Q. What is primary and secondary energy source?

Ans- Primary energy sources are those that are either found or stored in nature. Common
primary energy sources are coal, oil, natural gas, and biomass (such as wood). Other
primary energy sources available include nuclear energy from radioactive substances,
thermal energy stored in earth’s interior, and potential energy due to earth’s gravity. The
major primary and secondary energy sources.

Primary energy sources are mostly converted in industrial utilities into secondary energy
sources; for example coal, oil or gas converted into steam and electricity. Primary energy
can also be used directly. Some energy sources have non-energy uses, for example coal or
natural gas can be used as a feedstock in fertilizer plants.

Q. What are different applications of compressed air system?

Ans-

1. Air knives
2. Bottle filling
3. Fluid pumps
4. Food filling machines
5. Nitrogen generation
6. Packaging
7. PET bottle blowing
8. Product handling

Q. State the significance of co-generation?

Ans- Thermal power plants are a major source of electricity supply in India. The
conventional method of power generation and supply to the customer is wasteful in the
sense that only about a third of the primary energy fed into the power plant is actually
made available to the user in the form of electricity (Figure). In conventional power plant,
efficiency is only 35% and remaining 65% of energy is lost. The major source of loss in the
conversion process is the heat rejected to the surrounding water or air due to the inherent
constraints of the different thermodynamic cycles employed in power generation. Also
further losses of around 10-15% are associated with the transmission and distribution of
electricity in the electrical grid.

Q. What is Kyoto protocol about?

Ans- The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty which extends the 1992 United Nations
Framework convection on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that commits state parties to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions, based on the scientific consensus that (part one) global
warming is occurring and (part two) it is extremely likely that human- made CO2 emission
have predominantly caused it.

Q. What are different types of biofuels?

Ans- The two most common types of biofuels in use today are,

1) Ethanol
2) Biodiesel
1) Ethanol:- Ethanol (CH3CH2OH) is a renewable fuel that can be made from
various plant materials, collectively known as “biomass.” Ethanol is an
alcohol used as a blending agent with gasoline to increase octane and cut
down carbon monoxide and other smog-causing emissions.
2) Biodiesel:- Biodiesel is a liquid fuel produced from renewable sources, such
as new and used vegetable oils and animal fars and is a cleaner-burning
replacement for petroleum-based diesel fuel. Biodiesel is nontoxic and
biodegradable and is produced by combining alcohol with vegetable oil,
animal fat, or recycled cooking grease.

Q. What is energy conservations act? Explain.

Ans- The main provisions of the EC Act on designated consumers are:-

• The government would notify energy intensive industries and other establishments
as designated consumers.
• Schedule to the Act provides list of designated consumers which covered basically
energy intensive industries, Railways, Port Trust, Transport Sector, Power Stations,
Transmission & Distribution Companies and Commercial buildings or
establishments.
• The designated consumer to get an energy audit conducted by an accredited energy
auditor.
• Energy managers with prescribed qualification are required to be appointed or
designated by the designated consumers.
• Designated consumers would comply with norms and standards of energy
Consumption as prescribed by the central government.

Q. What is the concept of clean development mechanism (CDM)? Explain?

Ans-

Under the Article 12 of Kyoto protocol, a program called Clean Development Mechanism
was begun which aims at reduction of the greenhouse gases and prevent the depletion of
ozone layer. Under it developed as well as developing countries come together to
implement emission reduction projects and policies which will help them obtain a
Certificate Emission Reduction (CER) credits which can be traded as equivalent to one
tonne of CO2.

Objectives of Clean Development Mechanism:-

[1] Help slow and prevent climate change

[2] Guide Developing rations to develop sustainable methods

[3]. Assist the developed nations to reduce their ‘emissions and move towards cleaner
forms of energy.

[4] Help countries to find and innovate new methods to reduce emission.

