CHAPTER 1 PYQs_FINAL_241212_185830

Chap 1 Electric Charges and Fields Page 21
CHAPTER 1
Electric Charges and Fields
SUMMARY Also, 1 = 9 109 N - m2 /C2

4pe 0 #
where, e 0 = permittivity of free space

1. ELECTRIC CHARGE = 8.85419 # 1012 C2 /N - m2
Charge is the property associated with matter due The force between two charges q1 and q 2 located at a
to which it produces and experiences electric and distance in a medium other than free space may be
magnetic effect. Benjamin Franklin introduced two expressed as
types of charges namely positive charge and negative qq
charge based on frictional electricity produced by F = 1 $ 122
4pe 0 r
rubbing two unlike objects like amber and wood.
In vector form, Fv = 1 $ q1 q2 rt
Properties of Electric Charge 4pe 0 rv 2
Electric charge have the following properties-
Electrostatic forces are conservatives forces.
1. Additivity of Charge : Charges are scalars and
they add up like real numbers. It means of a system 3. PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION OF ELECTROSTATIC
consists of n charges q1 , q2 , q3 , ....., qn then total FORCES
charge of the system will be q1 + q2 + q3 + ..... + qn
. This principle states that the net electric force
experienced by a given charge particle q 0 due to a
2. Quantisation of Charge : The total charge on system of charged particles is equal to the vector sum
a body is integral multiple of fundamental of all the forces exerted on it due to all the other
charge e , i.e., q = ! ne where, n is an integer
charged particles of the system.
(n = 1, 2, 3, .....).
3. Conservation of Charge : The total charge of an
isolated system is always conserved, i.e., charge
cannot be created or destroyed. It transfer from
one body to another body.
4. Like charge repel each other while unlike charge
attract each other.
2. COULOMB’S LAW
It states that the electrostatic force of attraction or
repulsion acting between two stationary point charges
is given by,
i.e., Fv0 = Fv01 + Fv02 + Fv03 + ..... + Fv0n

qq
F = 1 122
4pe 0 r Fv0 = 1 = q1 q03 rv01 + q2 q03 rv02 + .... + qn q03 rv0nG
4pe 0 rv01 rv02 rv0n
where, q1 and q2 are the stationary point charges and
r is the separation between them in air or vacuum. where, rv01 = rv0 - rv01
Page 22 Electric Charges and Fields Chap 1
Fv01 = Force on q0 due to q1 .

Similarly, rv0n = rv0 - rvn
Fv0n = Force on q0 due to qn
n
q qi
Hence, Fv0 = 0 =/ (rv - rvi)G
4pe 0 i = 1 rv0 - rvi 3 0
Electric field
IfFv is the force acting on infinitesimal positive test
v = Fv , electric
charge q 0 then electric field strength E
(c)
q0
field can be given as
v
Ev = lim F
q " 0 q0
0
4. ELECTRIC FIELD LINES

Electric field lines are a way of pictorially mapping the
electric field around a configuration of charge. These
lines start from positive charge and end on negative
charge. The tangent on these lines at any point gives
the direction of field at that point.
(d)
Electric field lines due to positive and negative charge
and their combinations are shown as below:
Electric Field Lines Due to Combination of Charge
5. ELECTRIC FLUX
The total number of electric field lines crossing (or
diverging) a surface normally is called electric flux.
Electric flux surface element TSv is
v v
Tf = E $ TS = ETS cos q
where, Ev is electric field strength.
Electric flux through entire closed surface is
(a) f = # Ev $ dSv
S
6. ELECTRIC DIPOLE
Two point charges of same magnitude and opposite
nature separated by a small distance altogether form
an electric dipole.
pv = q $ 2lv
It is a vector quantity, directed from - q and + q .
7. ELECTRIC FIELD DUE TO A SHORT DIPOLE

A point P on axis,
(b) E = 1 2p
4pe 0 r3
At a point Pl on equatorial plane,
Electric Field Lines Due to Positive and Negative
p
Charge El = - 1 3
4pe 0 r
Torque on an electric dipole placed in a uniform OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

electric field (E ) is given by,
t = p#E 1. The magnitude of the electric field due to a point
t = pE sin q charge object at a distance of 4.0 m is 9 N/C. From
the same charged object the electric field of magnitude
8. GAUSS’S THEOREM 16 N/C will be at a distance of
It states that the total electric flux through a closed (a) 1 m (b) 2 m
surface is equal to 1 times the net charge enclosed (c) 3 m (d) 6 m
e0
by the surface Ans : OD 2023
Here, distance, r = 4 m
i.e., #S Ev = dSv = e10 / q kq
E = = 9 N/C
Formulae for Electric Field Strength Calculated from r2
kq
Electric field due to infinitely long straight wire of =9 ...(i)
(4) 2
charge per unit length l at a distance r from the
wire is kq
and = 16 ...(ii)
r2
E = 1 2l where,r is the distance at which the given charge is
4pe 0 r
Electric field strength due to an infinite plane sheet of kept
charge per unit are s is Divide Eq. (i) by (ii), we get
r2 = 9
E = s , 16
2e 0 42
independent of distance of a point from the sheet. r = 3m
Electric field strength due to a uniformly charged Thus (c) is correct option.
thin spherical shell or conducting sphere of radius R
2. A point P lies at a distance x from the mid point of
having total charge q , at a distance r form centre is
an electric dipole on its axis. The electric potential at
1. At external point Eext = 1 $ q (r > R) Point P is proportional to
4pe 0 r2
(a) 12 (b) 13
1 q x x
2. At surface point ES =
4pe 0 R2
(c) 14 (d) 1
3. At internal point E int = 0 . x x1/2
Ans : Foreign 2021, SQP 2012
" "
The electric potential due to electric dipole, p = qd
at a distance x from the mid-point of the dipole is
***********
given as :
p cos q
V = 1 #
4p e 0 x2
" "
where, q is the angle vector r forms with vector d .
Hence, V a 12
x
Thus (a) is correct option.
3. Ampere-hour is unit of
(a) Power (b) Charge
(c) Energy (d) Potential difference
Ans : OD 2020
An ampere-hour is the amount of energy charge in

battery that will allow one ampere of current to flow
for one hour.
Thus (b) is correct option.
4. When a body is connected to the earth, then electrons Ans : Delhi 2017
from the earth, flow into the body. It means that the One e.s.u of charge or one stat-coulomb is that charge
body is which repels an identical charge in vacuum at a distance
(a) unchanged (b) an insulator of one centimetre from it with a force of 1 dyne.
(c) positively charged (d) negatively charged 1 coulomb = 3 # 109 e.s.u
Ans : Delhi 2021

When a positively charged body is connected to the 9. The specific charge of electron is
earth, then electrons from the earth flow into the (a) 1.8 # 10-11 C/kg (b) 1.8 # 10-19 C/kg
body. (c) 1.9 # 10-19 C/kg (d) none of these
Thus (c) is correct option.
Ans : OD 2017, SQP 2011
5. When a body is charged, its mass- Charge an electron
Specific charge of electron =
(a) increase Mass of the electron
-19
(b) decrease = 1.6 # 10 -31
9.1 # 10
(c) remains same
= 0.1758 # 10-12 C/kg
(d) may increase or decrease
= 1.758 # 1011 C/kg
Ans : Foreign 2018, Delhi 2010
Charging of a body depends upon transfer of electrons . 1.8 # 1011 C/kg

so, if a body becomes negatively charged it will gain Thus (a) is correct option.
electrons that is its mass will increase and when body 10. Two charged spheres separated by a distance d exert
becomes positively charged it loose the electron that some force F on each other. If they are immersed in a
is its mass will decrease. liquid of dielectric constant 4, then what is the force
Thus (d) is correct option. exerted, if all other conditions are same?
6. 1 stat-coulomb = .......... coulomb. (a) 2F (b) 4F
(a) 3 # 10 9 (b) 3 # 10 - 9
(c) F (d) F
2 4
(c) 1 # 10 9 (d) 1 # 10 - 9
3 3 Ans : Foreign 2011, Comp 2006
Ans : Delhi 2005 Distance between two charged sphere = d
One stat-coulomb of charge is that charge which when
and dielectric constant of liquid, K =4
placed at a distance of 1 cm in air from an equal and
similar charge repels it and it is also repelled by it Force between two charged spheres,
with a force of one dyne. 1q1 q2
F = ...(1)
1 stat-coulomb = 3 # 109 coulomb 4pe 0 r2
and force between two charged spheres when they are
immersed in a dielectric medium,
7. The electrostatic field is 1q1 q2
Fl = 1 #
(a) conservative (b) non-conservative K 4pe 0 r2
(c) both (a) and (b) (d) none of these From Eq. (1), we get
Ans : SQP 2000 Fl = F = F
K 4
A force is conservative if the work done by the force
Thus (d) is correct option.
in displacing a particle from one point to another is
independent of the path followed by the particle and 11. Three point charges are placed at the corners of an
depends only on the end points. Hence, electrostatic equilateral triangle. Assuming only electrostatic forces
force is conservative force. are acting, the system
Thus (a) is correct option. (a) Can never be in equilibrium
8. 1 coulomb charge = .......... esu. (b) Will be in equilibrium if charges rotate about the
(a) 3 # 10 9 (b) 9 # 10 9 centre of the triangle
(c) 8.85 # 10 - 12 (d) none of these (c) Will be in equilibrium if charges have same
magnitude but different signs
(d) Will be in equilibrium if charges have different Q:Q Q2

F1 = k : 2 = k:
magnitudes and different signs (2x) 4x2
Ans : OD 2017, Comp 2011 where 2x is distance between the point charges.
When three point charges are placed at the corners of Similarly, force at the same charge Q due to charge q
an equilateral triangle, then some electrostatic forces at the centre,
will act on the system. As a result of this, the system qQ
can never be in equilibrium. F2 = k : 2
x
Thus (a) is correct option. For equilibrium, sum of these two forces should be
12. Three charges, each equal to + q , are placed at the equal to zero. Therefore,
corners of an equilateral triangle. If the force between Q2 qQ
0 = k: +k: 2
any two charges is F , then net force on either charge 4x2 x
will be Q
or q =-
(a) 2F (b) 3F 4
(c) 2F (d) 3F
14. Permittivity of free space is
Ans : SQP 2004
(a) 9 # 109 mF-1 (b) 1.6 # 10-19 C
First charge, q1 = q
(c) 8.85 # 10-12 Fm-1 (d) 8.85 # 10-9 Fm-1
Second charge, q2 = q
Ans : OD 2006
Third charge, q3 = q The permittivity of free space (vacuum) is a physical
Force between any two charge F1 = F2 = F constant equal to approximately 8.85 # 10-12
farad per meter. It is symbolized e 0 . It is constant
Force acting on a charge due to other two charges,
of proportionality that exists between electric
placed at the corners of an equilateral triangle is F
displacement and electric field intensity in free space.
and it is acting at an angle 60c.
Therefore net force on either charge
15. Columbian force is
= F 12 + F 22 + 2F1 F2 cos q
(a) central force (b) electric force
= F 2 + F 2 + 2F.F cos 60c
(c) both a and b (d) none of these
2 2 2
= F + F + 2F # 0.5 Ans : Delhi 2016
= 3F 2
Columbian force also called electrostatic or electric
force because this force are working between two
= 3F
charges. This force is central in nature because the
Thus (d) is correct option. force between the charges acts along the line joining
13. A charge q is placed at the centre of the line joining the centers of two charges.
two equal point charges each equal to + Q . The system Thus (c) is correct option.
of three charges will be in equilibrium, if q is equal to 16. The electric field at a distance 2 cm from the centre
Q Q of a hollow spherical conducting shell of radius 4 cm
(a) - (b) +
4 4
having a charge of 2 # 10-3 C on its surface, is
Q Q
(c) - (d) + (a) zero (b) 1.1 # 1010 V -m-1
2 2
Ans : Foreign 2009 (c) 4.5 # 10-10 V -m-1 (d) 4.5 # 10+10 V -m-1
Charge placed at centre = q Ans : SQP 2014
Two equal point charges = + Q Distance of point from centre, x = 2 cm

