your old ancestor!” scoffed Joe. “Say, what sort of
practice do we do in the baseball cage?”
“Naturally, we do tatting and plain sewing.”
“Oh, cut it out, Jack! Honest, what can you do indoors? I never
saw anyone practise baseball in a cage.”
“Batteries get the most out of it, Joe. But we all go through a
certain amount of stuff. Bat’s a great believer in setting-up exercises,
for one thing. He keeps us at that for a week or so before we’re
allowed to touch a ball. Then the pitchers and catchers work
together and we have a batting session each day and we slide to
base and—and pass, of course.”
“Bat’s the coach, isn’t he?”
 “Yep. Mr. Bennet A. Talbot; B, A, T, Bat. He’s a good sort, too. And
knows a baseball from a rosy-cheeked apple, if anyone should
enquire. He’s all right. I’m strong for Bat.”
“A good name for a baseball coach,” laughed Joe.
“The fact has been suggested before,” replied Jack with a grin.
“Oh, I didn’t suppose I was getting off a new one. But, look here,
you can’t do much hitting in a little old cage, can you?”
“Not if Tom Pollock’s pitching,” chuckled Jack. “Why, you see, my
ignorant friend, the idea is not to knock the ball through the wires,
but to tap it politely. Bat will tell you that if you can get your bat
against the ball in the cage you can do it when you get on the field.
I don’t know that he’s terrifically right about it, though. I don’t
believe it does any harm to roll bunts around in the gym, but I do
know that in my own case as soon as we move outdoors and I take
a healthy swing at the ball it isn’t there! And it takes me a week or
so at the net to find it.”
“They tell me you’re a peach of a batter,” said Joe admiringly and
a trifle enviously.
“Oh, I connect sometimes. When I do they travel. That’s all. I’m
no H. R. Baker.”
“Who’s he?” asked Joe innocently.
“Ball-player. I’m going home. Your ignorance may be catching. See
you in the morning. Who swiped my—Oh, here it is. So long, Joey!”
 CHAPTER VI
JOE HAS AN IDEA

Joe’s circle of friends and acquaintances widened. He met many

fellows through Jack, and Jack seemed to know most of the better
sort of boys in the town. What sometimes puzzled Joe was how it
had happened that Jack, with so many friends to choose from, had
remained without a special chum and had finally chosen him. Joe
got on very friendly terms with Tom Pollock and became a great
admirer of that youth. Anyone with such a reputation as a pitcher
and all-around ball-player as Tom had would have won Joe’s respect
and regard in any case, but Tom was a very likable chap besides.
Sam Craig he saw less of, although Sam was nice when they met,
and more than once reminded him of the approaching fifteenth of
February, on which day baseball practice was to start indoors.
By the beginning of February Joe was quite at home in Amesville
and had grown to like the place thoroughly. He and Aunt Sarah were
getting on finely. Aunt Sarah was outwardly still the same stern-
visaged, sharp-voiced person, but Joe had discovered that under
that rather forbidding exterior lay a very kind heart. Nowadays Aunt
Sarah’s principal mission in life appeared to be the finding of new
ways to please Joe, without, if possible, allowing him to suspect it!
Joe’s only cause for dissatisfaction was his after-school work. In
less than a fortnight indoor practice would begin for the baseball
squad, and that meant that either he would have to give up his
newspaper route or abandon his hope of making the nine.
Consequently, he began to look around harder than ever for some
labour that he might perform in the evenings. He consulted Jack, of
course, and Jack, while eager to aid, had nothing to offer in the way
of practical suggestions. In the end, Joe solved the problem without
assistance.
He and Jack happened to be in Pryor’s stationery store one
afternoon. Jack was buying some fountain-pen ink and Joe strayed
over to the counter that held a not very large assortment of
magazines, together with the local newspapers and a few papers
from other cities of the State. While he was turning the pages of a
magazine a well-dressed, middle-aged man came in and asked for a
Chicago Tribune. He was a travelling salesman, Joe concluded.
Whether he was or not, he was contemptuously impatient when the
clerk informed him that they didn’t keep Chicago papers.
“Don’t, eh?” he demanded. “No, I suppose you wouldn’t! I ought
to have known it. You folks in this town don’t seem to know there’s
any other place in the country. Still, you might have heard of
Chicago. It’s a little village in Illinois, down near the lower end of
Lake Michigan. There’s a tree in front of it. They were talking of
building a horse-car line when I left. Got a Cleveland paper, then?”
The sarcasm was quite lost on the youthful clerk. He only gazed in
a puzzled fashion at the annoyed customer and shook his head.
“There ain’t any left,” he said indifferently. “We had one this
morning.”
“You did? Think of that! One whole paper! Say, you folks take a lot
of risks, don’t you? Just suppose you hadn’t sold it!” The irate
gentleman left the store abruptly and Joe followed his departing
figure with thoughtful eyes. A moment later Jack completed his
purchase and they left the shop. It was well after five and, although
it was the custom for Joe to walk home with Jack, this afternoon he
pleaded duties and, promising to go around after supper, watched
his friend lose himself in the throng. What Joe did next would have
occasioned Jack some curiosity had he been there to see. Joe
crossed the street—the other side of the thoroughfare was less
congested at this time—and went slowly northward for six blocks, his
eyes busy all the way. Then he crossed again and returned on the
first side. His travels took him over the busiest portion of the street
and left him finally four blocks below the Adams Building. But what
he was looking for he hadn’t seen, and he shook his head as he
turned his steps northward again. In front of the Adams Building a
small newsboy was selling the evening paper and Joe stopped.
“Got a Cleveland paper?” he asked.
The boy shook his head. “I don’t carry ’em,” he said.
“Columbus?”
“Ain’t got nothin’ but the Recorder.”
