PHYSICS

Time : 3 Hours Max. Marks : 70

General Instructions :
(1) There are 33 questions in all. All questions are compulsory.
(2) This question paper has five sections: Section A, Section B, Section C, Section D and Section E.
(3) All the sections are compulsory.
(4) Section A contains sixteen questions, twelve MCQs and four Assertion Reasoning based of 1 mark each,
Section B contains five questions of two marks each, Section C contains seven questions of three marks each,
Section D contains two case study based questions of four marks each and Section E contains three long
answer questions of five marks each.
(5) There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in one question in Section B, two
questions in Section C, one question in each CBQ in Section D and all three questions in Section E. You have
to attempt only one of the choices in such questions.
(6) Use of calculators is not allowed.
(7) You may use the following values of physical constants where ever necessary
i. c = 3 × 108 m/s ii. me = 9.1 × 10–31 kg
iii. e = 1.6 × 10 C–19 iv. m0 = 4p × 10–7 TmA−1
v. h = 6.63 × 10–34 Js vi. e0 = 8.854 × 10–12 C2N –1m−2
23
vii. Avogadro’s number = 6.023 × 10 per gram mole

SECTION A
1. Figure shows electric field lines in which an electric dipole p is placed as shown. Which of the following
statements is correct?
(a) The dipole will not experience any force.
(b) The dipole will experience a force towards right.
(c) The dipole will experience a force towards left.
(d) The dipole will experience a force upwards.

2. Equipotential surfaces
(a) are closer in regions of large electric fields compared to regions of lower electric fields
(b) will be more crowded near sharp edges of a conductor
(c) will always be equally spaced
(d) both (a) and (b) are correct

3. With increase in temperature the conductivity of

(a) metals increases and of semiconductor decreases.
(b) semiconductors increases and of metals decreases.
(c) in both metals and semiconductors increases.
(d) in both metal and semiconductor decreases.

4. A charged particle is moving on circular path with velocity v in a uniform magnetic field B, if the velocity
of the charged particle is doubled and strength of magnetic field is halved, then radius becomes
(a) 8 times (b) 4 times (c) 2 times (d) 16 times
10 Class 12
5. A strong magnetic field is applied on a stationary electron. Then the electron
(a) moves in the direction of the field.
(b) remains stationary.
(c) moves perpendicular to the direction of the field.
(d) moves opposite to the direction of the field.

6. The correct M-H curve for a paramagnetic material at a constant temperature (T) is represented by

(a) (b) (c) (d)

7. To reduce the resonant frequency in an series LCR circuit with a generator

(a) the generator frequency should be reduced.
(b) another capacitor should be added in parallel to the first.
(c) the iron core of the inductor should be removed.
(d) dielectric in the capacitor should be removed.

8. The part of the spectrum of the electromagnetic radiation used to cook food is
(a) ultraviolet rays (b) cosmic rays (c) X rays (d) microwaves

9. Which of the following statements is not correct ?

(a) Whenever the amount of magnetic flux linked with a circuit changes, an emf is induced in the circuit.
(b) The induced emf lasts so long as the change in magnetic flux continues.
(c) The direction of induced emf is given by Lenz’s law.
(d) Lenz’s law is a consequence of the law of conservation of momentum.

10. Two slits in Young’s double slit experiment have widths in the ratio 81 : 1. The ratio of the amplitudes of light
waves is
(a) 3 : 1 (b) 3 : 2 (c) 9 : 1 (d) 6 : 1

11. An electron is moving with an initial velocity v = v0 i^ and is in a magnetic field B = B0 j^ . Then its de Broglie
wavelength
(a) remains constant (b) increases with time
(c) decreases with time (d) increases and decreases periodically

12. The radius of a spherical nucleus as measured by electron scattering is 3.6 fm. What is the mass number of the
nucleus most likely to be?
(a) 27 (b) 40 (c) 56 (d) 120
For Questions 13 to 16, two statements are given –one labelled Assertion (A) and other labelled Reason (R).
Select the correct answer to these questions from the options as given below.
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(c) If Assertion is true but Reason is false.
(d) If both Assertion and Reason are false.

