A MINOR PROJECT REPORT

ON
SMART HELMET USING ARDUINO
Submitted in partial fulfilment
for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Technology
In
Electronics & Communication Engineering
(Rajasthan Technical University, Kota)

SESSION (2023-2024)

SUPERVISOR SUBMITTED BY:

Dr. R.S. Meena Jay Khandelwal (20/296)
(Professor) Kanishka Maheshwari (20/300)
Dr. Deepak Bhatia Lakshya Gautam (20/306)
(Assistant Professor) Ritika Agarwal (20/332)
ECE, 7 Sem

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENTS, KOTA-324010

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 AKNOWLEDGEMENT

This is opportunity to express my heartfelt words for the people who were part
of this seminar in numerous ways, people who gave me unending support right
from beginning of the seminar.
I want to give sincere thanks to the Supervisor Dr. R.S. Meena for his valuable
support.
I extend my thanks to Prof. Mithilesh Kumar, Head of the Department for his
Constant support.
I express my deep sense of gratitude to ‘Dr. Deepak Bhatia’ for continuous
cooperation encouragement and esteemed guidance.

Yours Sincerely,
Jay Khandelwal
Kanishka Maheshwari
Lakshya Gautam
Ritika Agarwal

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 UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENTS,
RAJASTHAN TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, KOTA
(State Technical University)
Rawatbhata Road, Kota – 324010

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Minor Project Report entitled “Smart Helmet Using
Arduino” has been submitted by Mr./Ms. Jay Khandelwal, Kanishka
Maheshwari, Lakshya Gautam, Ritika Agarwal in partial fulfilment of the
requirement of the degree of B.Tech in Electronics & Communication
Engineering for the academic Session 2023– 2024.
They have undergone the requisite work as prescribed by Rajasthan Technical
University Kota (Rajasthan).

Dr. R.S. Meena

Professor
Department of ECE
Date: - 2-11-23

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGMENT 2
CERTIFICATE 3
ABSTRACT 5
1. INTRODUCTION 6
2. OBJECTIVES AND SCOPES 7
2.1 OBJECTIVES 7
2.2 WHAT IS SMART HELMET 7
2.3 APPLICATIONS 7
2.4 FUTURE SCOPES 7
3. HARDWARE DESIGN 8
3.1 COMPONENTS REQUIRED 8
3.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM AND SCHEMATICS USED 16
4. SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT 21
4.1 ARDUINO IDE SUITE 21
4.2 CODE 21
5. FEATURES AND FUNCTIONALITIES 25
5.1 FEATURES 25
5.2 FUNCTIONALITIES 25
6. CONCLUSIONS 27
7. REFERENCE 28

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 Abstract

We know India is second most populated country and has a large youth population,
nowadays youth are fond of bikes and because of fashion, they neglect wearing helmet.
Because of these, bike accidents are increasing day by day which causes deaths. Major deaths
are due to head injuries which can be prevented by wearing a helmet. Drunk and drive cases
are becoming more, which causes accidents and due to lack of negligence where an accident
occurs and people are dying. These incidents made us develop a smart helmet using reduce
the accidents and risk of deaths, which has following features, the bike starts only if the rider
wears a helmet if the rider is over drunken then the ignition will be automatically offed. RF
Module can be used as wireless link for communication between transmitter and receiver.

Keywords : Smart helmet; ignition,Transmission and receiver,Alcohol sensor

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 CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION

In a rapidly evolving world characterized by technological advancements, the quest for

innovation is ceaseless, especially in sectors where safety is paramount. “Smart Helmet
using Arduino” is a type of protective headgear used by the rider which makes bike driving
safer.
The first step is to identify whether the helmet is worn or not. If the helmet is worn, then
ignition will start otherwise it remains off. For this, RC transmitter receiver module is used.
The second step is alcohol detection. Alcohol sensors detect those liquids which contain
some amount of alcohol, for instance - sanitizer, nail paint remover (acetone), liquors.
When these two conditions are satisfied then only ignition starts.
This report delves into the various aspects of the Smart Helmet, exploring its hardware
design, potential applications, software used, features and functionalities, and future
enhancements. We will explore how sensors, Arduino UNO and other components have
been meticulously integrated to provide an unparalleled level of safety and connectivity.
It showcases how the power of innovation can redefine traditional concepts of protection,
paving the way for a safer and smarter future. This report aims to provide a comprehensive
understanding of the Smart Helmet project and inspire further exploration in the domain
of wearable technology, demonstrating how Arduino's adaptability can push the boundaries of
what is possible in the domain of safety and convenience.