Steps for implementing a CDM Project:-

1) Government endorsement:-
After the identification of the idea, it is presented before the Ministry of
Environment, Forest and Climate Change to be endorsed by the Government of
India.
2) Project development
A study is carried out to measure a baseline according to which the emission
change will be measured as per the Kyoto Protocol and Marrakesh Accord
3) Validation
The result of the baseline identification survey is verified by an independent body
identified by the CDM Executive Body
4) Registration
A formal acceptance by the executive body make the identified project a CDM
project giving it all, the legal benefits and financial support as per the provisions of
Kyoto Protocol.
5) Verification
All the data and result is verified by a team of professionals and then furtijen sent for
certification
6) Certification

It is the final step where the monitoring body certifies after proper verification that the
project has successfully reduced emission as per the plan.

Q. To make boiler work energy efficient, how energy conservation in boiler is

considered?
Ans-

There are many ways to make a boiler more energy efficient, including:

• Reducing steam pressure: Lowering the steam pressure to the minimum needed
by the end user can save energy and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
• Reducing fluid temperature: Lowering the temperature of the fluid in the pipes can
save energy and reduce heat loss.
• Reducing excess air: Reducing excess air can increase boiler efficiency. A rule of
thumb is that boiler efficiency can increase by 1% for every 15% reduction in excess
air.
• Insulating piping and tanks: Insulating piping and tanks that are heated by steam
can reduce steam usage and fuel usage.
• Installing a flue gas economizer: A flue gas economizer can improve boiler
efficiency.
• Improving boiler insulation: Improving boiler insulation can improve boiler
efficiency.
• Installing a condensate return system: A condensate return system can improve
boiler efficiency.

Q. What is biofuels? What are recent international advance in biodiesel? Explain.

Ans-

Biofuels are liquid or gaseous fuels that are produced from biomass, a renewable energy
source. They can be used as a replacement for petroleum-based fuels in transportation,
heating, and power generation.

Recent international advance in biodiesel:-

• Even though use of fossil fuel leads to emission of harmful gases, which cause such
negative environmental effects as receding of glaciers, loss of biodiversity, climate
change, rise in sea level, etc., fossil fuel still remains a primary energy source with a
contribution of around 80%, in which transport sector takes share of 58%. Many
alternative fuel sources, however, exist including biofuel.
• The advantages of biofuels over petroleum fuels include ease of extraction from the
biomass, its combustion based on carbon-dioxide cycle, they are sustainable due
to biodegradable property, more environmentally friendly.
• Lignocellulosic biomass can be divided into several groups such as energy crops
(perennial grasses and other dedicated energy crops), aquatic plants water
hyacinth), forest materials (soft wood, hard wood, sawdust, priming and bark
 thinning residues), agricultural residues (cereal straws, stovers and bagasse), and
even organic portion of municipal solid wastes.
• Marine biomass, including seaweeds, is a new source of biofuel feedstock,
producing the highest percentage of biomass productivity in lesser time.
• Recent research efforts are also aimed at increasing efficiency of the fermentation
process. For instance, bacteria have drawn special attention because requires less
fermentation time as compared to yeast.

Q. With practical example explain the cogeneration in sugar industry

Ans-

Cogeneration in the sugar industry is the process of generating two forms of energy from
one fuel, typically bagasse. In the sugar industry, cogeneration works by burning bagasse to
produce steam, which can then be used to generate electricity and power the mill.

Here are some examples of cogeneration in the sugar industry:-

• Using low-pressure exhaust steam

Cogeneration plants can reach efficiencies of 75–90% by using low-pressure
exhaust steam for heating instead of condensing it.

• Replacing low-efficiency turbines

Replacing low-efficiency turbines with more efficient drives, such as DC motors or
hydraulic drives, can increase cogeneration power.

• Combining bagasse and sugarcane trash

Combining bagasse with sugarcane trash as a fuel can increase electricity
generation by up to 500%.

• Upgrading boiler systems

Upgrading boiler systems can increase the potential for exporting electricity to the
national grid.

Q. What energy pricing is? Explain

Ans-
Energy price refers to the cost associated with purchasing energy resources such as
electricity, gas, or oil. It can impact investment decisions in energy-related measures
based on actual price levels or expectations of future prices.