13. Assertion (A) : The positively charged nucleus of an atom has a radius of almost 10–15 m.
Reason (R) : In a-particle scattering experiment, the distance of closest approach for a-particles is 10–15 m.

14. Assertion (A) : An alternating current shows magnetic effect.

Reason (R) : Magnitude of alternating current varies with time.
Physics 11
15. Assertion (A) : For best contrast between maxima and minima in the interference pattern of Young’s double
slit experiment, the intensity of light emerging out of the two slits should be equal.
Reason (R) : The intensity of interference pattern is proportional to square of amplitude.

16. Assertion (A) : Photosensitivity of a metal is high if its work function is small.
Reason (R) : Work function = hu0, where u0 is the threshold frequency.

SECTION B
17. Name the parts of the electromagnetic spectrum which is
(a) suitable for radar systems used in aircraft navigation.
(b) used to treat muscular strain.
(c) used as a diagnostic tool in medicine.
Write in brief, how these waves can be produced.

18. The magnetic needle has magnetic moment 6.7 × 10–2 A m2 and moment of inertia I = 7.5 × 10–6 kg m2. It
performs 10 oscillations in 6.70 s. What is the magnitude of the magnetic field?

19. If both the number of protons and neutrons in a nuclear reaction is conserved, in what way is mass converted
into energy (or vice versa)? Explain giving one example.
OR
In an experiment on a–particle scattering by a thin foil of gold, draw a graph showing, the number of
particles scattered versus the scattering angle q. Why is it that a very small fraction of the particles are
scattered at q > 90°?
Write two important conclusions that can be drawn regarding the structure of the atom from the study of
this experiment.

20. An object of 3 cm height is placed at a distance of 60 cm from a convex mirror of focal length
30 cm. Find the (i) nature, (ii) position and (iii) size of the image formed.

21. Light of wavelength 6 × 10–5 cm falls on a screen at a distance of 100 cm from a narrow slit. Find the width
of the slit if the first minima lies 1 mm on either side of the central maximum.

SECTION C
22. Two identical circular coils of radius 0.1 m, each having 20 turns are mounted co-axially 0.1 m apart. A
current of 0.5 A is passed through both of them (i) in the same direction, (ii) in the opposite directions. Find
the magnetic field at the centre of each coil.

23. A rectangular wire loop of sides 8 cm and 2 cm with a small cut is moving out of a region of uniform
magnetic field of magnitude 0.3 T directed normal to the loop. What is the emf developed across the cut if
velocity of loop is 1 cm s–1 in a direction normal to the (a) longer side (b) shorter side of the loop? For how
long does the induced voltage last in each case?

24. A circuit is set up by connecting L = 100 mH, C = 5 mF and R = 100 W in series. An alternating emf of 150 2 V,
500
Hz is applied across this series combination. Calculate
π
(a) The impedance of the circuit.
(b) The peak value of the current flowing in the circuit.
(c) The power factor of this circuit.
12 Class 12
 OR
(a) For a given ac i = i0 sinwt, show that the average power dissipated in a resistor R over a complete cycle
1
is i 02R .
2
(b) A light bulb is rated at 100 W for a 220 V ac supply. Calculate the resistance of the bulb.
25. (a) An electron and a proton are accelerated through the same potential. Which one of the two has
(i) greater value of de-Broglie wavelength associated with it, and
(ii) lesser momentum?
Justify your answer in each case.
(b) How is the momentum of a particle related with its de-Broglie wavelength? Show the variation on a
graph.
OR

(a) Write Einstein’s photoelectric equation and mention which important features in photoelectric effect
can be explained with the help of this equation.