Electrostatic force at charge Q due to the other charge Radius of shell, r = 4 cm
at Q . Electric field inside a hollow spherical conducting
shell is zero as potential inside the spherical shell is
same at all points.
17. Two point charges each equal to 2 mC are 0.5 m apart. (c) s (d) 1 se 0
If both of them exist inside vacuum, then electrostatic 2e 0 2
force between them is Ans : Delhi 2004
(a) 0.144 N (b) 0.288 N The electric field at a point near an infinite thin sheet
(c) 1.44 N (d) 2.88 N of charged conductor is given by,
Ans : SQP 2006 Ev = s
2e 0
-6
First charge, q1 = 2 mC = 2 # 10 C
where, s = Surface Charge Density
Second charge, q2 = 2 mC = 2 # 10-6 C
e 0 = Permittivity of free space
and distance between the charge, r = 0.5 m
Electrostatic force between two point charges in
20. The electric field required to keep a water drop of
vacuum is given by,
mass m just to remain suspended, when charged with
qq one electron, is
F = k : 1 22
r
(a) m g (b) e m g
Here, K = Electrostatic force constant
mg
(c) (d) e m
= 9 # 109 N - m2 - C-2 e g
(2 # 10-6) # (2 # 10-6) Ans : Foreign 2015
Hence, F = (9 # 109) #
(0.5) 2 Mass of water drop = m
= 0.144 N Weight of water drop, w = mg
Thus (a) is correct option. Charge on drop, q =e
18. Two point charge Q and - 2Q are placed at some where, e = Charge on one electron
distance apart. If the electric field at the location of Electrostatic force on the water drop due to electric
Q is E , then the electric field at the location of - 2Q field,
will be
= qE = eE
(a) - E (b) - 3E
2 2 Since, the water drop is to remain suspended due to
(c) - E (d) - 2E electrostatic force, therefore weight of the water drop
Ans : OD 2008, Delhi 2004
should be equal to the electrostatic force.
First charge, q1 = Q Thus, mg = eE

mg
Second charge, q2 = - 2Q or E =
e
and electric field at the location of first charge due to (where, E = Electric field required)
second charge only,
E1 = E
21. The S.I. unit of electric field Ev is
Electric field at the location of Q due to second charge,
-2
q (a) Cm (b) NC-1
E1 = k : 22 \ q2
r (c) Am (d) Vm-1
E1 = q2 = - 2Q = - 2 Ans : OD 2009
Therefore,
E2 q1 Q The electric field intensity at any point due to source
charge is defined as the force experienced per unit
E2 = - E1 = E positive charge placed at that point without disturbing
2 2
(where, E2 = Electric field at the location of - 2Q ) the source charge i.e.,
Thus (a) is correct option. E = F = N = NC-1

q C
19. The electric field at a point near an infinite thin sheet Since, it is equivalent to volt per meter (Vm-1).
of charged conductor is Thus (b,d) is correct option.
(a) e 0 s (b) s 22. Electric intensity due to an electric dipole varies with
e0
distance r as E \ rn , where n is equal to
(a) 0 (b) - 1 E = s
2e 0
(c) - 2 (d) - 3
Therefore, force on the ball due to conducting sheet,
Ans : SQP 2011
qs
Electric intensity due to an electric dipole, F = qE = q# s =
2e 0 2e 0
E ? rn ...(1) In equilibrium, horizontal component of tension in
Electric intensity due to an electric dipole varies thread is equal to the force on ball due to conducting
inversely as cube of he distance of he point, sheet i.e.,
qs
i.e., E ? 13 ...(2) T sin q =
2e 0
...(1)
r
Similarly, in equilibrium vertical component of the
Comparing the Eq. (1) with (2), we get
tension in thread is equal to the weight of the ball i.e.,
n =- 3
T cos q = mg ...(2)
Dividing Eq. (1) by (2),
23. An electric dipole consists of a positive and negative qs
charge of 4 mC each placed at a distance of 5 mm. The tan q =
2e0 mg
dipole moment is
2e mg tan q
(a) 2 # 10-8 C-m (b) 4 # 10-8 C-m s = 0
q
(c) 6 # 10-8 C-m (d) 8 # 10-8 C-m s ? tan q
Ans : OD 2012, Delhi 2008 Thus (c) is correct option.
Magnitude of each charge on dipole,
q = 4 mC = 4 # 10-6 C
and distance between the charges,
ASSERTION AND REASON
2a = 5 mm = 5 # 10-3 m 25. Assertion (A) : Work done in moving a charge around
Dipole moment, p = q # 2a a closed path in an electric field is always zero.
Reason (R) : Electrostatic force is a conservative force.
= (4 # 10-6) # (5 # 10-3)
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and
= 2 # 10-8 C-m Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion
Thus (a) is correct option. (A).
24. A charged ball B hangs from a silk thread S , which (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and
makes an angle q with a large charged conducting Reason (R) is NOT the correct explanation of
sheet P , as shown in the figure. The surface charge Assertion (A).
density s of the sheet is proportional to (c) Assertion (A) is true and Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false and Reason (R) is also false.
Ans : OD 2023
We know that the work done by the conservative

force around any closed path is zero is # F.dl = 0 and
electrostatic force is a conservative force.
26. Assertion (A) : Two concentric charged shells are
given. The potential difference between the shells
depends on charge of inner shell.
(a) sin q (b) cos q
(c) tan q (d) cot q
Ans : Foreign 2017
Angle between thread and sheet = q and surface

charge density = s .
Electric field due to conducting sheet,
Reason (R) : Potential due to charge of outer shell

remains same at every point inside the sphere. (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and
Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and
(A).
Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion
(A). (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and
Reason (R) is NOT the correct explanation of
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and
Assertion (A).
Assertion (A). (c) Assertion (A) is true and Reason (R) is false.
(c) Assertion (A) is true and Reason (R) is false. (d) Assertion (A) is false and Reason (R) is also false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false and Reason (R) is also false. Ans :
Ans : For isolated capacitor,
Q = constant,
F = constant,
But, E = s , hence E decreases

Kd0
VA = 1 Q1 + Q2
4pe 0 R2
VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
Q Q
VB = 1 c 1 + 2 m
4pe 0 R1 R2
29. Why must electrostatic field at the surface of a charged
VB - VA = 1 Q1 b 1 + 1 l
4pe 0 R1 R2 conductor be perpendicular to every point on it?
Thus (a) is correct option. Ans : Delhi 2021
27. Assertion (A) : For a non-uniformly charged thin As, electric field inside a conductor is always zero.
circular ring with net charge is zero, the electric field The electric line of force exert. Internal pressure on
at any point on axis of the ring is zero. each other leads to repulsion between like charges.
Reason (R) : For a non-uniformly charged thin circular Thus, in order to stable spacing, the electric field lines
ring with net charge zero, the electric potential at are normal on the surface.
each point on axis of the ring is zero. 30. Draw lines of force of electric field due to a system of
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and two equal point charges.
Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion Ans : Foreign 2019
(A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and
Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true and Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false and Reason (R) is also false.
Ans :
For a non-uniformly charged thin circular ring with
net zero charge, electric potential at each point on its 31. Why must electrostatic field at the surface of a
axis must be perpendicular to the axis. charged conductor be normal to the surface at every
Thus (d) is correct option. point? Give reason.
28. Assertion (A) : The electrostatic force between the Ans : SQP 2019
plates of a charged isolated capacitor decreases when The work done in moving a charge from one point to
dielectric fills whole space between plates. another on an equipotential surface is zero. If electric
Reason (R) : The electric field between the plates of a field is not normal, it will have a non-zero component
charged isolated capacitance increases when dielectric along the surface which would cause work to be done
fills whole space between plates. in moving a charge on an equipotential surface.
32. Why should electrostatic field be zero inside a opposite charge on the paper. The electrostatic force
conductor? of attraction between the comb and the paper is much
Ans : OD 2015 greater than the weight of paper therefore it is lifted.
Charge on conductor resides on its surface. So if we On a wet day, the hair is wet, the friction is quite less
consider a Gaussian surface inside the conductor to and hence, comb does not get charged.
find the electrostatic field. 37. What is electrostatic shielding? Give one of its
q practical applications.
f =
e0 Ans : OD 2014
where, q = charge enclosed in Gaussian surface. Electrostatic Shielding
Hence q = 0, The phenomena of protecting certain region of space
inside the conductor, hence the electrostatic field from electric field is called electrostatic shielding.
inside the conductor is zero. It is based on the fact that electric field vanishes
inside the cavity of a hollow conductor.
q
f = # E $ ds = Application of Electrostatic Shielding
e0
In a thunderstorm accompanied by lighting, it is safest
# E $ ds cos q = eq0 to sit inside a car, rather than near a tree or on the
open ground. The metallic body of the car becomes an
33. A proton is placed in a uniform electric field directed
electrostatic shielding from lighting.
along the position X-axis. In which direction will it
bend to move? 38. Two metallic spheres of exactly equal masses are
Ans : Comp 2021, OD 2004 taken. One is given a positive charge q coulomb and
Proton will tend to move along the X-axis in the the other an equal negative charge by friction. Art
direction of a uniform electric field. their masses after charging equal?
34. A charge q is placed at the centre of a cube of side l. Ans : Foreign 2014
What is the electric flux passing through two opposite No. Because when two bodies are rubbed together,
faces of the cube? there is transfer of electrons from one body to another.
Ans : Delhi 2016 Since electrons are material particles, so their transfer
from one body to another causes a change in mass.
By symmetry, the flux through each of the six faces
The body from which electrons are removed becomes
of the cube will be same when charge q is placed at
positively charged and body to which electrons get
its centre.
transferred becomes negatively charged. Hence the
q
fE = 1 $ mass of negatively charged body will be more than
6 e0
positively charged body.
35. State and explain the superposition principle for
39. Define electric dipole moment. Is it a scalar or a vector
electric fields?
quantity? What are its SI unit?
Ans : Delhi 2007
Ans : Comp 2020
The electric intensity at a point due to several charges
The electric dipole moment is defined as the product
is the vector sum of electric intensities produced
of either charge and the distance between the two
by each charge individually in the absence of other
charges. Its direction is from negative to positive
charge.
charge.
Let the electric field intensities due to individual
" " " " i.e., p = q ^2l h
charges are E1 , E2 , E3 .......... En respectively, than
resultant electric field intensity is given by,
" " " " "
E = E1 + E2 + E3 + ..........En
36. A comb after passing through dry hair attracts small
pieces of paper. What happens if the hair is wet or if
it is a rainy day? 40. What is the electric flux through a cube of side 1 cm
Ans : SQP 2016
which encloses an electric dipole?
A dry comb when passed through hair gets charged Ans : Comp 2011
due to friction and because of this it induces an Net electric flux is zero.
Reason: 2. This law is applicable only to point charge.

1. Independent to the shape and size. 46. What do you mean by additive nature of electric
2. Net charge of the electric dipole is zero. charges?
41. A thin straight infinitely long conducting wire having Ans : SQP 2011
charge density l is enclosed by a cylindrical surface The additivity of electric charge means that the total
of radius r and length l , its axis coinciding with the charge of a system is the algebraic sum of all the
length of the wires. Find the expression for the electric individual charges located at different points inside
flux through the surface of the cylinder. the system. If a system contains charges q1, q2, ....., qn ;
Ans : SQP 2011 then its total charge is
Charge enclosed by the cylindrical surface = ll q = q1 + q2 + ..... + qn
By Gauss Theorem,
47. Figure shows the field lines due to a negative point
Electric flux = 1 # charge enclosed charge. Give the sign of the potential energy difference
e0
of a small negative charge between the point A and
= 1 ^ll h B.
e0
42. Atmosphere is not electrically neutral. Explain why?
Ans : OD 2020, SQP 2009
The atmosphere is continuously being charged by

thunderstorms and lightning bolts all over the globe.
This maintains an equilibrium with the discharge of
the atmosphere in ordinary weather conditions.
43. How rubbing of the two bodies produces electricity?
Ans : Delhi 2016
Ans : Foreign 2015
When we rub two bodies, due to friction, some
u = 1 $ q1 q2
electrons are transferred from one body to another. 4pe 0 r
The body which gains electrons become negatively Here, UA 2 UB
charged and which loses electrons become positively
charged by equal amount. Therefore, UA - UB is positive.
44. Figure shows the field lines on a positive charge is 48. Why do the electrostatic field lines not form closed
the work done by the field in moving a small positive loops?
charge from Q to P positive or negative? Give reason. Ans : Delhi 2017
Electric field lines start from positive charge and

terminate at negative charge. If there is a single
positive charge, the field lines start from the charge
and terminate at infinity. So, the electric field lines do
not form closed loops.
49. Why do the electric field lines never cross each other?
Ans : Comp 2009
At the intersection point if electric field lines cross