In a rapidly evolving world characterized by technological advancements, the quest for

innovation is ceaseless, especially in sectors where safety is enthusiasts alike is the " helmet
is a type of protective

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 CHAPTER 2
OBJECTIVES AND SCOPES

2.1 Objectives:
 To design system that can improve bike rider safety.
 To design system reduces number of accident due to the drink and drive.
 To design system that ensure that the rider has were the helmet.
 To design system that reduces the loss of life due to late arrival of the ambulance.

2.2 What is smart helmet

Smart helmet is bikers' safety device. Its working is the bike starts only if the rider wears a
helmet if the rider is over drunken then the ignition will be automatically offed. RF Module
can be used as wireless link for communication between transmitter and receiver. Here in this
project first step is to identify whether the helmet is worn or not. If the helmet is worn then
the ignition will start otherwise it remains off. For this, the Helmet press button is used. The
second step is alcohol detection. An alcohol sensor is used as a breath analyser which detects
the presence of alcohol in the rider’s breath and if it exceeds the permissible limit ignition
cannot start. MQ-3 sensor is used for this purpose. When these two conditions are satisfied
then only ignition starts

2.3 Applications:
 It will be useful for bike rider.
 It will protect the Bike rider life.
 It will reduce the number of accidents due to drink and drive.
 By wearing this helmet, the rider will follow the basic rules of wearing helmet.

2.4 Future scopes:

 Solar plates can be used in helmet for the power - supply.
 It can be used for location tracking.
 GPRS can be used for the storing data online.
 GPS can be programmed to calculate the speed of the bike. In case of over speeding,
the vehicle can be stopped.

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 CHAPTER-3
HARDWARE DESIGN

3.1 Components Required:

1. Arduino Uno
The Arduino Uno is an open-source microcontroller board based on the Microchip
ATmega328P microcontroller and developed by Arduino.cc and initially released in 2010.
The board is equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that may be
interfaced to various expansion boards (shields) and other circuits. The board has 14 digital
I/O pins (six capable of PWM output), 6 analog I/O pins, and is programmable with the
Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment)

2. 4Ch 27 MHz RF Transmitter & Receiver circuit

An RF Transmitter and an RF Receiver are included in this RF module. The frequency of the
transmitter/receiver (Tx/Rx) pair is 434 MHz. An RF transmitter accepts serial data and
wirelessly delivers it via RF via its antenna linked to pin4. The transmission speed is between
1 and 10 kilobits per second. An RF receiver operating at the same frequency as the
transmitter receives the transmitted data.

When sending logic zero while fully suppressing the carrier frequency, the transmitter draws
no power, consuming much less power in battery operation. When logic one is sent carrier is
fully on to about 4.5mA with a 3volts power supply. The data is transmitted serially from the
transmitter to the tuned receiver. For data transfer, the transmitter and receiver are connected
to two microcontrollers.

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 The transmitter/receiver (Tx/Rx) of this Radio Frequency (RF) module uses Amplitude Shift
Keying (ASK). This serial input is transmitted over RF by the hybrid ASK Transmitter. The
transmitted signal is then received by the Receiver module, which is located away from the
source of transmission. As a result, these RF signals are broadcast at a specific frequency and
baud rate. The sent data is only received by the RF receiver if it operates at the same
frequency as the transmitter. Furthermore, this RF module can be used in a car security
system, a remote keyless entry system, a garage door controller, a home security system, a
wireless mouse, and an automation system.

Features of RF Module:
1. The Receiver frequency 433MHz

2. Receiver typical frequency 105 Dbm

3. Receiver supply current 3.5 mA

4. Low power consumption

5. operating voltage of receiver is 5V

6. The transmitter frequency range 433.92MHz

7. Supply voltage of transmitter is between 3V to 6V

8. Output power of transmitter is between 4Dbm to 12Dbm

3. RF wireless encoder and decoder

. Encoder IC

Encoders are digital ICs used for encoding. Which device is converting the parallel data to
serial data. It is known as encoder ic.

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A popular example of an Encoder is the Holtek Encoder H12E used for parallel to serial
conversion. It is a type of CMOS IC with 8 address pins and 12 data pins.

It is an 18 pin IC. It is used in RF communication where it converts the 12-bit parallel data to
serial form. It consists of an Enable pin which is an active low pin and when set low, the
transmission is enabled. The H12E encoder sends 4 words at a time. In other words, till the
TE pin is set low, the encoder transmits several cycles of each 4 words and stops the
transmission once the TE pin is set high.

Features of H12E
· Works with a supply voltage of 2.4 to 12 V.

· It is paired with H12 series of Decoders

· Consists of built-in oscillators

· It is based on high noise immunity CMOS technology.

· It is used for remote-controlled operations.

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Decoder IC
Decoders are digital ICs which are used for decoding. Which device is converting the serial
data to parallel data. It is known as decoder IC.