(b) The maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons gets doubled when the wavelength of light incident
on the surface changes from l1 to l2. Derive the expressions for the threshold wavelength l0 and work
function for the metal surface

26. The value of ground state energy of hydrogen atom is –13.6 eV.
(i) Find the energy required to move an electron from the ground state to the first excited state of the atom.
(ii) Determine (a) the kinetic energy and (b) orbital radius in the first excited state of the atom.
(Given the value of Bohr radius = 0.53 Å).

27. (i) Draw V-I characteristics of a p-n junction diode.

(ii) Write the property of a junction diode which makes it suitable for rectification of ac voltages.

28. A hollow cylindrical box of length 1 m and area of cross-section 25 cm2 is placed in a three dimensional

coordinate system as shown in the figure. The electric field in the region is given by E = 50xi, where E is
in N C–1 and x is in metres. Find
(i) net flux through the cylinder.
(ii) charge enclosed by the cylinder.
y

O x
1m

SECTION D
Case Study Based Questions

29. Read the following paragraph and answer the questions that follow.
A convex or converging lens is thicker at the centre than at the edges. It converges a parallel beam of
light on refraction through it. It has a real focus. Convex lens is of three types : (i) Double convex lens (ii)
Plano-convex lens (iii) Concavo-convex lens. Concave lens is thinner at the centre than at the edges. It
diverges a parallel beam of light on refraction through it. It has a virtual focus.
Physics 13
 (i) A point object O is placed at a distance of 0.3 m from a convex lens (focal length 0.2 m) cut into two
halves each of which is displaced by 0.0005 m as shown in figure.
What will be the location of the image?

(a) 30 cm right of lens (b) 60 cm right of lens

(c) 70 cm left of lens (d) 40 cm left of lens

(ii) Two thin lenses are in contact and the focal length of the combination is 80 cm. If the focal length of
one lens is 20 cm, the focal length of the other would be.
(a) –26.7 cm (b) 60 cm (c) 80 cm (d) 20 cm

(iii) A spherical air bubble is embedded in a piece of glass. For a ray of light passing through the bubble, it
behaves like a
(a) converging lens (b) diverging lens
(c) plano-converging lens (d) plano-diverging lens

(iv) Lens used in magnifying glass is

(a) Concave lens (b) Convex lens
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of the above
OR
The magnification of an image by a convex lens is positive only when the object is placed
(a) at its focus F (b) between F and 2F
(c) at 2F (d) between F and optical centre
30. Read the following paragraph and answer the questions that follow.
Biasing of Diode
When the diode is forward biased, it is found that beyond forward voltage V = Vk, called knee voltage, the
conductivity is very high. At this value of battery biasing for p-n junction,the potential barrier is overcome
and the current increases rapidly with increase in forward voltage.
When the diode is reverse biased, the reverse bias voltage produces a very small current about a few
microamperes which almost remains constant with bias. This small current is reverse saturation current.
(i) In which of the following figures, the p-n diode is forward biased.

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

(ii) Based on the V-I characteristics of the diode, we can classify diode as
(a) bi-directional device (b) ohmic device
(c) non-ohmic device (d) passive element
14 Class 12
 SQP SOLUTIONS
1. (c) : The spacing between electric lines of force
 ^  ^
increases from left to right. Therefore, E on left is greater 11. (a) : Here, v = v0 i , B = B0 j
than E on right. Force on +q charge of dipole is smaller and Force on moving electron due to magnetic field is
to the right. Force on –q charge of dipole is bigger and to the    ^ ^ ^
F = − e (v × B) = − e (v0 i × B0 j ) = − ev0 B0 k
left. Hence the dipole will experience a force towards the left. 