“That all you ever carry?”
“Yep.”
“Do you know where I can buy a Cleveland or a Columbus paper?”
“You might get ’em at Pryor’s, three blocks up.”
Joe retreated to the front of the building and again looked about
him. From the entrance beside him quite a stream of folks were
emerging to hurry homewards. At least every other one stopped to
purchase a paper before going to the car or walking away.
“Hm,” said Joe thoughtfully. “I wonder, now!”
He entered the lobby of the office building and studied it. On one
side were the elevators. Behind them a broad marble stairway
started upward, turning behind the cages, to the floor above. The
lobby was not large, but it was large enough for the purpose Joe
had in mind, and presently, when the occupants of one elevator had
pushed out through the revolving doors, he stepped off the little
space between the first elevator and the front wall of the building. A
little less than three yards he made it. The depth was five feet. Joe
half closed his eyes and studied it. Then, jostled by another carful of
departing occupants, he made his way across to the directory beside
the elevators. It was evident that many of the offices, and Joe
decided that there must be some two hundred of them, were still
unoccupied, although the building was now complete as to its
interior. A placard near at hand notified the public that offices were
to be rented of Joseph Adams, Room 129. At that moment an
elevator descended and emptied itself, and the operator, observing
Joe at the directory, asked who he was looking for.
“Strobe,” replied Joe, giving the first name that came to his mind.
“Not here. Maybe he’s coming later. If you mean John P. Strobe,
his place is across the street there, on the opposite corner. Jeweler,
is he?”
Joe said he was and thanked the youth for the direction. Then,
looking about him at the unsurfaced walls: “This is a pretty good
building,” he observed. The other nodded.
“Best in this town, anyway. It wouldn’t cut much ice in Cincinnati,
I guess, but it’s pretty good for Amesville.”
“Are there many in it?”
“Sure, and it’s filling up fast. The old man’s renting two or three
offices a day, I hear.”
“I suppose there’ll be a news-stand here, won’t there?”
“News-stand? Search me! I haven’t heard of any.”
“I should think you’d need one. You must have two or three
hundred people in here.”
“Easy! There’s two hundred and eight offices, and some has two
or three people in ’em. Course, they ain’t all rented yet, but——”
The signal buzzed and the operator slammed the door and shot
out of sight just as another car arrived. Joe made his way out with
the throng and hurried homeward, his mind very busy all the way. At
supper he was so preoccupied and silent that Aunt Sarah tried to get
him to describe his symptoms and watched him depart for Jack’s
house with misgivings. Up in the big room on the third floor Joe laid
the scheme before his chum. Jack was instantly enthusiastic.
 “It’s simply great!” he declared. “How’d you ever think of it? But
you’d sell other things besides newspapers, wouldn’t you, Joey?”
“Yes. Cigars, candy, magazines—anything I could. You see, Jack, if
folks who work in the building know they can get such things right
there they’re pretty sure to deal with me. I ought to sell a lot of
cigars——”
“And chewing-gum,” laughed Jack.
“And newspapers, too. And I’d make a specialty of carrying the
Cincinnati and Cleveland and Columbus papers, and the Chicago,
too; and maybe one of the New York papers. The trouble is, though,
that I’d have to have money to start with, and I haven’t got it.”
“That’s so.” Jack’s face fell. “How much would you need?” he
asked after a minute.
“It’s hard to tell. Of course, I don’t know what rent Mr. Adams
would charge me, in the first place. In fact, I don’t know yet that he
will rent the space at all. I wondered if your father knew him well
enough to speak a good word for me, Jack.”
“Of course he does! They’re thick as thieves. I’ll get dad to go and
see him with you if you like. Want to go down and ask him now?”
“No; wait a while. I was wondering——” Joe was silent a minute.
Then: “Have you any money, Jack?”
“Me? About a dollar. Want it?”
“I wondered whether you had any in the bank or——”
“I have! I’d forgotten it. I’ve got about sixty dollars, I think. But I
don’t know whether dad would want me to take it out, Joe. I’d lend
it to you in a minute if he’d let me, though.”
“I wasn’t thinking of borrowing it,” said Joe. “I was going to
suggest that we go in together. I think we could start with about fifty
dollars. We needn’t put in much of a stock at first, you know.
There’d be a month’s rent, say twenty dollars, and we’d have to buy
a few boxes of cigars and we’d have to have a counter built. Maybe
we’d better say sixty dollars, to be on the safe side. I haven’t figured
on it yet, but I believe we could do it for sixty. I thought that if you’d
put in half and take half the profits until you were square——”
“I get you, Joey! Half would be only thirty dollars, wouldn’t it? I
don’t believe dad would mind my taking out that much. But could
you get the other thirty, Joey?”
“I think so. I—I’ve got an idea that may work. Anyway——”
“Why couldn’t I put in the whole sixty if dad will let me? In that
way you wouldn’t have——”
“It wouldn’t be wise,” said Joe. “I’m pretty sure I can make the
thing go and pay a good profit, Jack, but if I happened to be wrong
you’d stand to lose your money. And sixty dollars would be too much
to drop. Besides, your father wouldn’t let you put in that much when
I wasn’t putting in any.”
“Maybe not. Let’s go down and talk to him about it.”
“No, let’s go over it first. There may be something I’ve missed.
Now, say Mr. Adams lets us have the space for twenty a month;
that’s enough, although he may not think so; then we’ve got to have
a counter built and that will cost, say, ten dollars. It’ll have to be
made to look pretty neat, you know; maybe it had better be
imitation mahogany. Then we’d arrange with the news company for
a small list of magazines. We’d have to pay cash for those at first,
but they don’t cost much. Same way with the papers. There’s good
money in the Gazette and the Recorder at two cents if you sell
enough of them. Then we’d want to put in some confectionery, like
gum and chocolate and package things. We can buy that in
Cincinnati and get as little as we want to start on. At the end of the
month we ought to have enough for the next month’s rent and
enough to put in new stock. My idea would be to make the stock
bigger all the time, as we could afford it. There wouldn’t be any
other expenses, would there? Can you think of any?”