each other, then there would be two directions of
Ans : Comp 2021 electric field which is not possible so lines of forces
The work done by the field is negative. This is because never cross each other.
the charge is moved against the force exerted by the 50. Two point charges q1 and q2 are placed at a distance
field. d apart as shown in the figure. The electric field
45. What are the limitations of Coulomb’s law ? intensity is zero at the point P on the line joining
Ans : Comp 2014 them as shown. Write two conclusions that you can
The limitation of coulomb’s law are following: draw from this.
1. Coulomb’s law has been verified over distances
ranging from nuclear dimension (- 10-15 m) to
macroscopic distance (- 1018 m).
Ans : Delhi 2005

i.e., p = q # 2l
1. The two point charges (q1 and q2 ) should be of
opposite nature. or p = q (2l)
2. Magnitude of charge q1 must be greater than It is a vector quantity and its direction is always from
magnitude of charge q2 . negative charge to positive charge. The SI unit of
51. What is electric charge? Is it a scalar or vector dipole moment is coulomb-metre (C-m).
quantity? Name its SI unit. 54. What do you mean by permittivity of a medium?
Ans : Foreign 2018 Ans : OD 2008
It is an intrinsic property of elementary particles Permittivity is a property of the medium which
of matter which gives rise to electric force between determines the electric force between two charges
various objects. It is a scalar quantity and its SI unit situated in that medium. For example, the force
is coulomb(C). between two charges located some distance apart in
52. Sketch the electric field lines for two point charges q1 water is about 1/80th of the force between them when
and q2 for q1 = q2 and q1 > q2 separated by a distance they are separated by same distance in air. This is
d. because the permittivity of water is about 80 times
Ans : OD 2013
greater than the permittivity of air.
When the charges are equal, the neutral point N lies 55. Compare the electric fields due to a monopole (single
at the centre of the joining the charges. However, charge) and dipole.
when the charges are unequal, the point N is closer Ans : Delhi 2005, Comp 2010
to the smaller charge.
Electric Monopole Electric Dipole
1. It is due to charge Net charge is zero.
where value is not
zero.
2. E ? 12 E ? 13
r r
3. Electric field is Electric field is not

spherically symmetric. spherically symmetric.
56. Give the physical significance of electric dipoles.

Ans : OD 2013
Electric dipoles have a common occurrence in nature.

A molecule consisting of positive and negative ions
is an electric dipole. Moreover, a complicated array
of charges can be described and analysed in terms of
electric dipoles. The concept of electric dipole is used
1. In the study of the effect of electric field on an
insulator, and
2. In the study of radiation of energy from an antenna.
53. Define electric dipole moment and write its SI unit.
57. Write two basic properties of electric charge.
Ans : OD 2012
Ans : Delhi 2012
The strength of an electric dipole is measure by a
Two properties of electric charge is following:
vector quantity known as electric dipole moment p
1. Quantisation of Charge : The total charge on a
which is the product of the charge q and separation
body is integral multiple of fundamental charge of
between the charges 2l .
electron e .
q = ! ne
where, n is an integer (n = 1, 2, 3.....)
2. Like charges repel while unlike charges attract
each other.
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS force on charge q0 at that point. This force is,
Fv = q0 Ev (r)
58. Two charged conducting spheres of radii a and b are i.e., Electrostatic force = Charge # Electric field.
connected to each other by a wire. Find the ratio of
Thus an electric field plays an intermediary role in the
the electric fields at their surfaces.
forces between two charges:
Ans : 2023
Let q1 and q2 be the charges C1 and C2 be the Charge Electric field Charge
capacitance of two spheres. The charge flows from 61. Distinguish between conductors and insulators. Give
the sphere at higher potential to the other at lower examples.
potential, till their potentials become equal. Ans : SQP 2017, Comp 2011
After sharing, the charges on two spheres, will be Conductors
q1
= C1 V ...(i) The substance through which electric charge can flow
q2 C2 V
easily are called conductors. They contain a large
Also C1 = a ...(ii) number of free electrons. Metals, human and animal
C2 b
bodies, graphite, acids, alkalise, etc. are conductors.
Then, ratio of surface charge on the two spheres Insulators
s 1 = q1 4pb2 = q1 . b2 The substances through which electric charges cannot
s2 2 # q q2 a2
4pa 2 flow easily are called insulators. They contain very
2 few free electrons. Most of the non-metals like glass,
= a . b 2 [From Eqs. (i) and (ii)] diamond, porcelain, plastic, nylon, wood, mica, etc.
b a
are insulators.
=a
b When some charge in transferred to a conductor, it
The, ratio of electric fields at the surfaces of two readily gets distributed over its entire surface. On the
spheres E1 = s 1 = b . other hand, if some charge is put on an insulator, it
E2 s 2 a stays at the same place.
59. Two equal balls having equal positive charge q 62. State the law of conservation of charge. Give two
coulombs are suspended by two insulating strings of examples to illustrate it.
equal length. What would be the effect on the force
Ans : Foreign 2014
when a plastic sheet is inserted between the two?
Law of Conservation of Charge
Ans : OD 2020
This law can be stated in a number of ways:
Form Coulomb’s law, electric force between the two
charged bodies, in a medium, 1. The total charge of an isolated system remains
constant.
1 q1 q2
F = 2. The electric charges can neither be created nor
4pe 0 K r2 destroyed, they can only be transferred from one
where, K = dielectric constant of the medium. body to another.
For vacuum, K =1 Examples
1. Charge s conserved during the fission of a nucleus
For plastic, K >1 by a neutron.
Therefore, after insertion of plastic sheet, the force n + 235 141 92 1
92 U $ 56 Ba + 36 Kr + 3 0 n + Energy
1
0
between the two balls will reduce.
Total charge before fission (0 + 92) = Total charge
60. Give the physical significance of electric field.
after fission (56 + 36 + 3 # 0)
Ans : Comp 2021, 15
2. Electric charge is conserved during the phenomenon
By knowing electric field at any point, we can of pair production in which a g -ray photon
determine the force on a charge placed at that point. materialises into an electron-positron pair.
The Coulomb force on a charge q0 due to a source
g - ray $ electron + positron .
charge q may be treated as two stage process: zero charge (- e) (+ e)
1. The source charge q produces a definite field Ev (r) 63. What is a continuous charge distribution? How can
at every point rv . we calculate the force on a point charge q due to a
2. The value of Ev (r) at any point rv determines the continuous charge distribution?
Ans : Delhi 2019

Electric Charge Mass
When the charge involved is much greater than the
charge on an electron, we can ignore its quantum 3. Electric charge is Mass increases with
nature and assume that the charge is distributed in invariant with respect speed.
a continuous manner. This is known as a continuous to speed.
charge distribution.
4. Strictly conserved. The phenomenon is
Force on a point charge due to a continuous charge more apparent at high
distribution. As shown in Fig. 1.8, consider a point speeds.
charge q0 lying near a region of continuous charge
5. A charge always Not conserved by itself
distribution. This continuous charge distribution can
possesses non-zero in relativistic process.
be imagined to consist of a large number of small
mass. A mass may have non-
charges dq . According to Coulomb’s law, the force on
zero charge.
point charge q0 due to small charge dq is
65. What is the nature of electrostatic force between two
point electric charges q1 and q2 if
1. q1 + q2 > 0 ?
2. q1 + q2 < 0 ?
Ans : SQP 2010, Delhi 2001
1. If both q1 and q2 are positive, the electrostatic
force between these will be repulsive.
However, if one of these charges is positive and
is greater than the other negative charge, the
electrostatic force between them will be attractive.
Force on a Point Charge q0 due to a continuous charge Thus, the nature of force between them can be
distribution, repulsive or attractive.
q dq 2. If both q1 and q2 are - ve , the force between these
dFv = 1 0 2 $ rt will be repulsive.
4pe 0 r
However, if one of them is - ve and it is greater
where, rt = rv/r , is a unit vector pointing from the
than the second + ve charge, the force between
small charge dq towards the point charge q0 By the them will be attractive.
principle of superposition, the total force on charge q0
Thus, the nature of force between them can be
will be the vector sum of the forces exerted by all such
repulsive or attractive.
small charges and is given by,
q dq 66. Define dielectric strength and relative permittivity.
Fv = # dFv = # 1 $ 0 2 $ rt Ans : Foreign 2016
4pe 0 r
1. Dielectric Strength : The maximum electric field
q0
=
4pe 0 # dq
r2
$ rt that can exist in a dielectric without causing the
breakdown of its insulating property is called
64. Compare the properties of electric charge and mass dielectric strength of the material.
2. Relative Permittivity : The dielectric constant or
which are not similar.
relative permittivity of medium may be defined
Ans : Foreign 2018
as the ratio of the force between two charged
placed some distance apart in free space to the
Electric Charge Mass
force between the same two charges when they
1. Electric charge can be Strictly positive. are placed the same distance apart in the given
+ ve , - ve or zero. medium. It is given by,
2. Electric charge is Quantisation of mass Relative permittivity, er = e
e0
always quantised i.e. is not so clear.
the charge in a given 67. Derive the expression for electric field intensity at a
body is always an point due to a point charge.
integral multiple of a Ans : OD 2014, SQP 2011
minimum value e , i.e. Suppose we have to calculate electric field intensity
q = ! ne .
at any point P due to a point charge q at O , where
OP = r . Imagine a positive test charge q0 at P . 69. Define uniform and non-uniform electric fields. How
According to Coulomb’s law, force at P is are they represented geometrically?
Ans : OD 2009, Foreign 2014
A uniform electric field has same intensity (both in

magnitude and direction) at all points in it. Therefore,
the electric field vectors at all the points must be of the
same length and point in the same direction. Hence a
uniform field is represented by a set of parallel lines
Fv = 1 qq0 rt pointing in the same direction.
4pe 0 r2
A non-uniform field is that in which electric intensity
(where, rt is unit vector directed from q towards q0 ) is different at different parts, either in magnitude or
v direction or both.
As, Ev = F
q0 A uniform and a non-uniform electric field are
represented by the lines of force as shown in Figures
Hence, Ev = 1 q rt
4pe 0 r2 (a) and (b) respectively.
rt is the unit vector in the direction of force.
If q is + ve , the field intensity is directed radially
outwards along OP . If q is negative, the field intensity
is directed towards q , along PO .
68. Show that charge always resides on the outer surface
of a conductor.
or
Show that net charge in the interior of a conductor
is zero.
Ans : Comp 2007
Consider a conductor of any shape or size, which is

given a + ve charge + q . Consider a Gaussian closed
surface just inside the outer surface of the conductor
as shown in the figure by dotted lines.
From Gauss’s theorem,
70. Derive an expression for the torque experienced by

electric dipole in external electric field.
Ans : Delhi 2010
# Ev $ ds
v = q/e 0
But, Ev = 0 inside the conductor

Hence, q =0 " "
The forces F1 and F2 from a couple (or torque) which
i.e., charge inside the conductor is zero, Hence we find tends to rotate and align the dipole along the direction
that charge always resides on the outer surface of the of electric field. This couple is called the torque and
conductor. is denoted by t .
Hence, Torque (Coulomb) 2

=
t = magnitude of one force # perpendicular Newton-(meter) 2
Here, q = [AT ]
distance between lines of action of forces
F = [M 1 L1 T - 2]
= qE (BN) = qE (2l sin q)
r = [L ]
= (q 2l) E sin q
[AT ] [AT ]
= pE sin q [using (1)] ...(2) Hence, e0 =
[M 1 L1 T - 2] [L] 2
Clearly, the magnitude of torque depends on
orientation (q) of the electric dipole relative to electric = [M - 1 L-3 T 4 A2]
field. Torque (t) is a vector quantity whose direction (ii) Net electric flux through the surface.
is perpendicular to the plane containing given by right Total charge in Gaussian surface
" "
hand screw rule p and E . q = q1 + q2 + q3
" " "
In vector form, t = p#E Here, q1 = - q
71. An electric dipole is placed in a uniform electric field q2 = + 2q
E with its dipole moment p parallel to the field. Find: q3 = - q
1. The work done in turning the dipole till its dipole
moment points in the direction opposite to E . = - q + 2q - q = 0
q
2. The orientation of the dipole for which the torque Net flux, f = = 0 =0
acting on it becomes maximum. e0 e0
Ans : Foreign 2017 73. State Coulomb’s law. Define Coulomb’s dielectric
1. We know that, constant.
q2 Ans : Foreign 2008
W = #q tdq
1 The low states that two stationary electric point
p
= #0 pE sin qd q charges attract or repel each other with a force
which is directly proportional to the product of the
= pE [- cos q] p0 magnitudes of the charges and inversely proportional
= 2pE to the square of the distance between them.
Let q1 , q2 two point like charges separated by a
2. We know that,
distance r , then the force between the two charges is
t = pE sin q
p
If, q = , then t is maximum.
2
i.e., r = pE sin p
2 F ? q1 q2
t = pE (Maximum)
? 12
72. (i) Write down unit and dimension of permittivity of r
free space. q1 q2
Hence, F ? 2
(ii) A Gaussian surface contains three charges (- q) r
, (+ 2q) and (- q). Evaluate net electric flux q1 q2
or F =k 2 ...(1)
through the surface. r
Ans : OD 2018, Comp 2015 where k is the constant of proportionality and its
(i) Unit and dimension of permittivity of free space. value depends upon (1) system of unit adopted and
(2) the nature of medium separating q1 and q2 .
According to the Coulomb’s Law,
qq In SI, k = 1
F = 1 22 4pe
4pe 0 r
Hence, Permittivity = 1 [since, e = e 0 e r ]
4pe 0 e r
qq where e is called absolute permittivity, and e 0 is
e0 = 1 2 2
4pFr called permittivity of free space (vacuum) and e r is
called relative permittivity (or dielectric constant K )
of the medium. Equipotential Surface