1 As this force is perpendicular to v and B , so the magnitude
dV 
2. (d) : Electric field, E = − or dr ∝ of v will not change. i.e momentum (= mv) will remains
dr E constant in magnitude.
i.e., equipotential surfaces are closer in regions of large
electric fields compared to regions of lower electric field.  h 
Therefore, de Broglie wavelength, λ  =  remains
At sharp edges of a conductor, charge density is more. mv 
12. (a) : Nuclear radius, R = R0(A) 1/3
Therefore electric field is stronger. Hence equipotential
where A is the mass number of a nucleus.
surfaces are more crowded.
Given, R = 3.6 fm
3. (b) : Semiconductors having negative temperature ∴ 3.6 fm = (1.2 fm)(A1/3 ) [R0 = 1.2 fm]
coefficient of resistivity whereas metals are having positive
temperature coefficient of resistivity with increase in or A = (3)3 = 27
temperature the resistivity of metal increases whereas 13. (a) : In α-particle scattering experiment, Rutherford
resistivity of semiconductor decreases. found a small number of α-particles which were scattered
back through an angle approaching to 180º. This is possible
mv 2 mv
4. (b) : As Bqv = or r = only if the positive charges are concentrated at the centre or
r Bq nucleus of the atom.
B
According to the question, v ′ = 2v and B′ =
2 14. (b) : Like direct current, an alternating current also
mv ′ m (2v) 4mv
∴ r′ = = = = 4r produces magnetic field. But the magnitude and direction
B′q (B / 2)q Bq
    of the field goes on changing continuously with time.
5. (b) : As F = q (v × B)
 15. (b) : When intensity of light emerging from two slits is
As the electron is stationary, \ velocity v = 0.
 equal, the intensity at minima,
∴ F = 0. So, electron will remain stationary.
6. (a) : Since intensity of magnetisation (M) of a
Imin = ( I a − Ib )2 = 0, or absolute dark.
paramagnetic material is given by 16. (b) : Less work function means less energy is required
B H Cµ0 for ejecting out the electrons.
M = C = Cµ0 as is constant.
T T T 17. (a) Microwaves are suitable for radar systems used in
Then M ∝ H
aircraft navigation.
Hence, the MH curve will be a straight line with the slope
Cm0. These waves are produced by special vacuum tubes, namely
klystrons, magnetrons and Gunn diodes.
7. (b) : Resonant frequency in a series LCR circuit is
(b) Infra-red waves are used to treat muscular pain. These
1 waves are produced by hot bodies and molecules.
υr =
2 π LC (c) X-rays are used as a diagnostic tool in medicine. These
If capacitance C increases the resonant frequency will are produced when high energy electrons are stopped
reduce, which can be achieved by adding another capacitor suddenly on a metal of high atomic number.
in parallel to the first.
I 7.5 × 10−6
8. (d) : Microwaves are used to cook food. Microwave 18. T = 2π × , 0.67 = 2π
MB 6.7 × 10−2 ( B )
oven is a domestic application of these waves. B = 0.01 T
9. (d) 19. A certain number of neutrons and protons are brought
β I 81 together to form a nucleus of a certain charge and mass, an
10. (c) : Width ratio, 1 = 1 = energy DEb will be released in this process.
β2 I 2 1
The energy DEb is called the binding energy of the nucleus.
A1 I1 81 If we separate a nucleus into its nucleons we would have to
\ Amplitude ratio, = = =9:1
A2 I2 1 transfer a total energy equal to DEb, to the nucleons.

128 Class 12
Example : 235 1 141 92 1 0. 1 1
92 U +0 n → 56 Ba + 36Kr + 30 n + Q θ1 = =
The energy (Q) released was estimated to be 200 MeV per 100 1000
λ
fission (or about 0.9 MeV per nucleon) and is equivalent to We know that asinq = nl ⇒ a= = 0.06 cm
θ1
the difference in masses of the nuclei before and after the
22. Here; a = 0.1 m, N = 20, r = 0.1 m, I = 0.5 A
fission. Magnetic field at the center of each coil due to its own
OR current is,
µ0NI 4π × 10−7 × 20 × 0.5
108 B1 = = = 6.28 × 10−5 T
2a 2 × 0. 1
No. of scattered a particles

