CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION ABOUT THE DATABASE

A database is a structured collection of organized data that is stored and managed for efficient
retrieval and manipulation. It serves as a centralized repository for storing and managing information in a
systematic and structured manner. Databases play a crucial role in various applications and industries,
providing a foundation for data storage, retrieval, and manipulation. Key components of a database include
tables, which represent entities, and columns, which define the attributes or properties of those entities.
Relationships between tables are established through keys, facilitating the organization of data and
maintaining data integrity. The Database Management System (DBMS) is a software application that
interacts with the database, enabling users to create, retrieve, update, and delete data.Databases are
employed in a wide range of contexts, such as business, education, healthcare, finance, and more. They are
instrumental in managing large volumes of information, ensuring data consistency, and supporting data-
driven decision-making processes. Different types of databases exist, including relational databases, NoSQL
databases, and in-memory databases, each designed to address specific requirements and preferences.

1.2. INTRODUCTION ABOUT THE PROJECT TOPIC

Overview

The Doctor Appointment Management System is a web-based application designed to facilitate the
scheduling, management, and tracking of medical appointments between patients and healthcare providers.
This system aims to streamline the appointment process, reduce administrative burden, and improve patient
satisfaction by providing an efficient and user-friendly interface for both patients and medical staff.

Objectives

Simplify Appointment Booking: Allow patients to book, reschedule, or cancel appointments online with
ease. Improve Communication: Enable seamless communication between patients and healthcare providers
via notifications and reminders.Enhance Data Management: Provide a centralized database for managing
patient information, doctor schedules, and appointment details.Increase Accessibility: Ensure that the
system is accessible from various devices, including desktops, tablets, and smartphones.

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 1.3. PROBLEM STATEMENT

The current doctor appointment scheduling process is marred by inefficiencies and challenges that hinder
smooth operations and patient satisfaction. Manual booking systems often lead to long wait times,
scheduling conflicts, and administrative errors, impacting both healthcare providers and patients. These
challenges are exacerbated by the need for precise coordination between patient availability and doctor
schedules, which can result in missed appointments or overbooked slots. Furthermore, managing patient data
securely and ensuring compliance with healthcare regulations adds complexity to the process. Addressing
these issues requires a robust Healthcare Appointment Management System that automates scheduling,
enhances communication, and improves data management to streamline operations and deliver a better
patient experience.

1.4. PROPOSED SOLUTIONS

To address the challenges posed by the current manual healthcare appointment scheduling process, we
propose the development of a comprehensive Doctor Appointment Management System. This system will
leverage modern technology to automate and streamline the entire appointment lifecycle, from booking to
follow-up.

The proposed system will feature a user-friendly web-based interface accessible to both patients and
healthcare providers. Patients will be able to register securely, view available appointment slots based on
doctor availability and specialization, and book appointments conveniently online. Automated notifications
via email or SMS will ensure patients receive timely reminders and updates regarding their appointments,
reducing no-show rates and improving overall efficiency.For healthcare providers, the system will offer
functionalities to manage their profiles, including updating availability, specialty information, and
reviewing appointment schedules in real-time. Administrators will have access to comprehensive
dashboards for monitoring and analyzing appointment metrics, facilitating better resource allocation and
operational decision-making.The frontend will utilize HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and possibly frameworks
like Bootstrap for a responsive and intuitive user interface.

By implementing this Healthcare Appointment Management System, we aim to enhance operational

efficiency, improve patient satisfaction, and foster better communication between patients and healthcare
providers. This solution not only addresses current scheduling challenges but also sets the foundation for
scalable growth and continuous improvement in healthcare service delivery.

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CHAPTER 2

SYSTEM REQUIREMENT SPECIFATION

2.1 HARDWARE SPECIFICATIONS

Hard Disk Drive 512GB

Processor 1.9GHz

RAM 16GB

2.2 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT

Operating System Windows 10/11

Browser Microsoft-Edge/Google Chrome

Database XAMPP

Technology HTML, CSS, PHP and MYSQL

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CHAPTER 3
SYSTEM DESIGN

3.1 ER DIAGRAM

Fig :2.3.1 ER diagram of Doctor Appointment Managament System

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3.2 Entity Relationship (ER) Entity Descriptions for Doctor Appointment Management
System

1. Appointment (tblappointment)

ID: Unique identifier for each appointment.

AppointmentNumber: System-generated unique number for the

appointment.

PatientID: Foreign key referencing the patient who booked the appointment

. DoctorID: Foreign key referencing the doctor for the appointment.