Jack couldn’t. “It looks perfectly safe to me,” he said, “because the
rent is the only thing we’d have to worry about, isn’t it? I mean, we
needn’t have more cigars and other things at a time than we could
sell right away.”
“That’s the idea. We’ve got to begin in a small way and expand.
We won’t lay out a cent more than we have to. Then, if it shouldn’t
prove a go we wouldn’t be stung very much. The papers, you know,
are returnable, so we wouldn’t get stuck on those. Some of the
magazines are, too, I think.”
“Hold on!” exclaimed Jack suddenly. “Who’s going to tend shop?
We’ll be in school all day up to three o’clock. Bet you hadn’t thought
of that!”
“You must think I’m a good deal of an idiot,” laughed Joe. “I’ll tell
you my scheme. I thought I could go down there in the morning and
get things fixed. We’d have a box on the corner with a slot in it and
when anyone bought anything they could drop the money in the
box. Then, after school——”
“Suppose they didn’t!” interrupted his chum. “Seems to me that’s
pretty risky!”
“I don’t believe so. You put folks on their honour like that and
they’ll appreciate it and act square. I’ll bet we won’t lose half a
dollar a month, Jack.”
“Well, you’ve got a lot of faith, Joey. Still, you may be right at that.
Come to think of it, I guess you are. All right. And then after school
we could go down there and tend shop, eh?”
“When we didn’t have to practise.”
“That’s so. I’d forgotten practice. Well, on Saturdays we could be
there all day, eh? That would be a lot of fun. I’ve always wanted to
be a merchant and sell things. ‘Cigars? Yes, sir. I think you’ll like
these. We make them ourselves and know just what goes into them,
sir. Two for five, please. Thank you, sir. Come again if you live!’
That’s the stuff, isn’t it?”
“Fine!” laughed Joe. “Now let’s go down and hear what your
father says.”
 CHAPTER VII
PARTNERS

Five days later the news-stand in the lobby of the Adams Building
was ready for business.
It had all been extremely simple and easy. Mr. Strobe had not only
consented to use his influence with Mr. Adams, but had declared
that he believed the investment of thirty dollars in the enterprise to
be a good stroke of business. In fact, Jack’s father became the most
enthusiastic of the three that evening when the matter was
broached to him. If, he said, Jack didn’t want to go into partnership
with Joe he’d be glad to take a half interest himself! A news-stand in
the Adams Building ought to be a money-maker, and he wondered
that someone hadn’t thought of it before. Thereupon Joe suggested
anxiously that perhaps someone had, and wasn’t satisfied until
Jack’s father had called Mr. Adams up on the telephone and
ascertained that the privilege had not been disposed of and that Mr.
Adams was quite willing to confer with them tomorrow in the matter.
Mr. Joseph Adams was president and principal owner of the big
carpet mills and held title to much residence and store property
throughout the town. He was about forty-two years of age, a much
younger man than Joe had expected to find when, led by Mr. Strobe,
they entered his office in the new building early the next morning.
The business was completed in rather less than five minutes. Mr.
Strobe stated what was wanted, Joe answered a question as to
proposed location of the stand, they all descended to view the spot,
and Mr. Adams then said: “I’m agreeable. Rent free until the first of
March. After that, eighteen dollars a month. Keep everything clean
and neat. Come around this afternoon and I’ll have a lease ready for
you.”
 When they returned at half-past three Mr. Adams said: “One thing
I neglected to speak of, boys. About your counter and showcase,
now; better let me attend to those, I guess. I don’t want anything
that clashes with the finish down there. I’ve got Mayer coming here
in about ten minutes. He’s the boss-carpenter. I thought we’d decide
what was wanted and he could go ahead and put it up. The walls
are cream white down there and I think we’d ought to have the
stand to match. That suit you? What had you thought of?”
“Mahogany, sir,” replied Joe. “That is, imitation mahogany. But I
think cream white would look better.”
“I guess so. Now, look here.” Mr. Adams drew a sheet of paper
towards him and sketched roughly. “A row of shelves across to here;
sliding doors at the back; panelled in front. Then a flap counter the
rest of the way; lift it up to get in, you know; crawl under if you’d
rather. Now what about shelves at the back? Need them? They
wouldn’t look well, I guess.”
“I don’t think so,” replied Joe. “I guess we’d have room for
everything on the counter and in the showcase. I—I hadn’t thought
about a showcase, though, Mr. Adams. Won’t it cost a good deal?”
“Twelve dollars and sixty cents. I priced it. That needn’t worry
you, though; I’m paying for the whole thing.”
“Oh!” murmured Joe. “I didn’t understand.”
“That’s great!” exclaimed Jack.
Mr. Adams smiled. “Doing it for my own protection. I’d rather have
something that looked solid and substantial there. I don’t want
anything cheap, you know. Here’s Mayer now,” he added as a clerk
appeared at the door. “Let’s go down and see what’s to be done.”
Joe thought he had never encountered anyone who could rush a
thing through as Mr. Adams could. It took him about three minutes
to explain his ideas to the carpenter and when he had finished, that
gentleman, a taciturn man with a long head and a Scotch burr, could
suggest no improvements.
 “All right, then,” said Mr. Adams briskly. “Get right at it, Mayer.
Have it done—when do you want it, boys?”
“Whenever it’s convenient, sir. There’s no——”
“This is Saturday. Get it done by Wednesday, Mayer. See that you
get a good dull enamel on it, like the walls. Make a good, finished
job.”