106 Magnetic field at the centre of one coil due to the current in
the other coil is,
104
µ0NI r 2 4π × 10−7 × 20 × 0.5 × (0.1)2
102 B2 = =
2(a2 + r 2 )3/2 2[(0.1)2 + (0.1)2]3/2
10
   = 2.22 × 10–5 T
0
(i) When the currents are in the same direction, the
45° 90° 135° 180°
resultant field at the centre of each coil is,
Scattering angle θ
B = B1 + B2 = 6.28 × 10–5 + 2.22 × 10–5 = 8.50 × 10–5 T
A very small fraction of a-particles are scattered at (ii) 
When the currents are in opposite directions, the
q > 90° because the size of nucleus is very small nearly 1/8000 resultant field is,
times the size of atom. So, a few a-particles experience a B = B1 – B2 = 6.28 × 10–5 – 2.22 × 10–5 = 4.06 × 10–5 T
strong repulsive force and turn back.
Conclusions : 23. Here A = 8 × 2 = 16 cm2 = 16 × 10–4 m2, B = 0.3 T
(i) Entire positive charge and most of the mass of the atom v = 1 cm s–1 = 10–2 m s–1
is concentrated in the nucleus with the electrons some Induced emf, e = ?
(i)
distance away.
(ii)
(ii) Size of the nucleus is about 10–15 m to 10–14 m, while
size of the atom is 10–10 m, so the electrons are at distance
104 m to 105 m from the nucleus, and being large empty
space in the atom, most a particles go through the empty
space.
20. Here, height of object h = 3 cm (i) When velocity is normal to longer side,
u = –60 cm, f = +30 cm l = 8 cm = 8 × 10–2 m
Using the mirror formula, we have e = Blv = 0.3 × 8 × 10–2 × 10–2 = 2.4 × 10–4 V
1 1 1
+ = distance moved 2 × 10−2
v u f Time, t = = = 2 sec
velocity 10−2
1 1 1 1 1 1 (ii) When velocity is normal to shorter side,
+ = ⇒ = +
v −60 30 v 30 60 l = 2 cm = 2 × 10–2 m
1 2 +1 1 3 e = Blv = 0.3 × 2 × 10–2 × 10–2 = 0.6 × 10–4 V
= ⇒ = \ v = 20 cm
v 60 v 60 distance moved 8 × 10−2
Time, t = = = 8 sec
(i) The image is virtual and erect. velocity 10−2
(ii) The image is at a distance of 20 cm from the mirror on 24. Here, L = 100 mH, C = 5 mF,
the opposite side of the object. 500
εrms = 150 2 V, υ = Hz , R = 100 W,
h′ v h′  20  h′ 1 π
(iii) =− ⇒ = − ⇒ =
h u 3  −60  3 3 500
XL = wL = 2pυL = 2π × × 100 × 10−3 Ω = 100 Ω
⇒ h′ = 1 cm π
\ Image is diminished and its size is 1 cm. 1 1 1
XC = = = Ω = 200 Ω
ωC 2πυC 2π  500  × 5 × 10−6
21. Here, n = 1, l = 6 × 10–5 cm
 π 
Distance of screen from slit = 100 cm
(a) The impedance of the circuit is
Distance of first minimum from central maxima = 0.1 cm
2
Distance of 1st minima from the central maxima Z = R2 + ( X L − XC ) = 1002 + (100 − 200)2
sin θ =
Distance of the screen from the slit = 100 2 Ω = 141.4 Ω
Physics 129
 εrms 150 2 OR
(b) Irms = = A = 1. 5 A (a) Einstein’s photoelectric equation
Z 100 2
Kmax = 1 mv2 = hu – f0 = hu – hu0...(i)
I0 = Irms 2 = 2.12 A 2
R 100 1 W0 = work function of the target metal
(c) Power factor, cosφ = = = Three salient features observed are
Z 100 2 2
Below threshold frequency u0 corresponding to W0, no
OR emission of photoelectrons takes place.
(a) R As energy of a photon depends on the frequency of light,
so the maximum kinetic energy with which photoelectron
~ is emitted depends only on the energy of photon or on the
Average power in one cycle, frequency of incident radiation.
T (b) For a given frequency of incident radiation, intensity of
P=
W
=
∫0 Vidt light depends on the number of photons per unit area per unit
t T
time and one photon liberates one photoelectron, so number
∫0 dt of photoelectrons emitted depend only on its intensity.
where current and voltage are in same phase across
From eqn. (i)
resistance R.
If i = io sinwt then V = Vo sinwt hc
Kmax = – f0
T λ
Voio ∫ sin2 ωtdt According to question,
Hence, P = 0
T hc
∫0 dt Kmax =
λ1
– f0 ...(ii)