The basic assumption underlying efficiency of market place does not hold in our economy,
since energy prices are undervalued and energy wastages are not taken seriously. Pricing
practices in India like many other developing countries are influenced by political, social
and economic compulsions at the state and central level. More often than not, this has
been the foundation for energy sector policies in India. The Indian energy sector offers
many examples of cross subsidies e.g., diesel, LPG and kerosene being subsides by petrol,
petroleum products for industrial usage and industrial, and commercial consumers of
electricity subsidizing the agricultural and domestic consumers.

Q. Road map of JNNSM ?

Ans-

The JNNSM has three phases, each with its own targets and policies:-

• Phase 1 (2010–2013): The mission’s broad policy framework was announced, with
targets of 1,000 MW of grid-connected PV and 200 MW of off-grid solar PV
applications.
• Phase 2 (2014–2017): The mission’s cumulative target for grid-connected solar PV
was 4,000–10,000 MW, with a target of 1,000 MW of off-grid solar PV applications.
• Phase 3 (2017–2022): The mission’s cumulative target for grid-connected solar PV
was 100,000 MW, with a target of 2,000 MW of off-grid solar PV applications.

Goals:-

The mission’s goals include:-

• Establishing India as a global leader in solar energy

• Creating a policy and regulatory environment that encourages investment in solar
energy
• Enabling rapid and large-scale deployment of solar energy.

Benefits:-

The mission can help transform India’s rural economy, provide energy to millions of people,
and help with energy security. Solar energy is also environmentally friendly and abundant in
India.

Q. Energy conservation in pumps and fans.

Ans-

Fans and blowers provide air for ventilation and industrial process requirements.
Fans generate a pressure to move air (or gases) against a resistance caused by
ducts, dampers, or other components in a fan system. The fan rotor receives energy
from a rotating shaft and transmits it to the air.
Difference between Fans, Blowers and Compressors:-
Fans, blowers and compressors are differentiated by the method used to move the
air, and by the system pressure they must operate against. As per American Society
of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) the specific ratio – the ratio of the discharge
pressure over the suction pressure – is used for defining the fans. Blowers and
compressors

Q. Photovoltaic system.

Ans-

• A photovoltaic (PV) system is a system composed of one or more solar panels combined
with an inverter and other electrical and mechanical hardware that use energy from the
Sun to generate electricity. PV systems can vary greatly in size from small rooftop or
portable systems to massive utility-scale generation plants. Although PV systems can
operate by themselves as off-grid PV systems, this article focuses on systems connected to
the utility grid, or grid-tied PV systems.

• How do these Systems Work-

The light from the Sun, made up of packets of energy called photons, falls onto a solar
panel and creates an electric current through a process called the photovoltaic effect.
Each panel produces a relatively small amount of energy, but can be linked together with
other panels to produce higher amounts of energy as a solar array. The electricity produced
from a solar panel (or array) is in the form of direct current (DC).

Q. What is energy conservation and its importance.

Ans- Energy conservation is the practice of using less energy and reducing wasteful energy
consumption.

Importance:-

• Energy conservation plays a significant role of lessening climate change. It helps the
replacement of non-renewable resources with renewable energy. Energy
conservation is often the most inexpensive solution to energy shortages, and it is
more environmentally kind alternative to increased energy production.
 • Since, we have limited quantity of non-renewable energy resources available on
earth, it is very important to preserve energy from our current supply or to utilize
renewable resources so that it is also available to our future generations.
• Energy conservation plays a very important role because utilization of non-
renewable resources also impacts our environment. Specially, usage of fossil fuels
supplies to air and water pollution such as carbon dioxide is produced when oil,
coal and gas combust in power stations, heating systems, and engines of car.
• As we all aware of that carbon dioxide works as a transparent layer in the
atmosphere that is part of the cause to the global warming of the earth, or we can
also name it as greenhouse effect.
• Global warming has its own consequences in our atmosphere. It has its deadly
effects like spreading of different diseases, warmer waters and more chances of
hurricanes, financial costs, polar ice melting, increased chances and intensity of
heat waves.

Q. Explain with examples the primary energy resources.

Ans-

Primary energy sources are those that are either found or stored in nature. Common
primary energy sources are coal, oil, natural gas, and biomass (such as wood). Other
primary energy sources available include nuclear energy from radioactive substances,
thermal energy stored in earth’s interior, and potential energy due to earth’s gravity. The
major primary and secondary energy sources.

