AerE 344 Lecture Notes

Lecture # 07: Laminar and Turbulent Flows

Dr. Hui Hu
Martin C. Jischke Professor in Aerospace Engineering
Department of Aerospace Engineering, Iowa State University
Howe Hall - Room 2251, 537 Bissell Road, Ames, Iowa 50011-1096
Tel: 515-294-0094 (O) / Email: [email protected]
Sources/ Further reading: Sources/ Further reading:
Munson, Young, & Okiishi, “Fundamentals of Fluid Schlichting, “Boundary Layer Theory,” any ed
Mechanics,” 4th ed, Ch 8 White, “Viscous Fluid Flow,” 3rd ed.
Tropea, Yarin, & Foss, “Springer Handbook of Experimental Kundu & Cohen, “Fluid Mechanics,” 3rd ed.
Fluid Mechanics,” Part C Ch 10
Tritton, “Physical Fluid Dynamics,” 2nd ed, Chs 2, 19–21
Copyright © by Dr. Hui Hu @ Iowa State University. All Rights Reserved!
 Survey results
❑ Do you prefer a smaller group (~5 students/group) or a larger
group (~ 10 students/group) for the AerE344 Labs? Why?
❑~90% the students prefer smaller group for AerE344 lab.

❑ Any other suggestions, concerns or comments about the AerE

344 course?
❑Hope to know the scores of the submitted lab reports.
❑Wandering about how the final exam of AerE344 will be.
❑Hope to submit lab report via Canvas?
❑ Other comments:
– Need a better communication among the group members.
– hope to have a fair workload distribution among the group
members.
Copyright © by Dr. Hui Hu @ Iowa State University. All Rights Reserved!
 Laminar Flows and Turbulence Flows
• Laminar flow, sometimes known as streamline flow, occurs when a fluid
flows in parallel layers, with no disruption between the layers. Viscosity
determines momentum diffusion.
– In nonscientific terms laminar flow is "smooth," while turbulent flow
is "rough."
• Turbulent flow is a fluid regime characterized by chaotic, stochastic
property changes. Turbulent motion dominates diffusion of momentum
and other scalars. The flow is characterized by rapid variation of
pressure and velocity in space and time.
– Flow that is not turbulent is called laminar flow

Copyright © by Dr. Hui Hu @ Iowa State University. All Rights Reserved!

 Reynolds’ experiment

• Reynolds number:
DU
Re =


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 Turbulent flows in a pipe

Empirically,
• Re < 1,000, laminar flow
• Re  1,000 ~ 3,000, transition
• Re > 3000, turbulent flow.

ReC ~ critical Reynolds number,

VD
Re = above which flow exhibits turbulent
 characteristics

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 Characterization of Turbulent Flows

u = u + u' ; v = v + v' w = w + w'

t 0 +T t 0 +T t 0 +T
1 1 1
u=
T t u ( x , y , z , t ) dt ; v =
T t v ( x , y , z , t ) dt ; w =
T  w( x, y, z, t )dt
t0
0 0

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 Turbulence intensities

u' = 0; v' = 0 w' = 0

t o +T
1
(u ' ) =    0
2 2 2 2
(u ' ) dt 0; ( v ' ) 0 ( w' )
T t0

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 Turbulent Shear Stress

Laminar flows: u
 lam = 
y
 turb = −  u 'v'
Turbulent flows:
u
 =  lam +  turb =  −  u'v'
y

(a) laminar flow (b) turbulent flow

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Quantification of Boundary Layer Flow

at y =  ,
u = 0.99U 
Displacement thickness:

Momentum thickness:

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 Boundary Layer Theory
p
0
y
Y Blasius solution for laminar
boundary layer:
X
U  X
Re X =

1.328
Cf =
Re X
5. 0 X
=
Re X
1.72 X
U * =
w =  Re X
y wall
0.664 X
=
Re X
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 Boundary Layer Theory

p
Y 0
X y

Turbulent boundary layer:

U  X
Re X =

0.074
Cf =
U (Re X )1/ 5
w = 
y 0.37 X
wall =
(Re X )1/ 5

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 Boundary Layer Flows

Y
X

U
w = 
y wall

Which one will induce more

drag?
Laminar boundary layer?
Turbulent boundary layer?

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 Boundary Layer Flows
U
w =  • Which one will induce more drag?
y wall
• Laminar boundary layer? Turbulent boundary layer?