Voio T  1 − cos 2ωt  hc

T ∫0 
P=   dt 2Kmax = – f0 ...(iii)
2 λ2
Voio  T T From eqn. (ii) and (iii),
dt − ∫ cos 2ωt dt 
2T  ∫0
P=
0   hc  hc
2  − φ0  = − φ0
Vi Vi  λ1  λ2
P = o o [T − 0] = o o
2T 2 2hc hc 2 1
f0 = − = hc  − 
V i2R λ1 λ2  λ1 λ2 
Also, io = o So, P = o
R 2
hc hc 2 1 
V2 Also, f0 = \ = hc  − 
(b) P = λ0 λ0  λ1 λ2 
R
1 2λ2 − λ1 λ1λ2
(220)2 220 × 220 or = ; λ0 =
100 = ⇒R= = 484 Ω λ0 λ1λ2 2λ2 − λ1
R 100
hc (2λ2 − λ1)
25. (a) (i) For same accelerating potential, a proton and Work function, W0 =
an electron have same kinetic energy. The de-broglie λ1 ⋅ λ2
wavelength associated with same potential V is given by, −13.6
26. (i)  En = eV
h h h n2
λ= = =
p 2mK 2m(qV ) Energy of the photon emitted during a transition of the
electron from the first excited state to its ground state is,
1
So, λ = DE = E2 – E1
m
As electron’s mass is lesser than proton. Thus λe > λ p . −13.6  −13.6  −13.6 13.6
= − 2 = + = −3.40 + 13.6
2 2  1  4 1
(ii) Momentum, p = 2mK or p ∝ m
= 10.2 eV
As electron’s mass is lesser than proton. Thus momentum of
This transition lies in the region of Lyman series.
electron is lesser than proton.
l (ii) (a) The energy levels of H-atom are given by
(b) de-Broglie wavelength of a particle
h Rhc 13.6
λ= or λp = h = constant En = − 2
=− eV
p n n2
It shows a rectangular hyperbola. p For first excited state n = 2

130 Class 12
 13.6 1 1 1 1 1 1
E2 = − eV = –3.4 eV As + = ⇒ = −
2 f1 f2 F f2 F f1
(2)
Kinetic energy of electron in (n = 2) state is 1 1 1 −3
= − =
K2 = – E2 = + 3.4 eV f2 80 20 80
(b) Radius in the first excited state
−80
r1 = (2)2 (0.53) Å f2 = = −26.7 cm
3
r1 = 2.12 Å
(iii) (b) : The bubble behaves libe a diverging lens.
27. (i) I(mA)
(iv) (b) : Convex lens is used in magnifying glass.
100
OR
80
(d) : The magnification of an image by a convex lens is
60 Ge Si positive only when object is placed between F and optical
40 centre.
Reverse voltage 20
–100 –80 –60 –40 –20 0 30. (i) (c): The p-n diode is forward biased when p-side is
V (V)
V (V) 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 at a higher potential than n-side.
–1
Forward voltage
–2 (ii) (c) : Non-ohmic device.
–3 (iii) (d) : Forward bias resistance,
I(µA)
(ii) Since junction diodes conduct in forward bias and does R1 = ∆V = 0.8 − 0.7 =
0. 1
= 10
not conduct in reverse bias, it is used in rectification of ac ∆I (20 − 10) × 10−3 10 × 10−3
voltages. 10
Reverse bias resistance, R2 = = 107
28. (i) y 1 × 10−6
Then, the ratio of forward to reverse bias resistance,
R1 10
A B = = 10−6
O x R2 107
OR
1m
z
 (d) : In p-region the direction of conventional current is
Given, E = 50xi and A = 25 cm2 = 25 × 10–4 m2 same as flow of holes.
As the electric field is only along the x-axis, so, flux will pass In n-region the direction of conventional current is opposite
only through the cross-section of cylinder. to the flow of electrons.
Magnitude of electric field at cross-section A,
(iv) (c) : In the given circuit the junction diode is forward
EA = 50 × 1 = 50 N C–1
biased and offers zero resistance.
Magnitude of electric field at cross-section B,
3 V− 1 V 2V
EB = 50 × 2 = 100 N C–1 \ The current, I = = = 0.01 A
The corresponding electric fluxes are 200 Ω 200 Ω
 