The value of e 0 = 8.854 # 10 -12 2
CN m-1 -2 Any surface which has same electrostatic potential at
all point, on it is called an equipotential surface.
So, Eq. (1) becomes,
1 q1 q2 76. Two point charges q1 and q2 are located at points
F =
4pe 0 e r r2 â, 0, 0h and ^0, b, 0h respectively. Find the electric field
due to both these charges at the point ^0, 0, c h ?
In vacuum (or in air) e r = 1.
Ans : OD 2012
qq
F = 1 122 We have, v v v
E net = E1 + E2
4pe 0 r
In SI, 1 = 1 1 q1 r" + 1 q2 r"
4pe 0 =
4 # 3.142 # 8.854 # 10-12 4pe 0 r 13 1 4pe 0 r 13 2
= 9 # 109 Nm2 C-2 where
"
r1 = - ait + ckt
q1 q2
F = 9 # 109 and
"
r2 = - bjt + ckt
r2
1 q1 ^- ai + ck h + q2 `bj + ck j
Plot a graph showing the variation of Coulomb force t t t t
> H
74. "
E net =
F , versus (1/r2), where r is the distance between the 4pe 0 â2 + c2h 3
^b + c h
2 2 2 3
2
two charges of each pair of charges (1mC, 2mC) and

(2mC, - 3mC). Interpret the graphs obtained. 77. A metallic spherical shell has an inner radius R1 and
outer radius R2 . A charge Q is placed at the centre
Ans : Delhi 2014, OD 2004 of the spherical cavity. What will be surface charge
F = 1 q1 q2 density on
4pe 0 r2 1. The inner surface
The graph between F and 1/r2 is a straight line of 2. The outer surface?
slope 4pe1 q1 q2 passing through origin in both the cases.
0
Ans : Comp 2006
When a charge + Q is placed at the centre of spherical

cavity,
The charge induced on the inner surface = - Q
The charge induced on the outer surface = + Q
-Q
Surface charge density on the inner surface = .
4pR 12
+Q
Surface charge density on the outer surface = .
4pR 22
Since, magnitude of the slope is more for attraction,

therefore, attractive force is greater than repulsive
force.
75. Define electric field intensity in current carrying
conductor and equipotential surface.
Ans : SQP 2013
Electric Field Intensity

The electric field intensity at any point due to source
charge is defined as the force experienced per unit
positive charge placed at that point without disturbing
the source charge.
78. Plot a graph showing the variation of Coulomb force
"
"
F (F) versus 1/r2 , where r is the distance between the
E = q0
two charges of each pair of charges ^1mC, 2mC h and
where,
"
E = Electric field intensity ^1mC - 3mC h . Interpret the graphs obtained.
"
Ans : Delhi 2011, OD 2009
and F = Force experienced by the test charge q0 According to Coulomb’s law, the magnitude of force
acting between two stationary point charges is given (b) Two electric lines of force can never cross each other
qq because if they cross, there will be two directions
by F = b 1 2 lb 12 l
4pe 0 r of electric field at the point of intersection (say A
); which is impossible.
80. A small metal sphere carrying a charge + Q is located
at the centre of a spherical cavity in a large uncharged
metallic spherical shell. Write the charges on the inner
and outer surfaces of the shell. Write the expression
for the electric field at the point P1 .
For given q1 q2 F \ b 12 l
r
2
The slope of F versus 1/r graph depends on q1 q2 .
Magnitude of q1 q2 is higher for second pair.
Hence Slope of F versus 1/r2 graph.
Ans : Foreign 2015
According to question,
the charge on inner surface = - Q
Charge on other surface = + Q
Electric field at point P1 is given by
Q
E =
4pe 0 r21
81. (a) A point charge ^+ Q h is kept in the vicinity of

uncharged conducting plate. Sketch electric field
lines between the charge and the plate.
(b) Two infinitely large plane thin parallel sheets
79. (a) An electrostatic field line is a continuous curve.
having surface charge densities s 1 and s 2
That is a field line cannot have sudden breaks.
^s 1 2 s 2h are shown in the figure. Write the
Why is it so? magnitudes and directions of the net fields in the
(b) Explain why two field lines never cross each other regions marked II and III.
at any point.
Ans : OD 2017, Comp 2005
(a) An electrostatic field line is the path of movement
of a positive test charge ^q0 " 0h .
A moving charge experiences a continuous force
in an electrostatic field, so an electrostatic field
line is always a continuous curve.
Ans : SQP 2014 So, resultant dipole moment,

(a) The lines of force start from + Q and terminate
^p1 = p2 = p h
"
pl = p 12 + p 22 + 2p1 p2 cos q
at metal place inducing negative charge on it. The
lines of force will be perpendicular to the metal = p2 + p2 + 2p2 cos 120c
surface.
= 2p2 + 2p2 b 1 l
(b) (i) Net electric field in regions 2
II = 1 ^s 1 - s 2h
"
So, pl = p
2e 0
Direction of electric field is from sheet A to and direction of pl
sheet B . p sin 120c
tan a =
(ii) Net electric field in region p + p cos 120c
p 23
III = 1 ^s 1 + s 2h =
p + p ^ 12 h
2e 0
82. Two small identical electrical dipoles AB and CD 3 p/2
each of dipole moment p are kept at an angle of =
p/2
120c as shown in the figure. What is the resultant
dipole moment of this combination? If this system = 3
is subjected to electric field Ê h directed along + X tan a =

"
3
direction. What will be the magnitude and direction So, a = 60c
of the torque acting on this?
Now the system of dipole moment pl and E will be
as follows :
So, torque on system

t = pE sin q
= pE sin 30c
= 1 pE
2
The direction of dipole moment will be from negative
83. Sketch the electric field lines for a uniformly charged
to positive charge, so both dipoles form following
hollow cylinder shown in figure.
structure :
The two charges experience force qE each. These

forces are equal, parallel and opposite. Therefore,
the net force acting on the dipole is
En = qE - qE = 0
Thus, the net force acting on the dipole is zero.
(ii) W = - pE ^cos q 1 - cos q 2h
= - pE ^cos 0c - cos 180ch
= + 2pE
Ans : OD 2012, Comp 2015
Here, the hollow cylinder is positively charged. We know

that the electric lines of force appear to come out from LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS
the conductor. Thus, the lines of force of a uniformly
positive charged hollow cylinder is shown in figure. 85. What is an electric dipole? Drive an expression for
the torque acting on an electric dipole, when held
in a uniform electric field. Hence, define the dipole
moment.
Ans : SQP 2013
An electric dipole is a pair of your charges with equal

magnitude and opposite sign separated by a small
distance.
Consider an electric dipole consisting of charges - q
and + q and dipole length d placed in a uniform
electric field as shown in figure below. Let the dipole
moment make an angle f with the direction of the
electric field.
84. An electric dipole is held in a uniform electric field.

(i) Show that the net force acting on it is zero.
(ii) The dipole is aligned parallel to the field.
Find the work done in rotating it through an angle
of 180c.
Ans : Delhi 2010
(i) Consider an electric dipole consisting of charges
- q and + q and dipole length d placed in a
uniform electric field E as shown in figure. Let
the dipole moment make an angle q with the
direction of the electric field.
The two charges experience force qE each. These
forces are equal, parallel and opposite. Therefore, the
net force is zero. But these two forces constitute a
couple. This applies a torque on the dipole given by
t = Either force # Arm of the couple
t = qE # d sin f ,
where d sin f is the are of the couple.
t = qdE sin f ,
where, p = qd ,
Dipole moment, t = p E sin f
2EA = sA
" " "
In vector form, t = p#E
e0
"
The direction of torque is perpendicular to both p E = s
" 2e 0
and E .
This gives the electric field due to an infinite
If E = 1 and f = 90c, then t = p , thus, electric plane sheet of charge which is independent of the
dipole moment is defined as numerically equal to distance from the sheet.
the torque experienced by an electric dipole placed
(b) (i) Directed outwards.
perpendicular to a unit electric field.
(ii) Directed inwards.
86. (a) Using Gauss’s theorem prove that the electric
field at a point due to a uniformly charged infinite 87. (i) Use Gauss’s law to obtain an expression for the
plane sheet is independent of the distance from it. electric field due to an infinitely long thin straight
wire with uniform linear charge density.
(b) How is the field directed if (i) the sheet is positively
charged, (ii) negatively charged? (ii) An Infinitely long positively charged straight
wire has a linear charge density l . An electron
Ans : Comp 2019, OD 2004
is revolving in a circle with a constant speed v
(a) Consider an infinite plane sheet of charge. Let s
such that the wire passes through the centre
be the uniform surface charge density, i.e., the
and is perpendicular to the plane of the circle.
charge per unit surface area. From symmetry, we
Find the kinetic energy of the electron in terms
find that the electric field must be perpendicular
to the plane of the sheet, and that the direction of of magnitudes of the charge and linear charge
" density l on the wire.
E on one side of the plane must be opposite of its
(iii) Draw a graph of kinetic energy as a function of
direction on the other side as shown in figure below.
In such a case, let us choose a Gaussian surface in linear charge density l .
the form of a cylinder with its axis perpendicular Ans : OD 2023
to the sheet of charge, with ends of area A. The (i) Take a long thin wire of uniform linear charge
charged sheet passes through the middle of the densityl .
cylinder’s length, so that the cylinder’s ends are
equidistant from the sheet. The electric field has a
normal component at each end of the cylinder and
no normal component along the curved surface of
the cylinder. As a result, the electric flux is linked
with only the ends and not the curved surface.
Consider a point A at a perpendicular distance l from

the mid-point O of the wire. Let E be the electric
field at point A due to the wire XY. Consider a small
length element dx on the wire section with OZ = x .
Let q be charge on this piece.
q l.dx
Electric field due to the piece ;
dE = 1
4pe 0 (AZ) 2
Therefore, by the definition of electric flux, the AZ = l 2 + x2

flux linked with the Gaussian surface is given by ldx
dE =
f = EA + EA = 2EA ...(1) 4pe 0 (l 2 + x2)
But by Gauss’s law, The electric field is resolved into rectangular
components dE cos q and dE sin q when the whole
q
f = = sA ...(2) wire is considered the component dE sin q is cancelled.
e0 e0
From equations (1) and (2), we have Only the perpendicular component dE cos q
affects points.
Hence, effective electric field at point A due to element 88. (i) State and explain Superposition Principle.
dx is dE1, (ii) Find an expression for the total force acting on
a given charge due to a number of other charges,
dE1 = ldx cos x ...(1)
4pe 0 (x2 + l 2) when the source charges are point charges.
In DAZO , tan q = x Ans : Comp 2021, SQP 2005
l (i) Principle of Superposition : The resultant electric
x = l tan q ...(2) force at a point charge due to a number of
Differentiating equation (1), we obtain charges in its neighbourhood is the vector sum
of the electric forces produced by each charge
dx = l sec2 qd q individually in the absence of other charges.
dE1 = l cos q d q If a charge q1 experiences forces Fv12, Fv13 ..... Fv1n due
4pe 0 l to other charge q2 , q3 ..... respectively then the
p/2
l cos q dq = l total force Fv experienced by the charge q1 is given
E1 = # 4pe 0 l 2pe 0 l by,
- p/2
Fv = Fv12 + Fv13 + ..... + Fv1n
(ii) Infinitely long charged wire produces a radical
electric field
E = l ...(1)
2pe 0 l
The revolving electron experiences an electrostatic
force and provides necessary centripetal force.
(ii) Suppose we have many point charges q1 , q2 , q3 .....