The boss-carpenter nodded. Then: “How about the light, sir?” he
inquired.
“Light? That’s so. Ought to be one back of the counter. See Purley
and Ferris about that and tell them to put up a small dome light,
same design as the others here. That’s all, I guess.”
A moment later he was being shot upwards in an elevator, Mr.
Mayer was silently measuring with a pocket rule, and Joe and Jack,
their lease in Joe’s pocket, sought the sidewalk. Outside, Jack
capered gleefully. “Nearly a month’s rent free, Joey,” he exclaimed,
“and we don’t have to pay for building the stand! He’s a brick, isn’t
he?”
“Yes,” agreed Joe. “I’m wondering——”
“What?” demanded the other impatiently.
“Well, we won’t need so much money as we thought, you see. I
guess we can get started on about half of it.”
“We’ll buy more stock!”
“N-no, we’d better start easy, as we agreed to. What I was
thinking was this, Jack. When I said I thought I could get hold of my
half the money I had Aunt Sarah in mind. I think she’d loan me
thirty dollars if she had it. But I don’t know whether she’d have that
much, you see, and——”
Jack interrupted with a laugh. “Not have thirty dollars!” he cried.
“Why, your Aunt Sarah is one of the richest women in Amesville, you
booby! Everyone knows that!”
 “She is?” asked Joe in surprise. “I didn’t know it. She’s always so—
so careful——”
“Stingy, you mean, don’t you?” laughed Jack.
“No, I don’t mean that, really. She isn’t a bit stingy. She’s just
careful. About putting the light out when you’re not using it, and
bargaining with the tradespeople, and—and like that, you know.
Well, anyway, I’d rather not ask her for the money. I’d much rather
borrow it from you. If we only need thirty dollars altogether, your
share would be fifteen and mine would be fifteen. Well, if you can
take thirty out of the savings bank you might put fifteen into the
business and loan the other fifteen to me at the regular rate of
interest. Would you be willing to do that? No matter whether the
business got along or not, I’d pay you the fifteen back, of course,
because I could get it from Aunt Sarah.”
“Sure! That’s the ticket! Only I don’t want any interest, you old
Shylock!”
“I’d rather, though. I’d pay Aunt Sarah interest, and why not you?”
Jack was hard to persuade, but Joe ultimately got him to agree.
“We’ll ask your father about it, though. If he says it’s all right——”
“He will,” laughed Jack. “Dad thinks you’re a sort of young
Napoleon of Finance, Joey, and anything you do is all right. Fact is, I
believe he’s a bit sore because we didn’t let him in on this.”
During the succeeding four days—with the exception of Sunday—
the boys spent most of their spare time in the lobby of the Adams
Building watching the construction of the news-stand. Mr. Mayer
called it a “booth,” and since they had every wish to keep him good-
humoured, they adopted that name for it themselves. On Tuesday
morning it was in place and had received its first coat of paint. The
enamel went on Tuesday afternoon and a second coat was to be
applied two days later. But as the final application could be made
while business was going on, the boys decided to open the stand
Wednesday afternoon.
 Joe had already ordered a small assortment of package candies,
chewing-gum, and such things from Cincinnati, had made
arrangements with the news company for current magazines and
certain out-of-town papers, had arranged with the two Amesville
journals for fifty copies to be delivered daily, and had spent the
larger part of their principal in the purchase of cigars, cigarettes, and
tobacco. Although he brought as little of everything as he could, he
discovered to his dismay that on Wednesday morning he had but
seven dollars of the original thirty left. I don’t think either Joe or
Jack did very well at lessons that day. It was frightfully hard to keep
their minds on their school work, so impatient were they to get to
the stand and start business. Joe went over his newspaper route on
Tuesday for the last time. He had some slight misgivings about
abandoning that employment, for although it brought him but three
dollars, the money was certain. However, nothing venture, nothing
have; and he was pretty certain, too, that he could find work again
with the Recorder if necessary.
So just as soon as school was dismissed the two boys hurried
down town to their place of business, as Jack importantly phrased it.
The counter shone freshly white and the handsome showcase, three
feet in length by twenty-two inches in breadth, nickel-trimmed, with
mirrors set in the sliding panels at the back, had been cleaned and
polished until it was speckless. They raised the hinged end of the
counter and stepped inside. Joe turned a switch and a flood of
mellow light shone down from the neat ground-glass dome above.
Many bundles had already been unpacked and their contents stowed
on the shelves under the counter, but others awaited them, and they
set to work. There was not much room between counter and wall,
but there was enough to move about in. The counter was two feet
wide, leaving the space behind it not quite three feet. The showcase
had been placed midway between wall and hinged flap and there
was two feet of solid counter on each side of it. If necessary they
could make use of the hinged portion as well and pass under it
instead of lifting it up. But at present there was plenty of room for all
their goods without availing themselves of that section. The shelves
underneath were roomy and the sliding doors were supplied with a
neat Yale lock. Joe inserted his key in it, pushed aside a panel and
revealed their store of smokers’ articles. It was a quarter to four and
they worked busily to get things in shape against the time the
occupants of the building began to leave. They expected to sell no
more today than a few evening papers, but they wanted the public
to know that the stand was opened for business.
The cigars and tobacco and cigarettes went into the case. Joe had
to do a lot of arranging before he managed to make them occupy
enough of the space to satisfy him. Even then the showcase looked
pretty empty. “We ought to have about a dozen boxes of cigars,” he
said, “to make a showing. I’ll have to spread everything out in here
or else it will look as if we didn’t have anything!”
