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Machine Learning Algorithms for Signal and Image Processing

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DOI: 10.1002/9781119861850

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Machine Learning Algorithms for Signal and Image Processing
10.1002/9781119861850.fmatter, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781119861850.fmatter, Wiley Online Library on [01/10/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
Ahmet Murat Tekalp
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IEEE Press

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Machine Learning Algorithms for Signal and Image Processing

Meghnad Saha Institute of Technology, IN

Lovely Professional University, IN

Lovely Professional University, IN

Lovely Professional University, IN

Charles Darwin University, AS

Suman Lata Tripathi

Mamoun Alazab
Manash Chanda
Sobhit Saxena
Deepika Ghai
Edited by
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v

Contents

Editor Biography xix

List of Contributors xxi
Preface xxix
Acknowledgments xxxi

Section I Machine Learning and Deep Learning Techniques for Image Processing 1

1 Image Features in Machine Learning 3

Anterpreet K. Bedi and Ramesh K. Sunkaria
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Feature Vector 4
1.3 Lower-Level Image Features 5
1.3.1 Color 5
1.3.1.1 Color Histogram 5
1.3.1.2 Color Moments 6
1.3.1.3 Color Coherence Vector 6
1.3.1.4 Color Correlogram 6
1.3.2 Texture 6
1.3.2.1 Signal Processing-Based Features 6
1.3.2.2 Structural Features 7
1.3.2.3 Model-Based Features 7
1.3.2.4 Statistical Features 7
1.3.3 Shape 15
1.3.3.1 Shape Features Based on Boundary 15
1.3.3.2 Shape Features Based on Region 16
1.4 Conclusion 16
References 16

2 Image Segmentation and Classification Using Deep Learning 19

Abhisek Ray and Maheshkumar H. Kolekar
2.1 Introduction 19
2.2 Image Segmentation 20
2.2.1 Types of DL-Based Segmentation 20
2.2.1.1 Instance Segmentation Using Deep Learning 20
2.2.1.2 Semantic Segmentation Using Deep Learning 20
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vi Contents

2.2.2 Advantages and Applications of DL-Based Segmentation 21

2.2.3 Types and Literature Survey Related to DL-Based Segmentation 21
2.2.3.1 Fully Convolution Model 21
2.2.3.2 CNN with Graphical Model 21
2.2.3.3 Dilated Convolution Model 22
2.2.3.4 Encoder–Decoder Model 22
2.2.3.5 R-CNN Based Model 23
2.2.3.6 Multiscale Pyramid Based Model 24
2.2.3.7 RNN Based Model 25
2.2.3.8 Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) Based Model 25
2.2.3.9 Segmentation Model Based on Attention Mechanism 26
2.3 Image Classification 27
2.3.1 Types and Schemes in Image Classification 27
2.3.2 Types and Literature Survey Related to DL-Based Image Classification 28
2.3.2.1 CNN Based Image Classification 28
2.3.2.2 CNN–RNN Based Image Classification 30
2.3.2.3 Auto-encoder Based Image Classification 31
2.3.2.4 GAN Based Image Classification 31
2.4 Conclusion 32
References 32

3 Deep Learning Based Synthetic Aperture Radar Image Classification 37

J. Anil Raj and Sumam M. Idicula
3.1 Introduction 37
3.2 Literature Review 38
3.3 Dataset Description 38
3.4 Methodology 39
3.5 Experimental Results and Discussions 41
3.6 Conclusion 43
References 43

4 Design Perspectives of Multi-task Deep-Learning Models and Applications 45

Yeshwant Singh, Anupam Biswas, Angshuman Bora, Debashish Malakar, Subham Chakraborty, and
Suman Bera
4.1 Introduction 45
4.2 Deep Learning 46
4.2.1 Feed-Forward Neural Network 47
4.2.2 Convolution Neural Network 47
4.2.2.1 Convolution Layer 47
4.2.2.2 Pooling Layer 48
4.2.3 Recurrent Neural Network 48
4.3 Multi-task Deep-Learning Models 48
4.3.1 Classification Models 48
4.3.1.1 Multi-attribute Recognition Models Using Joint Learning of Features 48
4.3.1.2 Multi-task Facial Attributes Classification Model Using Feature Fusion 50
4.3.2 Prediction Models 50
4.3.2.1 Multi-tasking on Time-Series Data 50
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Contents vii