2 at points P1 , P2 , P3 ..... in space, with position
eE = mv ...(2) vectors rv1 , rv2 , rv3 , ...... The total force Fv1 on charge
r
q1 is the vector sum of the individual forces that
el = mv2 each of the other charges q2 , q3 ..... exert on it.
2pe 0 r r
Therefore, using Coulomb’s law of electrostatics
mv2 = el q1 q2
2pe 0 Fv12 = 1
4pe 0 rv1 - rv2 3 ^ 1
rv - rv2h
Kinetic energy of the electron,
Similarly, force on charge q1 due to charge q2
K = 1 mv2 = el
2 4pe 0 q1 q3
Fv13 = 1
4pe 0 rv1 - rv3 3 ^ 1
rv - rv3h s
(iii)
q1 qn
Fv1n = 1
4pe 0 rv1 - rvn 3 ^ 1
rv - rvn h s`
Hence, total force on charge q1 due to all other

charges
F = Fv12 + Fv13 + ..... + Fv1n
v
R q2 q V
S v v 3 ^rv1 - rv2h + v 3 v 3 ^rv1 - rv3h W
q r - r2 r1 - r 3
= 1 S 1 W
4pe 0 S qn W
+ ..... + 3 ^r 1 - r n hW
SS v v
r1 - rn
v v W
T X
q1 i = n qi 2 p
v v 3^ 1
rv - rvi h
4pe 0 i/
= EP = ...(1)
= 1 r1 - ri 4pe 0 x3
89. (i) Define electric intensity. The direction of EP is along BP produced.
(ii) Derive an expression for electric intensity at a Clearly, EP \ 13
point situated on the axis of electric dipole. x
Ans : Delhi 2020
90. Define electric flux. State and prove Gauss theorem.
(i) Electric Field Intensity
Ans : Foreign 2015, Delhi 2012
The electric field intensity at any point due to source
charge is defined as the force experienced per unit Electric Flux
positive test charge placed at that point without Electric flux linked with any surface is defined as the
disturbing the source charge. total number of electric field lines that normally pass
It is expressed as, through that surface.
Electric flux df through a small area element dS due
E =F "
q0 to an electric field E at an angle q with dS is,
Where, E = electric field intensity and df = E $ dS
and F = force experienced by the test charge q0 = E dS cos q
It is a vector quantity and its SI unit is NC-1 . Which is proportional to the number of field lines
(ii) Electric Field Intensity a Point Situated on the cutting the area element. Total electric flux f over
Axis of Electric Dipole the whole surface S due to an electric field E ,
We have to calculate the field intensity E at a point f = # E $ dS
P on the axial line of the dipole and at a distance OP S
= x from the centre O of the dipole. = # E dS cos q
S
Electric flux is a scalar quantity. But it is a property

of vector field.
SI unit of electric flux is N-m2 C-1 .
Gauss’ Theorem
The surface integral of the electric field intensity over
any closed surface (called Gaussian surface) in free
Electric field on axial line of an electric dipole. space is equal to e1 times the net charge enclosed
0
Resultant electric field intensity at the point P , within the surface.

" " " n
EP = EA + E B q
fE = # E $ dS = 1 / qi =
" " e0 i =1 e0
The vectors E A and E B are collinear and opposite. S
n
EP = EB - EA where, fE = / qi is the algebraic sum of all the
i=1
Here,
"
EA = 1 $ q charges inside the closed surface.
4pe 0 (x + l) 2
Hence, total electric flux over a closed surface in
" 1 $ q vacuum is e1 times to total charge within the surface,
and EB =
4pe 0 (x - 1) 2
0
regardless of how the charges may be distributed.

1 q q
4pe 0 ;(x - l) 2 (x + l) 2 E
Hence, EP = - Proof of Gauss’ Theorem
Electric flux through a surface element dS is given by,
= 1 $ 4qlx
q
4pe 0 (x2 - l2) 2 df E = E $ dS = 1 $ 2 rt $ (dS nt)
4pe 0 r
Hence, EP = 1 $ 2px
4pe 0 (x2 - l2) 2 1 $ q dS rt $ nt
df E =
[Since, p = q # 2l ] 4pe 0 r2
2px Here, rt $ nt = 1.1 cos 0c = 1
EP = 1 $ 2 2 2
"
In vector from,
pe 0 (x - l ) 1 $ q dS
So, df E =
4pe 0 r2
If dipole is short, i.e., 2l << x , then
" 1 q
E1 = (along B to P ) ....(1)
4pe 0 r2 + l2
q
E2 = 1
"
(along P to A) ...(2)
4pe 0 r2 + l2
" "
Clearly E1 and E 2 are equal in magnitude, i.e.,
" "
E1 = E 2 or E1 = E2
" "
To find the resultant of E1 and E 2 we resolve them
Total electric flux through the spherical surface, into rectangular components.
"
q Components of E1 parallel to AB = E1 cos q , in the
f E = # df E = 1 $ 2 # dS
4pe 0 r direction of BA
$
S S
1 $ q $ 4pr2 = q
"
= Component of E1 perpendicular to AB = E1 sin q along
4pe 0 r2 e0 "
OP component of E 2 parallel to AB = E2 cos qJ in
q
fE = $
the direction BA .
e0
"
91. Derive an expression for the electric field intensity at Component of E2 perpendicular on AB = E2 sin q
a point on the equatorial line of an electric dipole of along PO .
" " "
dipole moment p and length 2l . What is the direction Clearly, components of E1 and E2 perpendicular to
of this field? AB : E1 sin q and E2 sin q being equal and opposite
"
Ans : OD 2019 cancel each other, while the components of E1 and
Consider an electric dipole AB . The charges - q and "
E2 parallel to AB : E1 cos q and E2 cos q, being in the
- q of dipole are situated at A and B respectively same direction add up and give the resultant electric
as shown in the figure. The separation between the $
field whose direction is parallel to BA .
charges is 2l .
Hence resultant electric field at p is
Electric dipole moment, p = q $ 2l
The direction of dipole moment is from - q to + q . E = E1 cos q + E2 cos q
At a point of equatorial line. Consider a point P on 1 q
But E1 = E2 =
broad side on the position of dipole formed of charges 4pe 0 ^r2 + l2h
+ q and - q at separation 2l . The distance of point P From the figure,
"
from mid point O of electric dipole is r . Let E1 and
cos q = OB = l = 2 l 2 1/2
^r + l h
"
E 2 be the electric field strengths due to charges + q PB r2 + l2
and - q of electric dipole. E = 2E1 cos q
q l
= 2# 1
4pe 0 ^r2 + l2h ^r2 + l2h1/2
2ql
= 1
4pe 0 ^r2 + l2h3/2
But, q $ 21 = p = electric dipole moment
1 p
E = ...(3)
4pe 0 ^r2 + l2h3/2
If dipole is infinitesimal and point P is far away, we
have l 11 r, so l2 may be neglected as compared to
r2 and so equation (3) gives
p p
E = 1 = 1
4pe 0 ^r2h3/2 4pe 0 r3
i.e., electric field strength due to a short dipole at bro-
aside on position
p
From figure, AP = BP = r2 + l2 E = 1 , ...(4)
4pe 0 r3
$
in the direction parallel to BA .
Its direction is parallel to the axis of dipole from
positive to negative charge.
92. Using Gauss’s theorem to obtain the expression for the
electric field intensity at a point due to an infinitely
long, thin, uniformly charged straight wire. Plot a
graph showing the variation of electric field E with r .
Ans : OD 2013, Comp 2008
Consider an infinitely long, thin wire charged

positively and having uniform linear charge density
l . Symmetry of the charge distribution shows that
"
E must be perpendicular to the line charge and 93. A charge is distributed uniformly over a ring of radius
directed onwards. As a result of this symmetry, we a . Obtain an expression for the electric intensity E at
consider a Gaussian surface in the form of a cylinder a point on the axis of the ring. Hence show that for
with arbitrary radius r and arbitrary length L with points at large distances from the ring, it behaves like
its ends perpendicular to the wire as shown in figure a point charge.
below. Ans : Foreign 2018
Consider a point P on the axis of uniformly charged

ring at a distance x from its centre O . Point P is at
distance r = R2 + x2 from each element dl of rings.
If q is total charge on ring, then, charge per metre
length,
q
l =
2pR
The ring may be supposed to be formed of a large
number of ring elements.
"
For the cylindrical part of this Gaussian surface, E
is constant in magnitude and perpendicular to the
surface at each point. Furthermore, the flux through
"
the ends of the Gaussian cylinder is zero, since E
is parallel to these surface, i.e., there is no normal
component of electric field at these faces. Therefore,
by the definition of electric flux, we have
f = E#A ...(1)
where A is the curved surface area of the cylinder
Consider an element of length dl situated at A.
or f = E # 2prL ...(2)
The charge on element, dq = ldl
By Gauss’s law, the electric flux is given by
Hence the electric field at P due to this element
q
f = = lL ...(3) dq
e0 e0 dE1 = 1
4pe 0 r2
From equations (2) and (3) we have
1 ldl , along PC
$
E # 2prL = lL ...(4) =
4pe 0 r2
e0
l The electric field strength due to opposite symmetrical
or E = = 2K l ...(5) element of length dl at B is
2pe 0 r r
dg
This is the expression for the electric field due to an dE 2 = 1
"
infinitely long thin wire. 4pe 0 r2

The graph is shown as :
= 1 ldl , along PD
$
4pe 0 r2
$ $
If we resolve dE1 and dE2 along the axis and
perpendicular on axis, we note that the components
perpendicular to axis are oppositely directed and so
get cancelled, while those along the axis are added up.
Hence, due to symmetry of the ring, the electric field
strength is directed along the axis.
The electric field strength due to charge element of "
By symmetry, E has same magnitude at all points
length dl , situated at A, along the axis will be " $
on S. Also, E and dS at any point on S are directed
dE = dE1 cos q $
radially outward. Hence, flux through area dS is
= 1 ldl cos q
4pe 0 r2
" "
df E = E.dS = EdS cos 0c = EdS
But cos q = x Net flux through closed surface S is,
r
" $
dE = 1 ldlx fE = # E. dSs = # EdS =E # dS
4pe 0 r3 S S S
= 1 2x dl = E # total surface area of S

4pe 0 r3
= E # 4pr2 ...(1)
The resultant electric field along the axis will obtained
Using Gauss’s theorem,
by adding fields due to all elements of the ring, i.e.,
From Eq. (1), we get,
E = # 1 lx3 dl q
4pe 0 r fE =
e0
1 lx dl
4pe 0 r3 #
= q
E # 4p r 2 =
e0
But, # dl = whole length of ring = 2pR
q
and r ^R2 + x2h2/2 E = 1 . 2
4pe 0 r
Hence, E = 1 lx 2pR The force on the point charge q0 if placed on surface
4pe 0 ^R2 + x2h3/2 S will be,
q qq0
As, l = we have F = q0 E = 1
2pR 4pe 0 r2
q
1 a 2pR k x This proves the Coulomb’s law.
E = 2pR
4pe 0 ^R2 + x2h3/2 95. (i) State Gauss theorem.
qx
(ii) Apply this to obtain the expression for the electric
= 1 along the axis
4pe 0 ^R2 + x2h3/2 field intensity at a point due to an infinitely long,
thin, uniformly charged straight wire.
At large distance, i.e., x 22 R ,
Ans : Delhi 2009
q
E = 1 (i) Gauss’ Theorem
4pe 0 x2
The surface integral of the electric field intensity over
i.e., the electric field due to a point charge at a
any closed surface (called Gaussian surface) in free
distance x .
space is equal to 1/e 0 times the net charge enclosed
For points on the axis at distances much larger than within the surface.
the radius of ring, the ring behaves like a point charge. n
q
fE = # E.dS = 1 / qi =
94. Deduce Coulomb’s law from Gauss law. e0 i =1 e0
S
n
Ans : OD 2017, SQP 2003
where, q = / qi is the algebraic sum of all the
As shown in figure consider an isolated positive point i=1
charge q. We select a spherical surface S of radius r charges inside the closed surface.
centred at charge q as the Gaussian surface. Hence, total electric flux over a closed surface in
vacuum is e1 times the total charge within the surface,
0
regardless of how the charges may be distributed.