Primary energy sources are mostly converted in industrial utilities into secondary energy
sources: for example coal, oil or gas converted into steam and electricity. Primary energy
can also be used directly. Some energy sources have non-energy uses, for example coal or
natural gas can be used as a feedstock in fertilizer plants.

Q. Explain with examples commercial and non-commercial energy.

Ans-

Commercial Energy:-

The energy sources that are available in the market for a definite price are known as
commercial energy. By far the most important forms of commercial energy are electricity,
coal and refined petroleum products. Commercial energy forms the basis of industrial,
agricultural, transport and commercial development in the modern world, in the
industrialized countries, commercialized fuels are predominant source not only for
economic production, but also for many household tasks of general population.

Examples: Electricity, lignite, coal, oil, natural gas etc.

Non-Commercial Energy:-

The energy sources that are not available in the commercial market for a price are
classified as non-commercial energy Non-commercial energy sources include fuels such
as firewood, cattle dung and agricultural wastes, which are traditionally gathered, and not
bought at ta price used especially in rural households. These are also called traditional
fuels. Non-commercial energy is often ignored in energy accounting.

Example: Firewood, agro waste in rural areas, solar energy for water heating, electricity
generation, for drying grain, fish and fruits, animal power for transport.

Q. What are the various energy conservation opportunities in boilers and steam
distribution.

Ans-

There are several ways to conserve energy in boilers and steam distribution, including:

• Condensate recovery: Recovering condensate can reduce the amount of feed

water needed for the boiler, which can save fuel and chemicals and reduce
wastewater.
• Combustion air preheating: Raising the temperature of combustion air can
improve boiler efficiency and hot water generation.
• Feed water preheating: Using an economizer to recover heat from flue gases can
preheat feed water for the boiler, reducing the amount of energy needed to generate
steam.
• Excess air control: Controlling excess air can reduce flue gas losses.
• Stack temperature control: Keeping the stack temperature as low as possible
without causing water vapour to condense on the stack walls.
• Improve boiler feed water quality: Using water treatment systems to remove
impurities and control pH levels can improve heat transfer and reduce energy
consumption.
• Reduce boiler steam pressure: Reducing the boiler pressure can save energy.
• Automatic blowdown control: An automatic blowdown-control system can
optimize surface-blowdown rates.
Q. Explain the energy conservation with reference to the compressed air systems and
pumps?

Ans-

Energy conservation for compressed air systems and pumps can be achieved by:

• Reducing pressure: Reducing the system pressure by 10% can save 5% on energy
costs. For every 2 psi reduction in pressure, energy use can be reduced by 1%.
• Fixing leaks: Large leaks are audible, but smaller leaks may need to be identified
with ultrasonic leak detection.
• Optimizing the schedule: Schedule the compressor to shut down during idle
periods.
• Using cooler air: Using cooler air from outside can reduce energy consumption by
3%.
• Cleaning filters: Regularly cleaning filters can reduce energy consumption by 1%.
• Optimizing condensate drainage: Use air traps and separators to remove moisture
and conserve air.
• Specifying equipment: Ensure the equipment is sized appropriately.
• Using variable speed drives: Use variable speed drive compressors where
appropriate.
• Recovering waste heat: Recover waste heat from coolers.

Q. What is cogeneration, explain the principle with example.

Ans-

Cogeneration, also known as combined heat and power (CHP), is the process of generating
electricity and heat at the same time from a single fuel source.

Principal:-

Co-generation or combined heat and power (CHP) is defined as the sequential generation
of tw9 different form of useful energy from a single primary energy source, typically
mechanical energy and thermal energy Mechanical energy may be used to drive an
alternator for producing electricity, or rotating equipment such as motor, compressor,
pump or fan for delivering various services. Thermal energy can be used either for direct
process applications or for indirectly producing steam, hot water, hot air for dryer or chilled
water for process cooling.
Cogeneration provides a wide range of technologies for application in various domains of
economic activities. The overall efficiency of energy use in cogeneration mode can be up to
85% and above in some cases.

Examples:-

Paper mill:- A paper mill in France uses a boiler to burn wood residue and branches to
produce high-pressure steam.