Jack, struggling with a bundle of confectionery on the counter,
grunted assent. Joe, finally closing the showcase, pulled out a dozen
or so magazines from underneath and arranged them on the
counter. Then came the candy, most of it in half-pound boxes, and a
varied assortment of gum and enticing confections put up in tiny tin
boxes. There was some discussion as to where these things should
be placed. In the end some were put on top the showcase and the
rest ranged between the magazines and the wall. The space at the
other side of the case was reserved for newspapers and a few
minutes later the fifty copies of the Recorder arrived, were paid for,
and spread on the counter. With them were a half-dozen copies of
morning papers from Cleveland, Columbus, Springfield, Sandusky,
Cincinnati, and Dayton. At last everything was in place and the boys
emerged into the corridor to view the result. It certainly looked
attractive and business-like, and they were hugely pleased. Joe
rearranged the boxes of candy so that the colored tops would show
better and then Jack went back behind the counter and between
them they distributed the price cards. These were small squares or
oblongs of gray cardboard with black lettering and had been done by
the man who performed such work for Strobe and Wonson. A
number of small, weighted holders had been purchased—an
extravagance that Joe had resisted at first—and the cards were
slipped between the wire loops. Jack again emerged to view the
effect.
“Looks swell, doesn’t it?” he asked. Joe agreed that it did, and one
of the elevator boys, who had been an interested observer at
intervals, now stepped from his car and joined them. He was a tall,
raw-boned youth of seventeen or eighteen, by name Martin Olson,
but generally known as Ole. Ole had a shock of carroty red hair and
an unattractive flat face liberally sprinkled with large freckles that
matched his hair. Neither Joe nor Jack had taken to Ole much, but
his praise of the news-stand now inclined them more favourably
toward him.
“Best looking little shop in town,” he announced enthusiastically.
“That’s a swell glass case you’ve got there, too.” He examined the
contents. “You ought to have some Dobbins, though. Dobbins are
the best five-cent smoke there is. What kind of cigarettes have you
got? Uh-huh, I see. There’s lots of fellows in the building smokes
Scimitars, though. You’d ought to lay in some of those, I guess.”
“We’ll find out pretty quick what’s wanted,” replied Joe. “What we
should have, though, is a lighter. Guess we’d better have some
matches on the showcase until we can get a lighter. You tend shop,
Jack, and I’ll go and get some.” When he returned from a trip
around the corner to the nearest grocery Ole had departed, but the
second elevator attendant had taken his place. He was a younger
lad, short and stocky and red-cheeked, with a wealth of assurance
and a fine command of slang. His name was Walter. There was
probably more to it, but the boys never learned it. Walter was
equally complimentary.
“Some stand, kiddoes, believe me,” he affirmed. “All to the cheese.
Say, what kind o’ cigs do you handle? Got any Moorish Beauties?”
“No, we haven’t,” said Jack.
“You ought to, then. They’re the best. Lots o’ fellers smokes
Beauties.”
 “We’ve got six sorts there,” laughed Joe, “and it seems we haven’t
the right ones yet. Ole says we ought to keep Scimitars.”
Walter sniffed. “Huh, they ain’t no good. Punk! Beauties is the
brand for you. Got any novels?”
“Novels? No. Just magazines.”
“I mean nickel novels. ‘Dick Dashaway’ and ‘Bull’s-Eye Bob’ and
them. Ain’t you goin’ to have none o’ them?”
“I think not,” replied Joe drily. “You see, if we kept them we might
not attend to business we’d be so busy reading them.”
The irony was lost on Walter, however. “That’s so. They’re swell
novels, take it from me. There’s one of ’em—Oh, gee, there’s a guy
wants to be dropped!” And Walter disgustedly returned to his car,
slammed the door and shot upward.
“What time is it?” asked Jack. “My watch has stopped.”
“Nearly half-past four,” replied Joe. “I wonder who will be our first
customer.”
“Maybe there won’t be one! Say, we’ve forgotten the money box.”
“I know. But we don’t need to put that out except when we’re not
here. We—we might see how it looks, though.”
Joe went behind, produced a japanned tin box with a slot in the
lid and a small brass padlock on the hasp and set it on the
showcase. On the front of the box was printed in white letters: “Help
yourself and drop the money here.”
“How does it look?” he asked.
“All right. But, say, Joey, wouldn’t it be a joke if someone absent-
mindedly walked off with the box some day?”
“The funniest kind of a joke!”
“How would it do to chain it?” continued Jack.
 “Well, it would look a bit funny, wouldn’t it, to trust folks as to put
their money in the box and then chain the box down?”
“I don’t see——” began Jack. But just then an elevator descended,
the door opened, and out walked Mr. Adams.
“Ready for business, eh, boys? Well, you look very nice, very nice,
indeed. Hm; cigars, cigarettes, magazines, candy—quite a stock of
goods. Got any Vista de Isla cigars? I see you haven’t, though. It
might pay you to keep a box, boys. I run out of them now and then
and I might as well get them from you as send around to the club
for them. Well, I’ll take a Recorder, I guess. Have to patronise home
industries, you know.”
Mr. Adams laid down his two pennies and took a paper from the
pile. Then:
“Hello,” he said, “you’ve got the Springfield paper, eh? Good idea.
I’ll take that. And Cleveland and Cincinnati and—Well, you’re
enterprising! Are these today’s? Guess I’ll take the Cincinnati paper,
too. Will you have these regularly?”
“Yes, sir, and others besides; Chicago and Pittsburg and probably
New York.”
Mr. Adams viewed Joe curiously across the counter. “You ought to
get on, my boy,” he said finally as he counted out an additional ten
cents. “You’re the first person in this city ever thought of keeping a
Chicago paper. I don’t know that you’ll ever sell one, but you
certainly deserve to. Business good so far?”
“Well,” replied Joe, with a twinkle, “we’ve sold three newspapers
for twelve cents.”