Like the H12 Series of Encoders, the H12D is also a CMOS IC that is used in RF
communication. It is paired with the H12E and receives the serial output from the Encoder.
The serial input data is compared with the locally available addresses and in case of no error,
the original data is obtained, and the VT pin goes high to indicate a valid transmission. It
consists of a single input pin to receive the serial input and 12 output pins with 8 address pins
and 4 data pins. It also has 2 built-in oscillators, and its features are the same as that of H12E
encoder IC.

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 4. 5V Relay

A Relay is a simple electromechanical switch. While we use normal switches to close or open
a circuit manually, a Relay is also a switch that connects or disconnects two circuits. But
instead of a manual operation, a relay uses an electrical signal to control an electromagnet,
which in turn connects or disconnects another circuit. Generally, two more contacts will be
present, called as switching points to connect high ampere load. Another contact called
common contact is present in order to connect the switching points. These contacts are named
as normally open (NO), normally closed (NC) and common (COM) contacts.

How a Relay Works?

The following animation shows a simplified working of a relay. · Relay works on the
principle of electromagnetic induction. · When the electromagnet is applied with some
current, it induces a magnetic field around it. · Above image shows working of the relay. A
switch is used to apply DC current to the load. · In the relay, Copper coil and the iron core
acts as electromagnet. · When the coil is applied with DC current, it starts attracting the
contact as shown. This is called energizing of relay. · When the supply is removed it retrieves
back to the original position. This is called De energizing of relay.

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 5. MQ-3 Alcohol Sensor
The alcohol sensor is technically referred to as a MQ3 sensor which detects ethanol in the air.
When a drunk person breathes near the alcohol sensor it detects the ethanol in his breathe and
provides an output based on alcohol concentration.

It detects liquids containing some amount of alcohol like sanitizer, nail paint remover
(acetone), liquors and is frequently employed in alcohol detection systems for safety and
monitoring applications.

Alcohol consumption impairs the judgement of a person. A person loses the ability to think
properly when he has consumed alcohol. This leads to several problems like: 1. Drinking and
driving increasing risks of accidents. 2. Unintended harmful activities turning into violence

6. LM7805 voltage regulator

LM7805 is one of the most used Positive Regulator in Electronic circuits to lower down the
voltage from the higher input voltage and it provides a regulated output of +5V with 2%
regulation. This regulator has a ~2.5V linear drop-out.

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SPECIFICATIONS
· Output voltage: 5v

· Dropout voltage (Max): 2.5v @ 1A

· Output Current: 1.5 A

· Load regulation: 100 mv

· Line Regulation: 50 mv

· Maximum Operating Temp: 150 c

· Minimum operating Temp: 0 c

7. Resistor and 7.4 volt battery

A resistor connected to a 7.4-volt battery in a circuit would limit the current flowing
through the circuit to around 33.6 milliamperes (mA) according to Ohm's law (I =
V/R). This resistor can be used to protect components or LEDs in the circuit from
excessive current and ensure they operate within their rated limits.

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8. LED, Buzzer and Switch
LED: It is a semiconductor device that emits light when an electric current passes
through it and are widely used for indicators, displays, and lighting.

Buzzer: A buzzer is an audio signaling device that produces sound when an electric
current flows through it.

Switch: It is an electrical component that controls the flow of current in a circuit,

allowing devices to be turned on or off.

9. Breadboard and Jumper wires

Breadboard: It is a reusable circuit board which has a grid of holes where
components can be plugged in and connected for testing and experimentation.

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Jumper Wires: These are flexible, insulated wires with connectors that are used to create
electrical connections between components on a breadboard.

10. DC Gear Motor

It is an electromechanical device that combines a DC motor with a gearbox to produce
controlled mechanical motion.

3.2 Circuit diagram and Schematics used:

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 CHAPTER-4
SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT

4.1 Arduino IDE suite:

The Arduino IDE is an open-source software, which is used to write and upload code to the
Arduino boards. The IDE application is suitable for different operating systems such
as Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux. It supports the programming languages C and C++.
Here, IDE stands for Integrated Development Environment.

The program or code written in the Arduino IDE is often called sketching. We need to
connect the Genuino and Arduino board with the IDE to upload the sketch written in the
Arduino IDE software. The sketch is saved with the extension '.ino.'