Q. Explain briefly the factors for selection and control strategies for the cogeneration
systems.

Ans-

• Base electrical load matching:-

In this configuration, the cogeneration plant is sized to meet the minimum electricity
demand of the size based on the historical demand curve The ma of the needed
power is purchased from the utility grid. The thermal energy requirement of the site
could be met by the cogeneration system alone or by additional boilers.
• Base Thermal Load Matching:-
Here, the cogeneration system is sized to supply the minimum thermal energy
requirement of the site. Stand-by boilers or burners are operated during periods
when the demand for heat is higher.
• Electrical Load Matching:-
In this operating scheme, the facility is totally independent of the power utility grid.
All the power requirements of the site, including the reserves needed during
scheduled and unscheduled maintenance, are to be taken into amount song the
system. This is also referred as “stand-alone” system.
• Thermal Load Matching:-
The cogeneration system is designed to meet the thermal energy requirement of the
site at any time. The prime movers are operated following the thermal demand.
During the period when the electricity demand exceeds the generation capacity, the
deficit can be compensated by power purchased from the grid. Similarly, if the local
legislation permits, electricity produced in excess at any time nay be sold to the
utility.

Q. Techno-economic advantages of cogeneration technology.

Ans-
Cogeneration technology has many techno-economic advantages, including:

• Cost efficiency: Cogeneration systems can be cost-effective and sustainable.

• Reduced energy costs: Cogeneration systems are more efficient than other
systems, so they require less fuel to produce the same amount of electricity and
heat.
• Reduced greenhouse gas emissions: Cogeneration systems can reduce carbon
emissions and other greenhouse gases.
• Reduced reliance on the grid: Cogeneration systems can reduce reliance on the
electricity grid, which can improve energy security.
• Increased system efficiency: Cogeneration systems can increase system
efficiency and flexibility.
• Increased local energy security: Cogeneration systems can increase the diversity
of energy supply and ensure reliable energy supply.

Q. Kyoto Protocol.

Ans-

• The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty which extends the 1992 United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that commits state parties to
reduce greenhouse gas emissions, based on the scientific consensus that (part one)
global warming is occurring and (part two) it is extremely likely that human- made
CO2 emissions have predominantly caused it.
• The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in Kyoto, Japan on 11 December 1997 and entered
into force on 16 February 2005. There are currently 192 parties (Canada withrirew
effective December 2012) to the Protocol.
• The Kyoto Protocol implemented the objective of the UNFCCC to fight global
warming by reducing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere to “a level
that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system”
• The Kyoto Protocol’s first round commitments are the first detailed step taken within
the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change.
• It set a timetable starting in 2006 for negotiations to establish emission reduction
commitments for a second commitment period.
• The first period emission reduction commitments expired on December 31, 2012.

Q. Energy Pricing.

Ans-
The basic assumption underlying efficiency of market place does not hold in our economy,
since energy prices are undervalued and energy wastages are not taken seriously. Pricing
practices in India like many other developing countries are influenced by political, social
and economic compulsions at the state and central level. More often than not, this has
been the foundation for energy sector policies in India.

Coal:-

Grade wise basic price of coal at the pithead excluding statutory levies for run-of-mine
(ROM) coal are fixed by Coal India Ltd from time to time. The pithead price of coal in India
compares favourably with price of imported coal. In spite of this, industries still import coal
due its higher calorific value and low ash content.

Oil:-

As part of the energy sector reforms, the government has attempted to bring prices for
many of the petroleum products (naphtha, furnace oil, LSHS, LDO and bitumen) in line with
international prices. The most important achievement has been the linking of diesel prices
to international prices and a reduction in subsidy.

Natural Gas-

The government has been the sole authority for fixing the price of natural pats ta the
country.

Electricity:-

Electricity tariffs in India are structured in a relatively simple manner. While high tension
consumers are charged based on both demand (KVA) and energy (kWh), the low-tension
(LT) consumer pays only for the energy consumed (kWh) as per tariff system in most of the
electricity boards. The price per kWh varies significantly across States as well as customer
segments with-in e State. Tariffs in India have been modified to consider the time of usage
and voltage level of supply.