“Eh? Oh, then I’m the first customer, am I? Quite an honour, I’m
sure. I’ll have to continue my patronage, boys. Good luck to you and
good-night.”
A few minutes later the exodus from the building began and no
one passed out of the building without pausing to look at the news-
stand, whether he purchased or not. But many did purchase. The
pile of evening papers went fast and long before the building had
emptied itself Joe had to make a hurried trip down to the Recorder
Building and get a new supply. Several sales of cigars and cigarettes
were made as well, while a young lady typewriter smilingly
purchased a box of candy. The only department of the establishment
not patronised was the magazine department, and when, at six, they
closed up shop for the night, Jack remedied that by buying a copy of
a monthly devoted to scientific achievements.
Before they went they counted their receipts and found that they
totalled three dollars and ten cents. Just how much of that amount
represented profit they could not reckon off-hand, but they were
very well satisfied with the result of a little more than an hour’s
business. After everything had been stowed away under the counter
and locked up for the night the partners took themselves off, arm in
arm, looking as much as possible like prosperous merchants.
 CHAPTER VIII
MR. CHESTER YOUNG

The Adams Building News Stand prospered from the first. There
was never a doubtful moment. On Thursday business started off
with a rush and when, just before half-past eight, Joe and Jack had
to hurry unwillingly away to school, even Joe, now the more
pessimistic of the two, had to acknowledge that success seemed
assured. After school they flew back again to discover that the stand
was well-nigh exhausted of aught save magazines and that even
those were half gone! They had placed what they supposed to be a
sufficient supply of cigars, cigarettes, and tobacco on top of the
case, but one cigar-box was utterly empty, another held but three
cigars, all but two packages of cigarettes had disappeared, and the
candy was down to the final layer of boxes! The morning papers had
been pretty nearly sold out before they had left, and so the sight of
the empty counter to the left of the showcase produced no surprise.
But the inroad made on the rest of their stock brought gasps of
astonishment. An awful fear assailed the partners and with one
accord they grabbed at the cash-box. But its weight and the
pleasant clinking sound it gave out reassured them, and when, after
they had taken account of stock and had reckoned up the contents
of the box, they discovered that not only had every purchase been
honestly paid for, but that someone had dropped in five cents too
much, they viewed each other triumphantly.
“Eight dollars and fifty-five cents!” exclaimed Jack awedly. “What
do you know about that? And it’s not four o’clock yet!”
“What’s troubling me,” replied Joe happily, “is how we are to stock
up again by morning! We can get the cigars, all right, but we’ve got
to have more candy and it takes a day or two to get that. And the
magazines are more than half gone, too.”
“Couldn’t we telegraph to Cincinnati for the candy?”
“Yes, but I guess we’d better buy some here meanwhile.”
“But there won’t be any profit on it!” wailed Jack.
“No, but we can’t help that. We’ve got to keep the stock up. We’ll
telegraph the Cincinnati folks to send fifty pounds this time.”
“Fifty!” exclaimed Jack doubtfully. “Isn’t that a lot?”
“Yes, but we’ve sold five pounds already and we don’t want to
have to order oftener than a week. The way they pack it, it keeps
fresh for a long time. Maybe it would be a good idea to put in a few
pound boxes of a better grade. Guess I’d better go around to the
cigar folks now and get a couple more boxes. What was that brand
that Mr. Adams mentioned?”
“Mister Dyler, or something like that,” answered Jack. “I didn’t get
it.”
“Neither did I. But I guess they’ll know what I’m after. And we
ought to have some more magazines, I suppose, if only for show.
It’s most time for the March numbers to come out, though, and we
don’t want to overstock on the February. I’ll telephone to the news
company and ask them to send a half-dozen with the out-of-town
papers. I’d better hurry, too, or they’ll be here. Where is the nearest
telephone? Look here, Jack, Mr. Adams ought to have a public booth
down here in the lobby.”
“That’s so. It would be sort of handy for us, wouldn’t it? Do you
suppose he would if we asked him?”
“I don’t know, but I’m not afraid to ask. Maybe, though, we could
afford one of our own.”
“At thirty-six dollars a year? You must be crazy!”
 “Is that what it costs? How about a two-party line? Or——” Joe
stopped and regarded his partner thoughtfully.
“Out with it!” demanded Jack.
“Why couldn’t we have a public ’phone—one of those drop-a-
nickel affairs, you know, and set it here by the wall? I wouldn’t be
surprised if we made enough to get our own calls for nothing.”
“We might,” agreed Jack hesitantly. “How much would we have to
pay the telephone company?”
“I don’t know. Tomorrow I’ll go around there and ask. Well, I’m
off. Pay the news company when they come. And pay for the
Recorders, too. I’ll be back as soon as I can.”
“Why don’t you go across to the store?” asked Jack. “The
telephone’s in the outer office. Just tell them I said you were to use
it.”
“Too cheeky. I’d rather pay for the call myself. Out of the firm’s
money!” he added laughingly as he disappeared through the
revolving doors.
He was back some twenty minutes later. “Anything doing?” he
asked as he deposited two bundles on the counter.
“Lots,” replied Jack. “I sold two cigars, a package of cigarettes,
one Recorder, and a box of these mints. And I paid for the evening
papers and a dollar and twelve cents to the news company.”
“Did you put down what you’d paid out?”
“No. Should I?”
“If you don’t we’ll get all mixed up. I’ve got a small blankbook
here and I guess we’d better start in and keep a careful account of
everything. What papers did the news company bring?”
“All sorts. There’s one from New York. We’ll never sell that, Joey.”
“I don’t believe we will, but it doesn’t matter. After a week or so
we’ll find out just what papers we can sell, and how many, and then
we’ll confine ourselves to those. They brought the magazines I
asked them to? Oh, I see. All right. Things begin to look a bit more
business-like again. Undo this candy, will you, while I get the cigars
out. By the way, what do you think? That cigar that Mr. Adams
smokes is called Vista de Isla and it costs seventeen dollars and
twenty cents a hundred!”