AppointmentDaet: Date of the appointment.

AppointmentTime: Time of the appointment.

SpecializationID: Foreign key referencing the specialization of the appointment.

Status: Current status of the appointment (e.g., Approved, Cancelled).

Remark: Additional notes or comments regarding the appointment.

ApplyDate: Timestamp of when the appointment was created.

UpdationDate: Timestamp of the last update made to the appointment.

2. Doctor (tbldoctor)

ID: Unique identifier for each doctor.

FullName: Full name of the doctor.

MobileNumber*: Contact number of the

doctor. Email: Email address of the doctor.

SpecializationID: Foreign key referencing the doctor's specialization.

Password: Encrypted password for doctor login.

CreationDate: Timestamp of when the doctor was added to the system.

3. Specialization (tblspecialization)
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 ID: Unique identifier for each specialization.

Specialization: Name of the medical specialization (e.g., Orthopedics, Dermatology).

CreationDate: Timestamp of when the specialization was added to the system.

4. Page (tblpage)

ID: Unique identifier for each static page.

PageType: Type of the page (e.g., About Us, Contact Us).

PageTitle: Title of the page.

PageDescription: Description or content of the page.

Email: Contact email provided on the page.

MobileNumber: Contact number provided on the

page. UpdationDate: Date of the last update made

to the page.

Timing: Operational timing information provided on the page.

Relationships

Patient-Appointment Relationship: One-to-Many (One patient can have many appointments).

Doctor-Appointment Relationship: One-to-Many (One doctor can have many appointments).

Specialization-Doctor Relationship: One-to-Many (One specialization can be associated with many doctors).

Specialization-Appointment Relationship: One-to-Many (One specialization can be associated with many

appointments).

ER Diagram Overview

1. tblpage (1) ↔ (M) tblappointment

2. tbldoctor (1) ↔ (M) tblappointment

3. tblspecialization (1) ↔ (M) tbldoctor

4. tblspecialization (1) ↔ (M) tblappointment

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3.3 SCHEMA DIAGRAM

The relational database schema defines the structure of the data by specifying the tables, columns,
and data types. It also defines the relationships between the tables by specifying the primary key and foreign
key constraints. A primary key is a unique identifier for each row in a table, while a foreign key is a
reference to the primary key of another table.

The schema diagram for the Doctor Appointment Management System includes:

tblappointment: Manages appointments (ID, number, patient ID, doctor ID, date, time, specialization ID,
status, remarks, timestamps).

tbldoctor: Holds doctor profiles (ID, name, contact, email, specialization ID, password, creation date).

tblspecialization: Lists medical specializations (ID, name, creation date).

tblpage: Stores static page content (ID, type, title, description, contact info, update date, timing).

These tables are interconnected with primary and foreign keys, ensuring efficient data management and retrieval.

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CHAPTER 4
IMPLEMENTATION

4.1 LANGUAGE USED FOR IMPLEMENTATION

System design in development refers to the process of planning, creating, and implementing the
technical infrastructure of a website. This includes determining the requirements for the website, creating a
logical architecture for the site, and then implementing the design using various technologies such as
HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and a server-side language like PHP.

4.1.1 HTML-Frontend

HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) is a standard markup language used to create web pages.It consists
of a series of tags and attributes that define the structure and content of a web page, such as headings,
paragraphs, images, links, and more. HTML documents are rendered by web browsers and can be viewed
by anyone with an internet connection. HTML is the foundation of most websites and is often used in
conjunction with other technologies such as CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) for styling and JavaScript for
interactive functionality.

4.1.2: CSS-Frontend

CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) is a styling language used to define the layout, colors, fonts, and other visual
aspects of a web page. It is used to separate the presentation of a website from its structure,which is defined
using HTML. By using CSS, developers can apply consistent styling across multiple pages and easily make
global changes to the design of a website. CSS uses selectors to target specific HTML elements and apply
styles to them. It also provides a wide range of layout and positioning options, as well as support for
responsive design, allowing web pages to adapt to different screen sizes. Additionally, CSS also includes
features like animations, transitions, and the ability to use images as backgrounds.