(ii) Electric Field Intensity Due to an Infinity Long Ans : SQP 2013, Comp 2011
Thin Straight Charged Wire (i) Electric Dipole Moment

Consider an infinitely long with straight wire with The strength of an electric dipole is measured by the
uniform linear charge density l . quantity electric dipole moment. Its magnitude is
equal to the product of the magnitude of either charge
and the distance between the two charges.
Electric dipole moment,
p = q#d
It is a vector quantity.
In vector form it is written as p = qv # dv , where the
direction of dv is from negative charge to positive
charge.
(ii) Electric field of dipole at points on the equatorial
plane
From symmetry, the electric field is everywhere

radial in the plane cutting the wire normally and its
magnitude only depends on the radial distance r .
From Gauss’ law,
q
f E = # E.dS =
e0
S
Now, fE = # E.dS = # E.nt dS

S S
= # E.nt dS + # E.nt dS + # E.nt dS

A B C
Hence, # E.dS = # E dS cos 90c + # E dS cos 90c

S A B
+ # E dS cos 0c
C
= # E dS = E (2prl)
C
Charge enclosed in the cylinder,

The magnitudes of the electric field due to the two
q = ll
charges + q and - q are given by,
Hence, E (2prl) = ll q
e0 E+q = $ 1 ...(1)
4pe 0 r2 + a2
or E = l
q
2pe 0 r E-q = $ 1 ...(2)
4pe 0 r2 + a2
Vectorially, E = l rt Hence, E+q = E-q
2pe 0 r
The direction of the electric field is radially outward The direction of E+q and E-q are as shown in the
from the positive line charge. For negative line charge, figure.
it will be radially inward. The components normal to the dipole axis cancel
Thus, electric field E due to the linear charge is away.
inversely proportional to the distance r from the The components along the dipole axis add up.
linear charge. Hence, Total electric field,
96. (i) Define electric dipole moment. Is it a scalar or a E = - (E+q - E-q) cos qpt
vector?
[Negative sign shows that field is opposite to pt ]
(ii) Derive the expression for the electric field of a
dipole at a point on the equatorial plane of the 2qa
E = pt ...(3)
dipole. 4pe 0 (r2 + a2) 3/2
At large distances (r >> a), this reduces to According to Gauss’s theorem.

2qa t Total electric flux
E = p ...(4)
4pe 0 r3
= 1 # (total charge enclosed by the surface)
Since, pv = q # 2apvt e0
- pv i.e., 2Ea = 1 (sa)
Hence, E = (r >> a) e0
4pe 0 r3
Using Gauss’s law, prove that the electric field at a Hence, E = s
97. 2e 0
point due to a uniformly charged infinite plane sheet Thus, electric field strength due to an infinite flat
is independent of the distance from it. sheet of charge is independent of the distance of the
Ans : Foreign 2016 point and is directed normally away from the charge.
Let electric charge be uniformly distributed over If the surface charge density s is negative the electric
the surface of a thin, non-conducting infinite sheet. field is directed towards the surface charge.
Let the surface charge density (i.e., charge per unit
98. (i) Define electric flux. Write its SI unit.
surface area) be s . We need to calculate the electric
(ii) A small metal sphere carrying charge +Q is
field strength at any point distance r form the sheet
located at the centre of a spherical cavity inside
of charge.
a large uncharged metallic spherical shell as
shown in the figure. Use Gauss’s law to find the
expressions for the electric field at points P1 and
P2 .
To calculate the electric field strength near the

sheet, we now consider a cylindrical Gaussian surface
bounded by two plane faces A and B lying on the (iii) Draw the pattern of electric field lines in this
opposite sides and parallel to the charged sheet and arrangement.
the cylindrical surface perpendicular to the sheet
Ans : Delhi 2019, SQP 2011
(fig). By symmetry the electric field strength at every
(i) Electric Flux over an area in an electric field
point on the flat surface is the same and its direction
represents the total number of electric field lines
is normal outwards at the points on the two plane
crossing this area and is given by the product of
surfaces and parallel to the curved surface, dSv1 surface area and the component of electric field
Total electric flux, intensity normal to the area.
# Ev $ dSv = # Ev $ dSv + # Ev $ dSv + # Ev $ dSv
1 2 3 The SI unit of flux is NM2 C-2 .
S S1 S2 S3
(iii) Let point P1 is at distance R from the centre O .
or #S Ev $ dSv = #S EdS1 cos 0c + #S EdS2 cos 0c
1 2
S1 is the Gaussian surface, then according to
Gauss’s theorem
+ # EdS3 cos 90c
t = q
" $ "
S3
#S E. dS = #S E.nds e0
= E # dS1 + E # dS2
q q
= Ea + Ea = 2Ea or E # dS = =
S e0 4pe 0 R2
Hence, Total electric flux = 2Ea .
:As #S dS = 4pr D
2
As s is charge per unit area of sheet and a is the

intersecting area, the charge enclosed by Gaussian Inside the shell the charge is zero, so the field is
surface = sa . also zero.
(iii) The direction of electric field is shown in following # = E0 dS cos 0

figure.
= E0 $ 4pr2
Now, Gaussian surface is outside the given charged
shell, so charge enclosed by Gaussian surface is Q .
Hence, by Gauss’s theorem
" $
#S = E 0 $ dS
= 1 # charged enclosed
e0
Q
E0 4pr2 = 1 # Q E0 = 1
e0 4pe 0 r2
Thus, electric field outside a charged thin
spherical shell is the same as if the whole charge
99. (i) Using Gauss Theorem show mathematically that Q is concentrated at the centre.
for any point outside the shell, the field due to a If s is the surface charge density of the spherical
uniformly charged spherical shell is same as the shell, then
entire charge on the shell a concentrated at the
Q = 4pR2 s coulomb
centre.
(ii) Why do you expect the electric field inside the E0 = 1 4pR2 s
shell to be zero according to this theorem? 4pe 0 r2
2
or = R s2
Using Gauss’s law obtain the expression for the e0r
electric field due to a uniformly charged thin (ii) Electric field inside the shell (hollow charged
spherical shell of radius R at a point outside conducting sphere) The charge resides on the
the shell. Draw a graph showing the variation of surface of a conductor. Thus a hollow charged
electric field with r , for r 2 R and r 1 R . conductor is equivalent to a charged spherical
shell. To find the electric field inside the shell,
Ans : Comp 2019
we consider a spherical Gaussian surface of radius
(i) Electric field intensity at a point outside a
^r 1 Rh, concentric with the given shell. If E is
"
uniformly charged thin spherical shell : Consider a
uniformly charged thin spherical shell of radius R the electric field inside the shell, then by symmetry
carrying charge Q . To find the electric field outside electric field strength has the same magnitude Ei
the shell, we consider a spherical Gaussian surface on the Gaussian surface and is directed radially
outward. Also the directions of normal at each
of radius ^r 2 Rh , concentric with given shell. If E
"
"
is electric field outside the shell, then by symmetry point is radially outward, so angle between Ei
$
electric field strength has same magnitude E0 and dS is zero at each point. Hence, electric flux
on the Gaussian surface and is directed radially through Gaussian surface
outward. Also the directions of normal at each " $
" #S Ei $ dS = # Ei dS cos 0
point is radially outward, so angle between E 1
= Ei $ 4pr2
$
and dS is zero at each point. Hence, electric flux
" $
through Gaussian surface #S = E 0 $ dS
Now, Gaussian surface is inside the given charged " "

Therefore, the flux f = E $3 S is separately zero and
shell, so charged shell, so enclosed by Gaussian for each face of the cube except the two shaded ones.
surface is zero. Hence, by Gauss’s theorem
Now the magnitude of the electric field at the left face is
#S Ei $ dS = e10 # charge enclosed
" $
EL = ax = a ^0.1h = 0.1a
Ei 4pr2 = 1 # 0 (as x = 0.1 at left face)

e0
The magnitude of electric field at the right face is
Ei = 0
ER = ax = a ^2 # 0.1h = 0.2a
Thus, electric field at each point inside a charged
The corresponding flux are
thin and spherical shell in zero. The graph is
" "
shown in figure. f L = EL $3 S
" "
= 3 S E1 $ nL
= EL 3 S cos Q (as q = 180c)
= - EL 3 S = - E1 â2h
= - E2 ^0.1h2
Similarly f R for q = 0c
100. The electric field components due to a charge inside f R = ER â2h = ER ^0.1h2
the cube of side 0.1 m are as shown : So, net flux through the cube
= fR + fL
= ER ^0.1h2 - EL ^0.1h2
= ^0.1h2 60.2a - 0.1a@
= 0.01 # 0.1 # a
= 0.001 # 500
= 0.5 Nm2 C-1
101. (i) An electric dipole of dipole moment p consists of
point charges + q and - q separated by a distance
2a apart. Deduce the expression for the electric
Ex = ax , where a = 500 N/C-m
field E due to the dipole at a distance x from the
Ey = 0, Ez = 0 centre of the dipole on the axial line in terms of the
Calculate (i) the flux through the cube and (ii) the dipole moment p . Hence, show that in the limit
charge inside the cube. 2p
x 22 a, E =
^ 0x h
3
Ans : OD 2018, Comp 2006 4 pe
(i) Since the electric field has only an x - component (ii) Given the electric field in the region E = 2xi ,
for face perpendicular to x direction. find the net electric flux through the cube and the
" " charge enclosed by it.
The angle between E and 3 S is !p/2
Ans : OD 2015
face is
(i) Electric field on an axial line of an electric dipole.
El = 0 (as, x = 0 at the left face)
The magnitude of the electric field at the right face is
ER = 3a (as, x = 0 at the right face)
The corresponding fluxes are
Let P be at distance r from the centre of the dipole "
f L = EL $3 S = 0
"
on the side of charge - q . " "

Then, the electric field at point P due to charge - q f R = ER $3 S
of the dipole is given by = ER 3 S cos q
q
E-q = pt = ER 3 S ]a q = 0cg
4pe 0 ^r + a h2
2
where, pt is the unit vector along the dipole axis (from f R = ER a
- q to q ) Net flux ^fh through the cube
Also, the electric field at point P due to charge + q of = fL + fR
the dipole is given by
= 0 + ER a 2 = ER a 2
q
E+q = pt
4pe 0 ^r - a h2 q = 2a â h2 = 2a3
The total field at point P is We can use Gauss’s law to find the total charge q
E = E+q + E-q inside the cube.
q 1 1 q
f =
4pe 0 =^r - a h2 ^r + a h2 G
= + pt e0
q = 2a3 /e 0
E = $ 4ar pt
4pe 0 ^r2 - a2h2
102. (i) Derive an expression for the electric field E due
Since r =x (given) to a dipole of length 2a at a point distance r from
q the centre of the dipole on the axial line.
E = $ 4ax pt
4pe 0 ^x2 - a2h2 (ii) Draw a graph of E versus r for r 22 a .
for x 22 a , Ans : Delhi 2017, OD 2007
4qa t (i) Expression for the electric field

E = p
4pe 0 x3 Electric field at an axial point of a electric dipole. As
2p shown in figure, consider an electric dipole consisting
E =
4pe 0 x3 of charges + q and - q separated by distance 2a and
(ii) placed in vacuum.
Let P be a point on the axial line at distance r
from the centre O of the dipole on the side of the
charge + q .
" -q
E-q = pt (towards left)
4pe 0 ^r + a h2
Since, the electrical field has only a component, for where pt is a unit vector along the dipole axis from
faces normal to x - direction, the angle between E - q to + q . Electric field due to charge + q at point
and 3 S is ! p . p is
2 " q
Therefore, the flux is separately zero for each of the E +q = pt (towards right)
4pe 0 ^r - a h2
cube. The magnitude of the electric field at the left
Hence, the resultant electric field at point p is " "