“Great Scott! You didn’t buy any, I hope?”
“Twenty-five; four dollars and thirty cents. Here they are.”
“Well, but, say, Joey, that’s pretty steep! Suppose he doesn’t buy
any?”
“He will. He said he would. And the chap who sold these says we
must have a wet sponge in the case to keep the cigars moist. So I
got one. Also a five-cent glass dish to put it in. Run upstairs and get
it wet, will you, while I arrange these?”
“All right. How much do those cigars sell for apiece, Joey?”
“The man said twenty-five cents, but I don’t suppose Mr. Adams
pays that much at his club for them. I thought I’d ask him. We can
sell them at twenty cents and still make a good profit.”
“Twenty-five cents!” murmured Jack. “Think of paying that much
for one cigar! And they don’t look much, either.”
“You happen to be looking at the ten-centers,” laughed Joe. “The
others are here.” He opened the lid of the flat box and revealed a
row of greenish-black cigars quite different from the others in
appearance and aroma. “I guess these are something extra, eh?”
“Must be, but I think anyone’s a chump to pay a quarter for a
cigar,” responded Jack. “Where’s your old sponge?”
Business that evening was brisk and the seventy-five copies of the
Recorder disappeared like magic and Jack had to hurry out on the
sidewalk and buy extra copies from a newsboy. “Tomorrow we’ll get
a hundred,” said Joe. “If we don’t sell them they can go back.” By
closing time three dollars and thirty-four cents had been added to
the amount in the box, swelling the total sales for the day to over
fourteen dollars!
That evening, in Jack’s room, they tried to figure their profits.
They had taken in in the two days exactly seventeen dollars and
forty-four cents. Since, however, they had not been able to enter
each sale as made, it was difficult to arrive at the desired result.
They knew that on each morning or afternoon paper they made a
profit of one cent, that on each half-pound box of candy they made
eight cents, that magazines netted from four to six cents, and that
cigars, cigarettes, and tobacco sold for from ten to twenty-five per
cent. above cost. After much figuring they came to the conclusion
that their profits were represented by about one-quarter of the
amount taken in, or practically four dollars and thirty cents.
“And at that rate,” said Joe, “we ought to make a monthly profit of
about one hundred and twelve dollars!”
Jack stared unbelievingly. Then his face fell. “But we’ve got to pay
the rent out of that,” he mourned.
Joe laughed. “You’re getting to be a regular Shylock, old man! The
rent is only eighteen and that leaves us ninety-four. And besides that
we haven’t to pay any this month.”
Jack brightened again. “That makes forty-seven dollars a month
for each of us, doesn’t it? And that’s nearly twelve dollars a week!
Joey, we’ll be millionaires before we know it!”
“Well, it pays better than carrying that newspaper route! Another
thing, Jack; there’s no reason why we shouldn’t do better as time
goes on. We can keep other things, you know, like post-cards and—
Look here, why not get a good line of Amesville views?”
“Views? What sort of views?”
“Why, you know; the City Hall and First Presbyterian Church and
the Adams Building, of course, and City Park and all the rest of the
show places. Have them made into post-cards, I mean. There’s a
firm in Detroit that’ll print them for us, and they don’t cost much of
anything.”
“Sounds all right. I guess there are lots of things we could sell that
we haven’t thought of yet.”
“There’s one thing I’d like to do,” said Joe thoughtfully, “and that’s
have a special brand of cigars made for us. That is, we don’t have
them made for us exactly. We just select a good brand and then the
factory puts a special label on them. See what I mean? ‘Adams
Building Perfecto’ or something like that. If we got a real good
quality, Jack, and sort of pushed it we might get quite a trade. As far
as I can see there’s no reason why we should depend on the folks in
the building for our trade. If we carry things people want they will
come in from outside for them. It’s just as easy to drop into the
Adams Building lobby as it is to go into a regular store. We might
run an advertisement in the paper after we get ahead a bit. ‘Try the
Adams Building Perfecto, the best ten-cent smoke in the city. Sold at
the Adams Building News-Stand.’”
“You can think of a lot of ways to spend our profits,” said Jack
sadly.
“Advertising pays,” replied Joe. “Anyway, we haven’t fairly started
yet, Jack. You wait until we’ve been there a couple of months and I’ll
wager our sales will be double what they were today. For one thing,
the building isn’t filled yet. There are lots of offices still vacant. Every
time one is let we get one or two or maybe a half-dozen prospective
customers. Come to think of it, Jack, there’s no reckoning that, for it
isn’t only the folks who occupy offices in the building who will trade
with us, but the folks who have business in the building, folks who
come in and out. I’d like to know, just for fun, how many go through
that door every day. Bet you there’s nearly five hundred of them, or
will be when the offices are all rented! Suppose, now, that only one
out of ten stopped and bought from us, and that they only spent five
cents apiece. That would be—fifty times five—two dollars and a half
right there, besides our regular trade. And I guess they’d average
nearer ten cents apiece than five, too.”
 “How much,” asked Jack, “would we have to pay a clerk to tend
the stand for us?”
“I’ve thought of that,” replied Joe, “and I guess we could get a
young chap for about six dollars a week.”
“The fellow we’d get for that price wouldn’t be worth having,” said
Jack sensibly. “I think it would pay us, perhaps not just now, but
after we’d got going well, to hire a real clerk and pay him ten dollars
a week; some fellow who had sold cigars and things like that and
who could make sales; talk things up, you know, and hustle.”
“I guess you’re right,” answered Joe, after a moment’s thought.