4.1.3 : PHP-Backend

PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor) is a server-side programming language that is widely used for web
development. It is a open-source, general-purpose language that is particularly wellsuited for creating
dynamic websites and web applications. PHP code is executed on the server and generates HTML, CSS and
JavaScript, which are then sent to the client's web browser to be rendered. PHP has a wide range of built-in
functions and libraries for common web development tasks, such as connectingto databases, working with
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forms, handling sessions and cookies, and sending email. It also has a largeand active community that has
created many additional libraries and frameworks, such as Laravel, CodeIgniter, and Symphony, to make
web development even more efficient. PHP can be integrated with other technologies such as HTML,
CSS, and JavaScript to create dynamic and interactive web pages. It is also commonly used in conjunction

with databases, such as MySQL or PostgreSQL, to store and retrieve data for web applications.PHP is
compatible with most web servers and operatingsystems, making it a versatile and widelyused language for
web development.

4.1.4 MYSQL – Database

MySQL is a open-source relational database management system (RDBMS) that is widely usedfor
managing data in web applications. It is a popular choice for web development because it is fast,reliable,
and easy to use. MySQL stores data in tables, which are organized into databases. Each table has a defined
structure, with rows and columns that store data. MySQL uses SQL (Structured QueryLanguage) to interact
with the data in the tables, which allows developers to insert, update, and retrieve data in a flexible and
efficient way. MySQL has a number of features that make it well-suited for web development,. It also
supports a wide range of programming languages, such as PHP, Java, and Python, making it easy to
integrate with web applications. MySQL is also highly scalable, meaning it can handle large amounts of
data and user requests, making it suitable for high-traffic websites. It is also open-source and available
under the GNU General Public License, which means it is free to use and distribute.

4.2 PLATFORM USED FOR IMPLEMENTATION

4.2.1 Visual Studio Code (VS code)

Visual Studio Code (VS Code) is used for frontend development tasks such as writing HTML, CSS, and JavaScript
code. VS Code offers features like syntax highlighting, auto-completion, and debugging capabilities, making it
efficient for writing and formatting code. It is integrated with version control systems like Git for code management,
supports task automation and build processes, and provides debugging and testing capabilities.

4.2.2 XAMPP – Server

XAMPP is a free, open-source software package that makes it easy to install and run web development environments
on your local machine. It stands for Cross-Platform (X), Apache (A),MariaDB (M), PHP (P), and Perl (P). It is
available for Windows, Mac, and Linux. XAMPP includes a number of componentsthat are commonly used for web
development, such as the Apache web server,the MySQL database server, and the PHP programming language. It also
includes additional tools like phpMyAdmin, which is a web-based interface for managing MySQL databases, and
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Perl, which is a scripting language. By installing XAMPP on the local machine, it creates a local web server
environment that mimics a live web server.

4.3 : SQL COMMAND AND QUERIES

Doctor Login

CREATE TABLE tbldoctor (

ID int(5) NOT NULL,

FullName varchar(250) DEFAULT NULL,

MobileNumber bigint(10) DEFAULT NULL,

Email varchar(250) DEFAULT NULL,

Specialization varchar(250) DEFAULT NULL,

Password varchar(259) DEFAULT NULL,

CreationDate timestamp NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp()

) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1;

The table uses the InnoDB engine and the latin1 character set.

The default character set for InnoDB tables is Latin1. This means that all text stored in InnoDB tables will
be converted to the equivalent ASCII character set. InnoDB stores data as binary values, but it also allows
you to store text data in a special kind of data type called a TEXT column.

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This table seems to manage appointment details, including appointment numbers, names, contact
information, appointment dates and times, specializations, doctor IDs, messages, application dates, remarks,
statuses, and update timestamps.

Table Structure for tblappointment

CREATE TABLE `tblappointment` (

`ID` int(10) NOT NULL,

`AppointmentNumber` int(10) DEFAULT NULL,

`Name` varchar(250) DEFAULT NULL,

`MobileNumber` bigint(20) DEFAULT NULL,

`Email` varchar(250) DEFAULT NULL,

`AppointmentDate` date DEFAULT NULL,

`AppointmentTime` time DEFAULT NULL,

`Specialization` varchar(250) DEFAULT NULL,

`Doctor` int(10) DEFAULT NULL,

`Message` mediumtext DEFAULT NULL,

`ApplyDate` timestamp NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp(),

`Remark` varchar(250) DEFAULT NULL,

`Status` varchar(250) DEFAULT NULL,

`UpdationDate` timestamp NULL DEFAULT NULL ON UPDATE current_timestamp()

) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1;

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This table seems to manage information about doctors, including their contact details, specialization, and
creation date. The Password field appears to store hashed passwords, which is a standard practice for storing
passwords securely.