4.2 CODE:
int buz = 2;
//bz id buzzer
int alc = 0;
//alc is alochol sensor
int sw = 1;
//sw is switch
int mt = 8;
//mt is relay
void setup()
{
pinMode(buz,OUTPUT);
pinMode(alc,INPUT);
pinMode(sw,INPUT);
pinMode(mt,OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(buz,HIGH);
digitalWrite(mt,LOW);
delay(500);

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digitalWrite(mt,LOW);
digitalWrite(buz,HIGH);
delay(500);
while(digitalRead(sw)==HIGH);
digitalWrite(buz,HIGH);
digitalWrite(mt,LOW);

}
//Main Loop To Calculate RPM and Update LCD Display
void loop()
{
if(digitalRead(sw)==LOW)
{
digitalWrite(buz,LOW);
digitalWrite(mt,HIGH);
//("IGNITION ON");
while( digitalRead(alc)==HIGH && digitalRead(sw)==LOW);
}
if(digitalRead(sw)==HIGH)
{
//(" NO HELMET")

digitalWrite(buz,HIGH);
delay(500);
digitalWrite(buz,LOW);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(buz,HIGH);
delay(500);
digitalWrite(buz,LOW);
delay(1000);

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digitalWrite(buz,HIGH);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(buz,LOW);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(buz,HIGH);
delay(500);

if(digitalRead(sw)==HIGH)
{
delay(500);
digitalWrite(mt,LOW);
while( digitalRead(alc)==HIGH && digitalRead(sw)==HIGH);
}
}
if(digitalRead(alc)==LOW)
{
//("ALCOHOL DETECTED")

digitalWrite(buz,HIGH);
delay(500);
digitalWrite(buz,LOW);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(buz,HIGH);
delay(500);
digitalWrite(buz,LOW);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(buz,HIGH);
delay(500);
digitalWrite(buz,LOW);
delay(1000);

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digitalWrite(buz,HIGH);
delay(500);
if(digitalRead(alc)==HIGH)
{
digitalWrite(mt,HIGH);
while( digitalRead(alc)==LOW );
}
}

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 CHAPTER 5
FEATURES AND FUNCTIONALITIES

5.1 Features
Smart helmets are equipped with an array of features that set them apart from traditional
helmets. These features often include:
 Impact Detection: Sensors can detect sudden impacts or accidents and trigger alerts
or actions.
 Fall Detection: The helmet can sense when the wearer falls and send alerts if
necessary.
 Alcohol or Drug Detection: An alcohol sensor can detect if the user is under the
influence and alert or disable certain functions.
 Emergency Alerts: In case of an accident, the helmet can automatically send alerts to
predefined contacts or emergency services with GPS coordinates.
 Hazard Monitoring: Sensors can monitor environmental conditions, such as air
quality or temperature, and provide warnings to the user.

5.2 Functionalities
A smart helmet using Arduino can offer a wide range of functionalities depending on its
design and intended application. Here are some common functionalities that can be
implemented in a smart helmet using Arduino:
 Heads-Up Display (HUD):
Shows navigation, speed, and vital stats.
 Communication:
Connects to smartphones for calls and messages.
Accesses the internet via Wi-Fi or cellular.
 Voice Control:
Operates functions through voice commands.
 Data Collection and Analysis:
Tracks performance data and stores it.
Analyse data for insights.
 Navigation and Location:
Provides turn-by-turn directions.
Enables geo-fencing for safety.
 Alcohol or Drug Detection:
Detects impairment and restricts functions.
 IoT Integration:
Connects to other smart devices.
 Worker Safety (Industrial):

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 Detects hazards in industrial settings.
Monitors worker conditions.
 Sports and Adventure:
Tracks sports and adventure activities.
Monitors health metrics.
 User Interface:
Provides easy settings and control.
 Battery Management:
Extends battery life for prolonged use.

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 CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION

The designed Smart helmet ensures the safety of the rider by making it necessary to wear
helmet and ensures that the rider hasn’t consumed alcohol more than the permissible limit. If
any of these prime safety rules are violated, the proposed system will prevent the biker from
starting the bike.
In conclusion, the Smart Helmet, powered by components such as Arduino, RC transmitter
and receiver, RF encoder and decoder, relay, and alcohol sensor, represents a remarkable leap
in safety and functionality. These components work together to enhance safety through
alcohol detection, enable remote communication via the RC transmitter, and relay vital
information via the RF encoder and decoder.

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 CHAPTER 7
REFERENCES

 Arduino Official Website (https://www.arduino.cc/)

 Nitin Agarwal, Anshul Kumar Singh, Pushpendra Pratap Singh, Rajesh Sahani, 2015.
"SMART HELMET." International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology
(IRJET)
 Prof. Chitte P.P., Mr. Salunke Akshay S., Mr. Thorat Aniruddha N., Mr. Bhosale
Nilesh T., 2016. "Smart Helmet & Intelligent Bike System." International Research
Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET).
 Rajput, Prof. K. Y. 2016. "SMART HELMET." International Research Journal of
Engineering and Technology (IRJET).
 Keesari Shravya, Donoru Keerthi. Smart helmet for safe driving. 2019.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331281166_Smart_helmet_for_safe_driving

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