fA = E A ⋅ A = 50 × 25 × 10–4 cos 180° = – 0.125 N m2 C–1 31. The given charge density
 
fB = EB ⋅ A = 100 × 25 × 10–4 cos 0° = 0.25 N m2 C–1 distribution of the sphere of radius
So, the net flux through the cylinder, R is
f = fA + fB = –0.125 + 0.25 = 0.125 N m2 C–1 r (r) = k r for r ≤ R
(ii) Using Gauss’s law =0 for r > R
  q q For point r < R
∫ E ⋅ dA = ε0 ⇒ 0.125 = 8.85 × 10−12 let us consider a spherical Gaussian
⇒ q = 8.85 × 0.125 × 10–12 = 1.1 × 10–12 C surface S1 of radius r. Then on the surface,
  1
29. (i) (b) : Each half lens will form an image in the same ∫ E ⋅ dS = ε0 ∫ ρ dV
plane. The optic axes of the lenses are displaced,
1 1 1 As V = 4 πr 3 , dV = 4pr2dr and r(r) = kr
− = ; v = 60 cm 3
v (−30) 20   1 r 4
2 2 4πk r
(ii) (a) : Here f1 = 20 cm; f2 = ? \ ∫ E ⋅ dS =
ε0
4 πk ∫ r r dr ; ( E )4 πr =
ε0 4
0
F = 80 cm
Physics 131
  1 However, electric potential at any point on axis of electric
E= kr 2 r  ...(i)
4ε0 1 p 1
dipole is V = 2
or V ∝ 2 and due to point charge
From symmetry, we find that the two is 4πε0 r r
protons must be on the opposite sides of 1 q 1
the centre, along a diameter of the sphere V= or V ∝
4πε0 r r
as shown in figure.
Proceeding as above, charge on the 32. (a) : Current in the circuit,
sphere,
V 6V
R R R4 I= = =1A
q = ∫ ρ dV = ∫ (kr ) 4pr2 dr; q = 4 πk = 2e R 6Ω
0 0 4
As I = neAvd,
2e 1A
\ k=  … (ii) I =
πR 4 vd =
neA (10 m )(1.6 × 10−19 C)(10−3 m)2
29 −3
If protons 1 and 2 are embedded at distance r from the
= 0.625 × 10–4 m s–1
centre of the sphere as shown in figure, then attractive force
on proton 1 due to charge distribution is Energy absorbed by all the electrons
= number of electrons × KE of an electron
k r2
F1 = – eE = −e  (Using (i)) 1  1
4ε0 = [n(Al)]  mvd2  = [mvd2n Al]
2  2
Repulsive force on proton 1 due to proton 2 is
e2 e2 1
F2 = = = [9.1 × 10−31kg] (0.625 × 10–4 m s–1)2
2
4 πε0 (2r )2 16 πε0 r 2  (1029 m–3) (10–6 m2)(10–1 m)
–17
= 1.78 × 10 J
Net force on proton 1
F = F1 + F2 (b) Ohmic loss = I2R = (1 A)2 (6 W) = 6 Js–1
Time taken by all the electrons to lose their kinetic energy, i.e.,
k r2 e2
F = −e + 1.78 × 10−17 J
4ε0 16πε0 r 2 t= = 0.30 × 10–17 s ≈ 10–17 s
6 J s −1
 e r 2 2e e2 
F = − + =0  (Using (ii)) OR
4 2
 4ε0 πR 16 πε0 r  Here I = I1 + I2...(i)
This force on proton 1 will be zero, when Let V = Potential difference between A and B
e r 2.2e e2 R4 R For cell e1 e 1, r 1
= or r 4 = or r =
4ε0 πR 4
16πε0 r 2 8 (8)1/ 4 I1
I I
This is the distance of each of the two protons from the A B
centre of the sphere. I2
OR e 2, r 2
VP = VPA + VPB + VPC + VPD
ε1 − V
1  +q q q q  V = e1 – I1r1; I1 =
or VP = − − + r1
4πε0  r + a r r r − a 
Similarly, for cell e2
q  r(r − a) − 2(r 2 − a2 ) + r(r + a)  ε −V
or VP =   I2 = 2
4πε0  r(r 2 − a2 )  r2
Putting these value in equation (i)
q  r 2 − ra − 2r 2 + 2a2 + r 2 + ra 
or VP =  
4πε0  r(r 2 − a2 )  ε1 − V ε2 − V ε ε  1 1 
I= + or I =  1 + 2  − V  + 
r1 r2  r1 r2   r1 r2 
1 q . 2a2 1 p.a
or VP = =
4πε0 r(r 2 − a2 ) 4πε0 r(r 2 − a2 ) ε r + ε r   rr 
V =  1 2 2 1  − I  1 2  ...(ii)
For r >> a  r1 + r2   r1 + r2 
1 pa 1 Comparing the above equation with the equivalent circuit
VP ≈ or VP ∝ .
4πε0 r 3 r 3 of emf ‘eeq’ and internal resistance ‘req’ then V = Eeq – Ireq

