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Micro Controller

Notes on micro controller

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9 views3 pages

Micro Controller

Notes on micro controller

Uploaded by

tiftdpssambalpur
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Micro controller

A microcontroller is a compact integrated circuit (IC) designed to govern a specific task or set of tasks within
an embedded system. It acts as the "brain" of many electronic devices, providing control and processing
capabilities for a wide range of applications. Here’s a breakdown of its key features and components:

Arduino Uno

The Arduino Uno is a popular microcontroller board used for building electronics projects. It features an
ATmega328P microcontroller and provides a straightforward platform for developing and programming
embedded systems. Here are some key points about the Arduino Uno:
1. Microcontroller: It uses the ATmega328P chip, which is an 8-bit microcontroller.
2. Digital I/O Pins: The board has 14 digital input/output pins, which can be used to read sensors,
control motors, and interact with other electronic components.
3. Analog Input Pins: It includes 6 analog input pins that can read varying voltage levels and convert
them into digital values.
4. PWM Output: The Arduino Uno supports Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) on 6 of its digital pins,
allowing for tasks like dimming LEDs or controlling motor speeds.
5. Serial Communication: It has a built-in serial communication interface (UART) for communicating
with other devices or computers.
6. USB Connection: The board can be connected to a computer via USB for programming and power.
7. Power Supply: It can be powered through the USB connection or an external power supply (7-12V)
via a dedicated power jack.
8. IDE Support: The Arduino Uno is programmed using the Arduino Integrated Development
Environment (IDE), which is user-friendly and available for multiple operating systems.
9. Expansion: It has a set of pins for adding shields and other expansion boards to extend its
functionality.
The Arduino Uno is widely used for educational purposes, prototyping, and hobbyist projects due to its
ease of use and extensive community support.
The Raindrop Sensor

The Raindrop Sensor is a type of sensor used to detect the presence and intensity of rain or water. It is
commonly used in weather monitoring systems, automated irrigation systems, and other applications where
detecting rainfall is important. Here’s an overview of its features and how it works:
Components and Structure:
1. Sensor Pad: The main part of the sensor is a conductive pad or a set of pads that are exposed to rain
or water. The conductive surface usually consists of a pattern of metal traces or electrodes.
2. Analog Output: The sensor typically provides an analog voltage output that changes in response to
the amount of water detected. Some models also have a digital output that simply indicates the
presence or absence of rain.
Applications:
1. Weather Stations: To monitor rainfall and help predict weather conditions.
2. Automated Irrigation Systems: To ensure that irrigation systems are only activated when there is a
lack of rain.
3. Water Level Monitoring: In tanks or reservoirs to detect water levels or leaks.

Ultra sonic sensor


An ultrasonic sensor is a device that uses ultrasonic waves to measure distance or detect objects. It works
on the principle of sonar, similar to how bats or sonar systems operate. Here's an overview of its key
features and operation:
Components:
1. Transmitter (Emitter): This part of the sensor emits ultrasonic pulses or waves at a high frequency,
typically in the range of 40 kHz.
2. Receiver: The receiver detects the echoes of the ultrasonic pulses after they bounce off an object
and return to the sensor.
3. Control Circuit: This processes the signals received and calculates the distance based on the time
taken for the pulses to return.
How It Works:
1. Pulse Emission: The transmitter emits an ultrasonic pulse.
2. Echo Reflection: The pulse travels through the air until it encounters an object, which reflects the
pulse back toward the sensor.
3. Echo Detection: The receiver picks up the reflected pulse.
4. Time Measurement: The sensor measures the time interval between the emission of the pulse and
the reception of the echo.
5. Distance Calculation: The distance to the object is calculated using the speed of sound in air
(approximately 343 meters per second at room temperature). The distance is determined by the
formula:
Distance=Speed of Sound×Time2\text{Distance} = \frac{\text{Speed of Sound} \times
\text{Time}}{2}Distance=2Speed of Sound×Time
The division by 2 accounts for the round trip of the pulse.
Applications:
1. Distance Measurement: Used in various applications to measure the distance between the sensor
and an object, such as in robotics, parking sensors, and industrial automation.
2. Obstacle Detection: Commonly employed in robots and drones to detect and avoid obstacles.
3. Level Sensing: Used to measure the level of liquids or solids in tanks and containers.
4. Proximity Sensing: Applied in devices like automatic doors to detect the presence of people or
objects nearby.

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