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 Laminar Flows and Turbulent Flows
Total Drag = Friction Drag + Form Drag Total drag
• Friction Drag: due to friction force at the surface
• Form Drag: also known as Pressure Drag or Profile
Drag, due to unbalanced pressure distribution Friction drag
Form drag

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Flow Around A Sphere with laminar and Turbulence Boundary Layer

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Golf Ball Aerodynamics

• Aolf ball aerodynamics

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 Laminar and turbulent flows
1.0

Centerline Velocity (U/U)

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2
smooth-ball
0
rough-ball
golf-ball
-0.2
Re=100,000
-0.4
-2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

Distance (X/D)

Smooth ball Rough ball Golf ball

0 4 5 3 0 3 5 2 02 51 0 1 5 0 5- 01- :s/m U
0 4 53 0 3 52 0 2 5 1 01 5 0 5- 01- :s/m U 2 0 4 53 0 3 52 0 2 5 1 01 5 0 5- 01- :s/m U 2 2

1 1 1
D/ Y

D/ Y

D/ Y
0 0 0

1- 1- 1-

1- 0 1 2 3 4 1- 0 1 2 3 4 1- 0 1 2 3 4
D/ X D/ X D/ X
Copyright © by Dr. Hui Hu @ Iowa State University. All Rights Reserved!
Automobile aerodynamics

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 Automobile aerodynamics

Vortex generator above a Mitsubishi rear window

Mercedes Boxfish
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Flow Separation on an Airfoil

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 Conventional vs Laminar Airfoils
• Laminar flow airfoils are usually thinner than the
conventional airfoil.
• The leading edge is more pointed and its upper
and lower surfaces are nearly symmetrical.
• The major and most important difference
between the two types of airfoil is this, the
thickest part of a laminar wing occurs at 50%
chord while in the conventional design the
thickest part is at 25% chord.
• Drag is considerably reduced since the laminar
airfoil takes less energy to slide through the air.
• Extensive laminar flow is usually only
experienced over a very small range of angles-of-
attack, on the order of 4 to 6 degrees.
• Once you break out of that optimal angle range,
the drag increases by as much as 40%
depending on the airfoil

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 Aerodynamic performance of an airfoil
1.4

L
Cl =
1.2 1
V 2 c
2 Airfoil stall Before stall
1.0
Lift Coefficient, Cl

0.8

0.6
CL=2
Experimental data
0.4

0.2
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Angle of Attack (degrees)

0.40

0.35
after stall
0.30
Drag Coefficient, Cd

0.25 Experimental data

0.20
D
0.15 Cd =
1
V 2 c
0.10 2
0.05
Airfoil stall
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Angle of Attack (degrees)

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 Flow Separation and Transition on Low-Reynolds-number
Airfoils
• Low-Reynolds-number airfoil (with Re<500,000)
aerodynamics is important for both military and
civilian applications, such as propellers, sailplanes,
ultra-light man-carrying/man-powered aircraft, high-
altitude vehicles, wind turbines, unmanned aerial
vehicles (UAVs) and Micro-Air-Vehicles (MAVs).
• Since laminar boundary layers are unable to
withstand any significant adverse pressure gradient,
laminar flow separation is usually found on low-
Reynolds-number airfoils. Post-separation behavior
of the laminar boundary layers would affect the
aerodynamic performances of the low-Reynolds-
number airfoils significantly
• Separation bubbles are usually found on the upper
surfaces of low-Reynolds-number airfoils .
Separation bubble bursting can cause airfoil stall at
high AOA when the adverse pressure gradients
become too big.

Copyright © by Dr. Hui Hu @ Iowa State University. All Rights Reserved!

 Surface Pressure Coefficient distributions (Re=68,000)
Separation point

-3.0 Transition AOA = 06 deg

AOA = 08 deg
-2.5 AOA = 09 deg
Reattachment point AOA = 10 deg
-2.0 AOA = 11 deg
AOA = 12 deg
-1.5 AOA = 14 deg

CP
-1.0
-0.5
0
0.5
1.0
Typical surface pressure distribution when a laminar
separation bubble is formed (Russell, 1979) 1.5
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

0.15 X/C
12.0
0.10 Transition
11.5 Reattachment
0.05
Y/C

Separation
11.0
0
-0.05 10.5
AOA (degree)