" " " On the right face, 3 E and 3 S are parallel, so
E axial = E +q + E-q
" " "
q 1 1 f R = E $3 S Ex it $3 S
4pe 0 =^r - a h2 ^r + a h2 G
= - pt
= Ex 3 S
q
= $ 4ar pt For any point on the side of the cylinder, E is
"
4pe 0 ^r2 - a2h2
" " "
perpendicular to 3 S , hence 3 E $3 S = 0 . So, the
"
E axial = 1 $ 4qar pt
4pe 0 ^r2 - a2h flux out of the side of the cylinder is zero.
So net outward flux
Here, p = q # 2a = dipole moment.
f = fL + fR
For r 22 a , a can be neglected compared to r2
2
2p = Ex $3 S + Ex $3 S
E axial = 1 $ 3 pt
+
Hence,
4pe 0 r = 2Ex 3 S
(ii)
Here, 3 S = pr 2
So, net outward flux = 2Ex pr2 = 2pEx r2
(ii) The net charge within the cylinder can be found
by using Gauss’s law which gives
q = e0f
= 2pe 0 Ex r2
NUMERICAL QUESTIONS
"
103. A uniform electric field E = Ex it N/C for x 2 0 and
"
E = - Ex it N/C for x 1 0 are given. A right circular 104. Consider two identical point charges located at points
cylinder of length l cm and radius r cm has its centre (0, 0) and â, 0h .
at the origin and its axis along the x -axis. Find out (i) Is there a point on the line joining them at which
the net outward flux. Using Gauss’s law write the the electric field is zero.
expression for the net charge within the cylinder. (ii) Is there a point on the line joining them at which
Ans : SQP 2013 the electric potential is zero?
Justify your answer for each case.
Ans : Delhi 2023
If at a point electric field due to two charges are equal

and opposite, then electric field at that point is zero.
The ends of cylinder are at - 12 and 12 - as clearly seen

from figure.
" "
We can see from figure, on the left face E and 3 S are
Now, here both charges are equal or identical, then
parallel. Therefore outward flux is
magnitude of the electric field at the mid-point of the
" " "
f L = E $3 S = - Ex it $3 S line joining the charges is the same but opposite.
= + Ex 3 S So, they will cancel out each other and the net electric
field is zero.
"
(since it $3 s = -3 s )
105. Find the electric dipole moment electron and a proton 109. The dielectric constant of water is 80. What is its
which distance is 4.3 nm apart. permittivity?
Ans : Delhi 2015 Ans : SQP 2013
Charge, q = 1.6 # 10-19 Given, K = 80

d = 4.3 # 10-9 cm We have, K = em
e0
Dipole moment, p = q#d
Hence, e m = Ke 0
= 1.6 # 10-19 # 4.3 # 10-9
[Since, e 0 = 8.85 # 10-12 C2 N-1 m-2 ]
-28
= 6.8 # 10 C-m
= 80 # 8.85 # 10-12
4
106. An infinite line charge produces a field of 9 # 10 N/C
= 708 # 10-12
at a distance of 2 cm . Calculate the linear charge
density. = 7.08 # 10-10 C2 N-1 m-2
Ans : SQP 2008
110. A metal sphere has a charge of - 6 mC . When 5 # 1012
4
Electric Field, E = 9 # 10 N/C electrons are removed from the sphere, what would be
net charge on it?
r = 2 cm = 2 # 10-2 m
Ans : Delhi 2015
and l =?
Here, q1 = - 6 mC
As we know that,
and, q2 = ne = 5 # 1012 # (1.6 # 10-19)
E = l
2pe 0 r = 8.0 # 10-7 C = 0.8 # 10-6 C
l = 2pe 0 rE = 0.8 mC
= 1 -2 4
# 2 # 10 # 9 # 10 111. An infinite number of charges each equal to q are
2 # 9 # 109
placed along X-axis at x = 1, x = 2 , x = 4 , x = 8 and
= 10-7 Cm-1
so on. Find the electric field at the point x = 0 due to
107. What is the total charge of a system containing five this set up of charges.
charges + 1, + 2, - 3, + 4 and - 5 in some arbitrary Ans : Foreign 2016
unit? At the point x = 0 , the electric field due to all the
Ans : Comp 2018, SQP 2009 charges are in the same negative x - direction and
As charges are additive in nature, i.e. the total charge hence get added up, i.e.
of a system is the algebraic sum of all the individual q q q q
E = 1 : 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + ...D
charges located at different points inside the system, 4pe 0 1 2 4 8
i.e. q
1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + ...D
4pe 0 :
=
q net = q1 + q2 + q3 + q 4 + q5 4 16 64
q 1 q
Hence, Total charge = + 1 + 2 - 3 + 4 - 5 = =
4pe 0 [1 - 14 ] 3pe 0
= - 1 in the same unit This electric field is along negative X-axis.
108. How many electrons are there in one coulomb of 112. Calculate the amount of work done in turning an
negative charge? electric dipole of dipole moment 3 # 10-8 cm from
Ans : OD 2019 its position of unstable equilibrium to the position
The negative charge is due to the presence of of stable equilibrium in a uniform electric field of
excess electrons. Because an electron has a charge intensity 103 N/C.
whose magnitude is e = 1.6 # 10-19 C , the number Ans : Delhi 2010
" "
of electrons is equal to the charge q divided by the For unstable equilibrium, the angle between p and E
charge e on each electron. is q 1 = 180c
Therefore, the number of electrons is Finally, for stable equilibrium, q 2 = 0c
q 1.0 Required work done
n = =
e 1.6 # 10-19
W = pE ^cos q 1 - cos q 2h
= 6.25 # 1018 electrons
= 3 # 10-8 # 103 ^cos 180c - cos 0ch Fair = K

FMedium
6sin ce cos 180c = - 1, cos 0c = + 1@ 8 = 80
W = - 6 # 10-5 J Fwater
113. A charge q = 1 mC is placed at point (1 m, 2 m, 4 m). Fwater = 8 = 1 N
80 10
Find the electric field at point P (0 m, - 4 m, 3 m).
Ans : OD 2011
116. Two charges of + 25 # 10-9 C and - 25 # 10-9 C are
Here, rq = i + 2j + 4k
t t t
placed 6 m apart. Find the electric field at a point
and rp = - 4tj + 3kt 4 m from the centre of the electric dipole
1. On axial line
Hence, rp - rq = - it - 6tj - kt
2. On equatorial line.
rp - rq = (- 1) 2 + (- 6) 2 + (- 1) 2 Ans : OD 2019
= 38 m Given, q = 25 # 10-9 C
1 $ q 2r = 6 m , r = 4 m
Now, Electric field, E = (r - r )
4pe 0 rp - rq 3 p q
p = q (2r) = 25 # 10-9 # 6
Substituting the values, we get
= 1.5 # 10-7 C - m
(9.0 # 109) (1.0 # 10-6)
E = (- it - 6tj - kt)
(38) 3/2 Now, Eaxial = 1 $ 2pr
4pe 0 (r2 - a2) 2
= (- 38.42it - 230.52tj - 38.42kt) N/C 9
= 9 # 10 # 2 # 1.5 # 10-7 # 4
114. What is the electric dipole moment of an electric dipole (4 - 32) 2
2
made up of two opposite charges having magnitude = 2700 # 4 = 220.4 NC-1

+ 3.2 # 10-19 C and - 3.2 # 10-19 C separates by a 49
distance 2.4 # 10-10 m ? p
Hence, E = 1 $ 2
Ans : Foreign 2013, OD 2005 4pe 0 (r + a2) 3/2
Magnitude of charge, q = 3.2 # 10-19 C 9
= 9 # 10 2# 1.253# 10-7 = 1350
(4 + 3 ) /2 125
Length of dipole, 2l = 2.4 # 10-10 m
We know that, = 10.8 N - C-1
Electric dipole moment, 117. Two charges q1 and q2 of 0.1 mC and - 0.1 mC
p = q # 2l c apart. What is the electric field
respectively are 10 A
at a point on the line joining them at a distance of
= 3.2 # 10-19 # 2.4 # 10-10
10 cm from their mid-point?
= 7.68 # 10-29 C -m Ans : Comp 2006, SQP 2015
115. Two point charges having equal charges separated by Here, q1 = q2 = q = 0.1 mmC
1 m distance experience a force of 8 N . What will be
= 10-13 C [in magnitude]
the force experienced by them, if they are held in
Length of the electric dipole formed by these charges,
water, at the same distance? (Given: K water = 80 )
Ans : Delhi 2018 2a = 10-10 m = 10-9 m
Two point charges system is taken from air to water Thus, electric dipole moment,
keeping other variables (e.g. distance, magnitude of p = 2aq = 10-13 # 10-9
charge) unchanged. So, the only factor which may
= 10-22 C - m
affect the interacting force is dielectric constant of
medium. Distance of the point under consideration on the axial
line from the mid-point,
Force acting between two point charges.
q1 q2 r = 10 cm = 0.1 m
F = 1
4pe 0 K r2 Since, a << r , electric field at a point on the axial line,
2p
or F ? 1 E = kc 3
r
K
-22
(9 # 109) (6.5 # 10-7) # (6.5 # 10-7)
= (9 # 109) 2 # 103 = #
(0.1) 80 (0.5) 2
= 18 # 10-10 N/C = 1.9 # 10-4 N
118. A sphere of lead of mass 10 g has net charge 120. The opposite corners of a square carry Q charge each
- 2.5 # 10-9 C . and the other two opposite corners of the same square
(i) Find the number of excess electrons on the sphere. carry q charge each. If the resultant force on q is zero,
(ii) How many excess electrons are per lead atom? how are Q and q related?
Atomic number of lead is 82 and its atomic mass Ans : SQP 2010
is 207 g/mol . Let each side of square be x .
Ans : Foreign 2020
Diagonal = x2 + x2 = x 2
(i) The charge of an electron
Qq
= - 1.6 # 10-19 C F1 = F2 =
4pe 0 x2
Net charge on sphere = - 2.5 # 10-9 C qq q2
and F3 = =
So, the number of excess electrons 4pe 0 (x 2 ) 2 2 # 4pe 0 x2
-9
As, F1 and F2 are perpendicular to each other, their
= - 2.5 # 10-19 C
- 1.6 # 10 C resultant force.
= 1.5 # 1010 electrons F = F 12 + F 22 = F 12 + F 12
(ii) Atomic number of lead is 82. F = F1 2
Atomic mass of lead is 207 g/mol .
As, net force on q is zero. Therefore,
Hence, 10 g of lead will have
10 g F1 2 = - F3
23
# 6.02 # 10 atoms/mol
207 g/mol Qq 2 - q2
2 =
= 2.91 # 1022 atoms 4pe 0 x 2 # 4pe 0 x2
Hence, the number of excess electrons per atom q =- 2 2 Q
10
= 1.56 # 10 22 121. In the given figure, if net force on Q is zero then find
2.91 # 10 Q
the value of .
= 5.36 # 10-13 electrons q
119. Two insulated charged copper spheres A and B

each having charge of 6.5 # 10-7 C are separated
by a distance 50 cm. If they are placed in water of
dielectric constant 80, then find the electrostatic force
of repulsion between them.
Ans : OD 2005, Comp 2014
Charge on sphere A, q1 = 6.5 # 10-7 C

Charge on sphere B , q2 = 6.5 # 10-7 C
Ans :
Distance between the charges, r = 50 cm
According to the question,
= 0.5 m
Dielectric constant, Km = 80
Electrostatic force of repulsion (due to similar
charges), between two spheres when they are placed
in a dielectric medium,
qq
F = k : 122
Km r
where, k = Electrostatic force constant
= 9 # 109 N-m2-C-2 .
In TABC , According to Pythagorean theorem, Ans : OD 2014

-2
AC 2 = AB 2 + BC 2 Given, length 2a = 4 cm = 4 # 10 m
AC = a2 + a2 = 2a Angle, q = 60c
Resultant force, FR = F 12 + F 22 ...(1) Torque, t = 4 3 Nm
According to coulomb’s law, Charge, Q = 8 # 10-9 C

KQq Electric field,
F1 = 2
a t
E =
KQq Q ^2a h sin q
Similarly, F2 = 2
a 4 3
= N/C
KQQ KQ2 8 # 10-9 # 4 # 10-2 # sin 600
F3 = =
( 2 a) 2
2a2 Potential energy,
From equation (1), C = - pE cos q = Q ^2a h E cos q
KQq 2 KQq 2
FR = c a2 m + c a2 m U = - 8 # 10-9 # 4 # 10-2
4 3 # cos 60c
KQq 2 KQq 2 #
= c a2 m (1 + 1) = 8 # 10 # 4 # 10-2 # sin 60c
-9
a2
Since, FR - F3 = 0 = - 4 3 J = - 4J
3
FR = F3
124. Two point charge A and B of charge + 4 mC and
KQq 2 KQ2 - 1 mC are placed in air at a distance 1 m apart. What
2 =
a 2a2 is the distance of the point from the charge B on the
Q line joining the charges, where the resultant electric
=2 2
q field is zero.
122. A particle of mass 10-3 kg and charge 5 mC enters into
a uniform electric field of 2 # 105 NC-1 , moving with Charge at A, q A = + 4 mC
a velocity of 20 ms-1 in a direction opposite to that of Charge at B , q B = - 1 mC
the field. Calculate the distance it would travel before Distance between the charges = 1 m .
coming to rest. If x is the distance between the point (where, resultant
Ans : Foreign 2012, OD 2002 electric field is zero) and charge B , then distance
Given, m = 10-3 kg, q = 5 # 10-6 C , between this point and charge.
E = 2 # 105 N/C, A = 1+x
u = 20 m/s, v = 0 Electric field at this point due to charge A,

q 4
As it enters opposite to the field, so particle will E1 = k : A2 = k :
r1 (1 + x) 2
retard.
qE = 4k
Acceleration, a = (1 + x) 2
m
-6
2 # 105 = 102 m/s2
Similarly, electric field at this point due to charge B,
= 5 # 10 # q (- 1)
E2 = k : B2 = k : 2 = - k2
-3
10
r2 x x
Using v2 = u2 - 2as , we get
Since the resultant electric field is zero. Therefore,
0 = ^20h2 - 2 # 1000 # s
0 = 4k 2 - k2
or s = 400 = 1 = 0.2 m (1 + x) x
2000 5 1 = 4
x2 (1 + x) 2
123. An electric dipole of length 4 cm when placed with its
axis making an angle of 60c with a uniform electric 1 = 2
x 1+x
field, experiences a torque of 4 3 Nm. Calculate the
potential energy of the dipole if it has charge ! 8 nC. 2x = 1 + x = 1 m
125. An electric dipole as held in a uniform electric field.