“And I believe it would pay us to do that. I dare say there will be
times when folks won’t have just the right change with them and
we’ll lose sales. Besides, when we get to playing baseball we won’t
either of us be able to be at the stand except just for a few minutes
in the morning and evening. Well, we don’t have to think of that
quite yet.”
“Indeed, we do, though, Joey. In another week we’ll be staying in
the cage until five o’clock or so. Of course, that scheme of putting
folks on their honor has worked all right so far, and I don’t say it
wouldn’t always work, but someone’s got to be at the stand to
receive the papers and pay for them.”
“We might have a monthly account with the papers and the news
company,” said Joe thoughtfully. “I guess they’d be willing. Still,
you’re right, Jack. We’ll start out and see if we can find a clerk. How
would it do to advertise?”
“I suppose that’s the only way. Or, hold on, why not look at the
advertisements? Some fellow may be advertising right now for a job
like this. I’ll go down and get the paper and we’ll have a look.”
They found nothing promising that evening, but two days later
they did, and in response to their reply, left at the Recorder office,
Mr. Chester Young called on them Sunday afternoon. Mr. Young was
a well-dressed, dapper youth of twenty-one or -two who consumed
cigarettes voluminously and had a pair of somewhat shifty black
eyes. The boys didn’t fancy his personality much, but he convinced
them that he knew how to sell goods and presented
recommendations from a former employer in Youngstown that read
extremely well. They dismissed the applicant with a promise to let
him hear definitely from them on Tuesday, and Mr. Chester Young,
tucking his bamboo cane under his arm, took himself smilingly out.
“What do you think?” asked Jack when the front door had closed.
“I think,” replied Joe, “that I wouldn’t trust that chap around the
corner.”
“Me, too. But he looks smart, doesn’t he?”
“Yes. I think he’d be just the fellow for us if—How much does a
small cash register cost?”
“Search me! But if we had one of those——”
“Yes, I guess Mr. Chester Young wouldn’t have much chance to
get absent-minded with the cash. First of all, though, we’d better get
that man he worked for on the long distance and see what he has to
say about Chester. Then, if it’s all right, we can price a cash register.
I suppose we could get one for twenty-five dollars, don’t you?”
“I should hope so! Where’d we get the twenty-five?”
“We’ll have it in another day or two. We’re pretty well stocked up
now and won’t need to buy much for a week, I guess. I wish,
though, that Mr. Chester Young could look you in the eye for more
than a thousandth part of a second!”
“So do I. And did you see the number of cigarettes he smoked in
the time he was here? Do you suppose he’d help himself from
stock?”
“If he did there wouldn’t be any stock very long,” laughed Joe.
“Let’s go through the advertisements in today’s paper again and see
if we missed any. Seems to me there must be more fellows than Mr.
Chester Young looking for work.”
 “Yes, but most of them want to be book-keepers or chauffeurs.
We may want a chauffeur some day, but not quite yet, and as for a
book-keeper——”
“We need one, but can’t afford him,” ended Joe. “You’re right.
There’s nothing here. I guess Chester’s the only thing in sight.”
Five days later Mr. Chester Young was installed behind the counter
in the Adams Building and at his elbow reposed a neat cash register.
The former employer of Mr. Chester Young had reported most
favourably on that gentleman; indeed, to hear him one could not
help wondering why he had deprived himself of Mr. Young’s services!
Joe left the telephone booth rather puzzled, but there seemed no
good reason for doubting the Youngstown man’s veracity, and they
decided after some hesitation to give the applicant a trial—if they
could find a cash register they could afford to buy! Fortune favoured
them. The proprietor of a fruit store whose business was expanding
had one to sell and they closed the bargain with him at seventeen
dollars, thereby securing a machine that had originally cost forty-
five.
Mr. Chester Young started out well. The sales during his first day
at the stand were better than for any other day, and neither Joe nor
Jack could see that the supply of cigarettes had fallen off unduly.
Perhaps, as Jack pointed out, this was because they did not carry
the kind affected by their clerk! They did not find that Mr. Young
improved much on acquaintance, but since he was attending to
business and seemed to take a genuine interest in the venture they
tried to be fair to him and to like him. In any event, it was lucky that
they had found someone to tend shop, for on the fifteenth day of
the month Captain Sam Craig called the baseball candidates
together in the cage in the basement of the school building, and for
a long time after neither Joe nor his partner had much leisure to
devote to their business venture.
 CHAPTER IX
IN THE BASEBALL CAGE

The High School building stood by itself in the centre of a block in

the newer residence district of Amesville. It was a handsome
structure of mottled, yellow-brown brick and sandstone, four stories
in height. On the top floor was a large hall used for meetings and for
morning drill. When, some six years before, the building had been
planned those in charge of the work had believed that in providing
that hall and supplying it with a modest amount of gymnastic
paraphernalia they were providing liberally and for all time. To their
surprise, no sooner was the building occupied than demands came
for additional contrivances, and no sooner had those demands been
satisfied than that troublesome body, the Alumni Association, put
forth a plea for a baseball cage in the basement! It was over a year
before the cage materialised, and another year before shower-baths
and lockers were installed, but at the time of our story those things
were long-established facts and youthful Amesville was deriding the
cage as too small and the shower-baths as out of style!
The basement of the school building was but half underground,
and numerous windows supplied light on one side and one end of
the cage. But in February the days were still short and the light did
not last long, especially when, as on the fifteenth, the sun was
hidden by dull clouds. Since, however, the first week of baseball
practice was confined to setting-up exercises and dumb-bell work,
light was not of great consequence.
Exactly thirty-two boys reported that afternoon at a quarter to
four in the cage. Of this number some fourteen or fifteen were
holdovers from last season’s First and Second Teams, fellows like
Sam Craig, “Buster” Healey, Sidney Morris, Toby Williams, Gordon