-0.10 10.0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
9.5

X/C 9.0
GA (W)-1 airfoil 8.5
(also labeled as NASA LS(1)-0417 ) 8.0

7.5
Copyright © by Dr. Hui Hu @ Iowa0State
0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
University. All Rights Reserved! 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50

X/C
 PIV Measurement Results
( AOA=10.0 degrees, Re=68,000, spatial resolution /C  0.01 )
25
streamwise
velocity (m/s)
1.0 3.0 5.0 7.0 9.0 11.0 13.0 15.0 17.0

20

15

Y (mm)
10

GA (W)-1 airfoil
0 incoming flow: 10 m/s

0 10 20 30
X (mm)
25
streamwise
velocity (m/s)
1.0 3.0 5.0 7.0 9.0 11.0 13.0 15.0 17.0

20

15

Y (mm) 10

GA (W)-1 airfoil
0 incoming flow: 10 m/s

0 10 20 30
X (mm)
A. instantaneous results
B. ensemble-averaged results
Copyright © by Dr. Hui Hu @ Iowa State University. All Rights Reserved!
 Laminar Separation Bubble on a Low-Reynolds-number Airfoil

10 10
Y/C*100

Y/C*100
5 5

10 m/s
GA (W)-1 airfoil separation reattachment

0 Spawise 0
GA (W)-1 airfoil
vorticity
-18.0 -14.0 -10.0 -6.0 -2.0 2.0 6.0 10.0 14.0 18.0
U m/s: 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
X/C*100 X/C*100

Instantaneous flow field Ensemble-averaged flow field

11
10
9
8

Y/C*100
7
6
5 Reattachment
10 m/s
4
U m/s: 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00
3
18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34
X/C*100

PIV measurement results at AOA = 10 deg, Re=68,000

(Hu et al., ASME Journal of Fluid Engineering, 2008)
Copyright © by Dr. Hui Hu @ Iowa State University. All Rights Reserved!
Wingtip Vortex and Winglet

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Passive Flow Control: Shark Skin

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Shark Skin Structures for Drag Reduction

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Shark Skin Inspired Engineering

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Lab 6: Airfoil Wake Measurements and Hotwire Anemometer
Calibration
Flow Field

Current flow
through wire

dTw
mc = i Rw − q (V , Tw )
2

dt
• Constant-temperature anemometry

CTA hotwire probe

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 Hotwire Anemometer Calibration

• Quantify the relationship between the flow velocity and voltage output from the CTA
probe

20
18 2 3 4 2
y=a+bx+cx +d*x +e*x max dev:0.166, r =1.00
a=10.8, b=3.77, c=-26.6, d=13.2
16
14
Flow velocity (m/s)

12 Curve fitting
10 Experimental data

8
6
4
2
0
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2

voltage (V)

Copyright © by Dr. Hui Hu @ Iowa State University. All Rights Reserved!

Lab 6: Airfoil Wake Measurements and Hotwire Anemometer
Calibration
Forces on CV = Fluid momentum change
Forces on CV:  FX = − D +  ( pndA
ˆ ) X = − D +  pup dA −  p ( y )dA
CS 1 2

Since pup = p , p( y )  p
  FX = − D
Momentum change:  U ( y ) (U ( y ) − U  ) dA2 =  FX = − D
2

U ( y) U ( y) y
 D = U 2   [ (1 − )]dA2
2
U U

U ( y) U ( y) x
U   [ 2
(1 − )]dA2
D U  U 
CD = = 2
1 1
U  2C U  2C
2 2
2 U ( y) U ( y)
 CD =  [ (1 − )]dy
C 2 U U

Compare with the drag coefficients obtained based on airfoil surface pressure
measurements at the same angles of attack!

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Lab 6: Airfoil Wake Measurements and Hotwire Anemometer
Calibration

Pressure rake with 41 total pressure probes

y (the distance between the probes d=2mm)

x
80 mm

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 Required Measurement Results
NOTE: We will be using the GA(W)-1 airfoil from the previous lab for the wake pressure
measurements

Required Plots:
• Cp distribution in the wake (for each angle of attack) for the airfoil wake measurements
• Cd vs angle of attack (do your values look reasonable?) based on the airfoil wake
measurements
• Your hot wire anemometer calibration curve: Velocity versus voltage output of hotwire
anemometer (including a 4th order polynomial fit)

Please briefly describe the following details:

• How you calculated your drag—you should show your drag calculations
• How these drag calculations compared with the drag calculations you made in the
previous experiment
• Reynolds number of tests and the incoming flow velocity

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