(i) Show that the net force acting on it is zero.
(ii) The dipole is aligned parallel to the field. Find
the work done in rotating it through the angle of
180c.
Ans : Delhi 2018
(i) The dipole moment of dipole is

p = q # ^2a h
"
"
Force on - q at A = - qE (i) Find the electric flux through the shell.
" (ii) State the law used.
Force on + q at B = + qE
" "
(iii) Find the force on the charges at the centre C of
Net force on the dipole = qE - qE = 0 the shell and at the point A.
(ii) Work done on dipole Ans : Foreign 2016
W =3 U (i) Electric flux through a Gaussian surface,

Total enclosed ch arg e
= pE ^cos q 2 - cos q 2h f =
e0
= pE ^cos 0c - cos 180ch = 2pE Q 3Q
Total enclosed charge = Q + =
2 2
126. An electric dipole consists of two opposite charges
each of 10-4 C separated by 0.5 cm. If dipole is placed Hence electric flux through the shell
in an external uniform field of 106 N-C-1 , how much 3Q
f =
work is done in rotating the dipole through 180c, 2e 0
(starting from the position q = 0c)? (ii) Gauss’s Law : Electric flux through a Gaussian
surface is 1 times the net charge enclosed within
Ans : Delhi 2019 e0
it.
Magnitude of each charge on dipole,
Mathematically,
q = 10-4 C
= 1 #q
" $
Distance between the charge, # E $ dS
o
e0
2a = 0.5 cm = 0.5 # 10-2 m (iii) Electric field or net charge inside the spherical
Electric field, E = 106 N-C-1 conducting shell is zero. Hence, the force on
Q
Initial angle of dipole with electric field, q 1 = 0c. charge is zero.
2
and final angle of dipole with electric field, q 2 = 180c. Force on charge at A,
Electric dipole moment, Q
2Q # bQ + l
p = q # 2a 1 2
FA =
4pe 0 x 2
= 10-4 # (0.5 # 10-2) 2

= 1 3Q
= 0.5 # 10-6 C-m 4pe 0 x 2
Therefore, work done in rotating the electric dipole in 128. (i) Can two equipotential surfaces intersect each
uniform electric field, other? Give reasons.
W = pE (cos q 1 - cos q 2) (ii) Two charges - q and + q are located at points
A ^0, 0, - a h and B ^0, 0, + a h respectively. How
= (0.5 # 10-6) # 106 # (cos 0c - cos 180c)
much work is done in moving a test charge from
= 0.5 # [1 - (- 1)] = 1 point P ^7, 0, 0h to Q ^- 3, 0, 0h ?
Ans : Comp 2007, Foreign 2010
127. A thin metallic spherical shell of radium R carries a
charge Q on its surface. A point charge Q2 is placed (i) No, if two equipotential surfaces (as these are
at the centres C and other charge + 2Q is placed normal to electric field) intersect each other,
then at the point of intersection there will be two
outside the shell at A at a distance X from the centre
directions of electric field, which is impossible.
as shown in the figure.
Hence, two equipotential surfaces cannot intersect
each other.
(ii) Suppose W1 and W2 be the work done in moving a q = 1000 mC = 10-3 C

test charge q0 from P ^7, 0, 0h to Q ^- 3, 0, 0h in the Distance between the charges,
fields of + q ^0, 0, a h and - q ^0, 0, - a h respectively.
2a = 2 mm = 2 # 10-3 m
Angle of dipole with direction of electric field, q = 30c.
and Electric field, E = 8 # 105 N-C-1
We know that,
Dipole moment, p = q # 2a
= 10-3 # (2 # 10-3)
= 2 # 10-6 C-m
Therefore, torque acting on the dipole in uniform
$ electric field,
Here, BP = 7it + akt,
$
t = pE sin q
BQ = - 3it - akt
= (2 # 10-6) # (8 # 105) # sin 30c
$
AP = 7it - akt, = 0.8 N-m
$
AQ = - 3it - akt 130. Electric charge is uniformly distributed along a long
BP = 49 + a , 2 straight wire of radius 1 mm. The charge per cm
length of the wire is Q coulomb. A cylindrical surface
BQ = 9 + a2 of radius 50 cm and length 1 m symmetrically encloses
AP = 49 + a2 , the wire as shown in the figure. Find out the total
electric flux passing through the cylindrical surface?
AQ = 9 + a2
From the relation,
WAB = 1 $ q b 1 - 1 l
4pe 0 rB rA
1 $q 1 - 1
4pe 0 c BQ BP m
W1 =
= 1 $ qc 1 1
49 + a2 m
-
4pe 0 9 + a2
1 $ -q 1 - 1
4pe 0 ^ hc AQ AP m
and W2 =
-q 1 1
4pe 0 c 9 + a2 49 + a2 m
or W2 = -
Hence, Total work done,

W = W1 + W2 Ans : Comp 2009
q 1 1 Radius of wire, r = 1 mm
4pe 0 c
= -
9 + a2 49 + a2 Charge on the wire per cm length = Q .
1 1 Charge on 1 meter long wire
49 + a2 m
- +
9 + a2
= Q # 100 = 100Q coulomb
= 0 (zero)
Length of cylinder, l = 1 m = 100 cm
129. Two charges of ! 1000 mC are separated by 2 mm .
The dipole so formed is held at an angle of 30c with a and radius of cylinder,
uniform electric field of 8 # 105 N-C-1 . Find out the R = 50 cm
value of torque acting on the dipole? We know from the Gauss’s theorem that total electric
Ans : OD 2009 flux passing through the cylindrical surface,
Given, Ch arg e enclosed by the cylinder
f =
Magnitude of each charge on dipole, e0
Ch arg e on one metre length of wire R[(2 # 10-9) + (1 + 10-9) + V

= S W
e0 S(- 2 # 10-9) + (- 3 # 10-9)]W
100Q = kS W
= 0.707
e0 T X
= k # (- 2.83 # 10-9)
where e 0 = Absolute electric permittivity of free space
= (9 # 109) # (- 2.83 # 10-9)
131. A regular hexagon of side 10 cm has charge 5 mC at
each of its vertices. What is the resultant potential at = 25.5 V
the centre of the hexagon?
where, k = Electrostatic force constant
Ans : Delhi 2017
= 9 # 109 N-m2-C-2
Side of hexagon, a = 10 cm = 0.1 m
and Charge at each vertex, 133. Two spherical conductors of radii 4 cm and 5 cm are
charged to the same potential. If s 1 and s 2 be the
q = 5 mC = 5 # 10-6 C respective values of the surface density of charge on
We know that, distance of each charge from the centre both the conductors, What is the ratio of s 1 ?
of regular hexagon, s2
Ans : Foreign 2016, OD 2009
r = a = 0.1 m
Radius of first conductor, r1 = 4 cm
We also know that, resultant potential at the centre
of hexagon, Radius of second conductor, r2 = 5 cm
q + q 2 + q 3+ q 4 + q 5 + q 6 Potential on first conductor, V1 = V2
V = k: 1 D
r
where, V2 = potential on second conductor
q+q+q+q+q+q
= k: D Surface density of charge on first conductor = s 1 , and
r
6q surface density of charge on second conductor = s 2 .
= k: We know that,
r
6 # (5 # 10-6) q
= (9 # 109) # Electric potential, V = k $
0.1 r
= 27 # 105 V q \r (as potential is same)
q1
where, k = Electrostatic force constant Therefore, = r1
q2 r2
= 9 # 109 N-m2-C-2 We also know that, surface charge density of a sphere,
132. A square of side 1 m , has four charges of Ch arg e on sphere
s =
+ 2 # 10-9 C, + 1 # 10-9 C, - 2 # 10-9 C and Surface area of sphere
- 3 # 10-9 C respectively at its corners. What is the q q
= \ 2
resultant potential at the centre of the square? 4p r 2 r
Ans : s 1 = q1 r2 2
q2 # 9r1 C
OD 2012, Delhi 2005
Therefore,
s2
Side of square, a = 1m
= r1 # 9r2 C = r2 = 5
2
First charge, q1 = 2 # 10-9 C r2 r1 r1 4
Second charge, q2 = 1 # 10-9 C 134. Two pith balls of mass 0.2 gm each are suspended
by two nylon strings of length 50 cm each. They are
Third charge, q3 = - 2 # 10-9 C
charged with charge of equal magnitude and same
Fourth charge, q 4 = - 3 # 10-9 C nature. If they come to rest after repulsion at a
Distance of each charge form the centre of the square, distance of 4 cm, then find the charge on each ball.
a2 + a2 Ans : Comp 2020
r =
2 Distance between ball,
(1) 2 + (1) 2 r = 4 cm = 4 # 10-2 m
= = 0.707 m
2 Let the charge on each ball is Q . Then force of
Therefore, potential at the centre of square, repulsion between two ball is given by,
q + q2 + q3 + q 4 Q$Q
V = k: 1 D F = 1
r 4pe 0 (4 # 10-2) 2

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Chap 1 Electric Charges and Fields Page 21

SUMMARY Also, 1 = 9 109 N - m2 /C2

where, e 0 = permittivity of free space

i.e., Fv0 = Fv01 + Fv02 + Fv03 + ..... + Fv0n

Fv01 = Force on q0 due to q1 .

4. ELECTRIC FIELD LINES

7. ELECTRIC FIELD DUE TO A SHORT DIPOLE

Torque on an electric dipole placed in a uniform OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

An ampere-hour is the amount of energy charge in

(c) positively charged (d) negatively charged 1 coulomb = 3 # 109 e.s.u

Ans : Delhi 2021

Charging of a body depends upon transfer of electrons . 1.8 # 1011 C/kg

(d) Will be in equilibrium if charges have different Q:Q Q2

Two equal point charges = + Q Distance of point from centre, x = 2 cm

First charge, q1 = Q Thus, mg = eE

Thus (a) is correct option. E = F = N = NC-1

We know that the work done by the conservative

Angle between thread and sheet = q and surface

Reason (R) : Potential due to charge of outer shell

But, E = s , hence E decreases

Reason: 2. This law is applicable only to point charge.

The atmosphere is continuously being charged by

Electric field lines start from positive charge and

At the intersection point if electric field lines cross

Ans : Delhi 2005

3. Electric field is Electric field is not

56. Give the physical significance of electric dipoles.

Electric dipoles have a common occurrence in nature.

Ans : Delhi 2019

A uniform electric field has same intensity (both in

Consider a conductor of any shape or size, which is

70. Derive an expression for the torque experienced by

But, Ev = 0 inside the conductor

Hence, Torque (Coulomb) 2

of the medium. Equipotential Surface

two charges of each pair of charges (1mC, 2mC) and

When a charge + Q is placed at the centre of spherical

Since, magnitude of the slope is more for attraction,

Electric Field Intensity

81. (a) A point charge ^+ Q h is kept in the vicinity of

Ans : SQP 2014 So, resultant dipole moment,

is subjected to electric field ^E h directed along + X tan a =

So, torque on system

The two charges experience force qE each. These

Here, the hollow cylinder is positively charged. We know

An electric dipole is a pair of your charges with equal

84. An electric dipole is held in a uniform electric field.

Consider a point A at a perpendicular distance l from

Therefore, by the definition of electric flux, the AZ = l 2 + x2

(ii) Suppose we have many point charges q1 , q2 , q3 .....

Hence, total force on charge q1 due to all other

Electric flux is a scalar quantity. But it is a property

Resultant electric field intensity at the point P , within the surface.

regardless of how the charges may be distributed.

Consider an infinitely long, thin wire charged

Consider a point P on the axis of uniformly charged

infinitely long thin wire. 4pe 0 r2

= 1 2x dl = E # total surface area of S

regardless of how the charges may be distributed.

Thin Straight Charged Wire (i) Electric Dipole Moment