Table Structure for tblpage

CREATE TABLE `tblpage` (

`ID` int(10) NOT NULL,

`PageType` varchar(200) DEFAULT NULL,

`PageTitle` mediumtext DEFAULT NULL,

`PageDescription` mediumtext DEFAULT NULL,

`Email` varchar(200) DEFAULT NULL,

\ `MobileNumber` bigint(10) DEFAULT NULL,

`UpdationDate` date DEFAULT NULL,

`Timing` varchar(200) NOT NULL

) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1;

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This table seems to manage static pages of a website, such as "About Us" and "Contact Us," including their
content, contact information, and timings. The PageDescription field can store HTML content, allowing for
rich text formatting.

Table Structure for tblspecialization

CREATE TABLE `tblspecialization` (

`ID` int(5) NOT NULL,

`Specialization` varchar(250) DEFAULT NULL,

`CreationDate` timestamp NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp()

) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1;

This table seems to manage different medical specializations that doctors can have. The Specialization field
stores the name of each specialization, such as Orthopedics, Internal Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology,
and so on. The CreationDate field records the timestamp when each specialization entry was created.

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Adding Primary Keys

The ALTER TABLE statements add primary keys to the specified tables.

ALTER TABLE `tblappointment`

ADD PRIMARY KEY (`ID`);

ALTER TABLE `tbldoctor`

ADD PRIMARY KEY (`ID`);

ALTER TABLE `tblpage`

ADD PRIMARY KEY (`ID`);

ALTER TABLE `tblspecialization`

ADD PRIMARY KEY (`ID`);

Setting AUTO_INCREMENT

The ALTER TABLE statements modify the ID columns to enable the AUTO_INCREMENT feature,
ensuring that each new row inserted into the table receives a unique ID.

ALTER TABLE `tblappointment`

MODIFY `ID` int(10) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, AUTO_INCREMENT=9;

ALTER TABLE `tbldoctor`

MODIFY `ID` int(5) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, AUTO_INCREMENT=5;

ALTER TABLE `tblpage`

MODIFY `ID` int(10) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, AUTO_INCREMENT=3;

ALTER TABLE `tblspecialization`

MODIFY `ID` int(5) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, AUTO_INCREMENT=14;

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CHAPTER 5

SNAPSHOTS

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CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION

The Healthcare Appointment Management System represents a significant advancement in the way medical
appointments are scheduled, managed, and monitored. By transitioning from manual scheduling processes
to a streamlined, automated system, the project addresses numerous inefficiencies and challenges faced by
both patients and healthcare providers.

Key Benefits:

Enhanced Efficiency: Automation of appointment booking and management reduces administrative

workload, minimizes errors, and ensures optimal utilization of healthcare resources.

Improved Patient Experience: Patients gain the convenience of booking, rescheduling, and canceling
appointments online, coupled with timely notifications and reminders, leading to higher satisfaction and
reduced no-show rates.

Better Data Management: The centralized database securely stores patient, doctor, and appointment
information, facilitating easy access, management, and analysis of data.

Enhanced Communication: Seamless communication between patients and healthcare providers is

ensured through automated notifications and reminders, fostering better patient engagement and adherence
to medical appointments.

Scalability and Flexibility: The system is designed to scale with growing user bases and can be extended
to incorporate additional features or integrate with other healthcare systems in the future.

Data Security and Compliance: Adherence to data protection standards ensures that patient information is
securely managed, maintaining confidentiality and integrity.

Schema Structure:

The system's schema is well-defined, encompassing key entities such as patients, appointments, doctors,
specializations, and static content pages. This structured approach ensures efficient data management and
retrieval, supporting the core functionalities of the system. Conclusion: The Healthcare Appointment
Management System is a comprehensive solution designed to modernize and improve the appointment
scheduling process within facilities. By leveraging technology to automate and streamline operations, the
system not only enhances efficiency but also significantly improves the overall patient experience.

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 REFERENCES

1. Luke Welling, Laura Thomson. Sams PHP and MySQL Web Development, 2nd edition,2008

2. W. Jason Gilmore "Beginning PHP 5 and MySQL 5 from Novice to Professional

SECONDEDITION", 2006

3. Abraham Silberschatz, Henry F. Korth and S. Sudarshan “Sixth Edition Database

System Concepts released”, 2010

4. Server-Side Scriptinghttp://php.net/manual/en/index.php,

5. Deepak Thomas Beginning PHP 4 Databases", Worx Press Ltd. Paperback-17, October

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