132 Class 12
Then 3. All bright fringes are of 3. Intensity of bright
ε1r1 + ε2r2 rr same intensity. fringes decreases sharply
(i) εeq = ; (ii) req = 1 2
r1 + r2 r1 + r2 as we move away from
central bright fringe.
(iii) The potential difference between A and B
4. Dark Fringes are perfectly 4. Dark fringes are not
V = eeq – Ieq req dark. perfectly dark.

33. (a) (i) Single slit diffraction: λD

(b) Since fringe width is give by β =
Intensity d
(i) On increasing the width of slit d, the fringe width decreases.
(ii) On replacing monochromatic light with white light,
the fringes of all colours will be overlapping in interference
pattern.
OR
(a)

3 2 0 2 3
Path difference

Double slit interference:

Intensity

(b) (i) Given f0 = 140 cm, fe = 5 cm

2 0 2 When final image is at infinity, magnifying power,
Path difference
−f 140
m= 0 =− ; m = –28
(ii) Difference between interference and diffraction fe 5. 0
Experiment to observe diffraction pattern Negative sign shows that the image is inverted.
When final image is at the least distance of distinct vision,
Interference Diffraction −f  f 
1. Interference is caused by 1. Diffraction is caused magnifying power, m = 0 1 + e 
fe  D
superposition two waves by superposition of −140  5.0 
starting from two coherent a number of waves = 1 +  = –33.6
5.0  25 
sources. starting from the slit.
(ii) Separation between objective and eyepiece when final
2. All bright and dark fringes 2. Width of central image is formed at infinity,
are of equal width. bright fringe is double of L = f0 + fe
all other maxima. L = 140 cm + 5.0 cm = 145 cm

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Physics 133