4.3.2.2 Multi-step Forecasting on Multivariate Time Series Using Split Layers 51

4.3.3 Mixed Models 52
4.4 Design and Implementation 52
4.4.1 Multi-task Learning Methods used for Deep Learning 52
4.4.1.1 Hard Parameter Sharing 52
4.4.1.2 Soft Parameter Sharing 53
4.4.2 Various Design of Multi-task Learning 53
4.4.2.1 Deep Relationship Networks 53
4.4.2.2 Fully Adaptive Feature Sharing 54
4.4.2.3 Cross-stitch Networks 54
4.4.2.4 Weighting Losses with Uncertainty 54
4.4.2.5 Tensor Factorization for MTL – Sluice Networks 54
4.4.2.6 Joint Many-Task Model 55
4.4.3 Common Problems with Design and Implementation 55
4.4.3.1 Combining Losses 55
4.4.3.2 Tuning Learning Rates 57
4.4.3.3 Using Estimates as Features 57
4.5 Applications 57
4.5.1 Image Domain 57
4.5.2 Text Domain 58
4.5.3 Others 59
4.6 Evaluation of Multi-task Models 59
4.7 Conclusion and Future Directions 60
Acknowledgment 61
References 61

5 Image Reconstruction Using Deep Learning 65

Aneeta Christopher, R. Hari Kishan, and P.V. Sudeep
5.1 Introduction 65
5.2 DL-IR Methods 67
5.2.1 DL-MMSE Methods for IR Tasks 67
5.2.1.1 DL-MMSE Methods Using AEs 67
5.2.1.2 DL-MMSE Methods Using CNNs 68
5.2.2 MAP Based DL-IR Methods 72
5.2.3 Other DL-SR Methods 75
5.2.3.1 Supervised SR Techniques 75
5.2.3.2 Unsupervised SR Techniques 77
5.2.4 Other DL-IR Tasks 77
5.3 DL-Based Medical Image Reconstruction 78
5.4 Conclusion 81
Acknowledgment 81
References 81

6 Machine and Deep-Learning Techniques for Image Super-Resolution 89

Ashish Kumar, Sachin Srivastava, and Pratik Chattopadhyay
6.1 Introduction 89
6.1.1 Motivation 90
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viii Contents

6.1.2 Applications of Image Super-Resolution 90

6.1.2.1 Satellite Imaging 91
6.1.2.2 Medical Diagnosis 91
6.1.2.3 Surveillance 92
6.1.2.4 Video Enhancement 92
6.1.3 Major Contributions and Organization of the Chapter 92
6.2 Traditional Upsampling Approaches 93
6.2.1 Nearest Neighbor Interpolation 93
6.2.2 Bilinear Interpolation 93
6.2.3 Bicubic Interpolation 93
6.3 Primitive Machine-Learning-Based Approaches 94
6.3.1 Frequency Domain 94
6.3.1.1 Fast Fourier Transform 95
6.3.1.2 Wavelet Transform 95
6.3.2 Spatial Domain 96
6.3.2.1 Iterative Back Projection 96
6.3.2.2 Maximum Likelihood Estimation 96
6.3.2.3 Maximum A Posteriori (MAP) Estimation 97
6.3.2.4 Self-Similarity-Based Approach 98
6.3.2.5 Learning-Based Approach 98
6.3.2.6 Sparse-Based Approach 98
6.4 Modern Deep-Learning-Based Approaches 98
6.4.1 Upsampling-Based Classification 98
6.4.2 Network-Based Classification 100
6.4.2.1 Linear Networks 100
6.4.2.2 Residual Networks 100
6.4.2.3 Recursive Networks 101
6.4.2.4 Progressive Reconstruction Networks 102
6.4.2.5 Densely Connected Networks 103
6.4.2.6 Attention-Based Networks 103
6.4.2.7 GAN-Based Networks 104
6.4.3 Discussion on Different Types of Loss Functions 105
6.4.3.1 Pixel Loss 105
6.4.3.2 Content Loss 106
6.4.3.3 Texture Loss 106
6.4.3.4 Adversarial Loss 106
6.5 Performance Metrics and Comparative Study of Existing Techniques 107
6.5.1 Objective Evaluation 107
6.5.1.1 Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) 107
6.5.1.2 Structural Similarity Index Measure (SSIM) 108
6.5.2 Subjective Evaluation 108
6.5.3 Datasets 108
6.5.3.1 Training Dataset 108
6.5.3.2 Testing Dataset 109
6.5.4 Evaluation Results 109
6.6 Summary and Discussions 110
References 111
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Contents ix

Section II Machine Learning and Deep Learning Techniques for Text and Speech
Processing 115

7 Machine and Deep-Learning Techniques for Text and Speech Processing 117
Dasari L. Prasanna and Suman Lata Tripathi
7.1 Text Processing 117
7.1.1 Automatic Text to Image Generation or Vice-Versa Using Machine and Deep Learning 117
7.1.2 Automatic Image Caption Generation Using Machine and Deep Learning 118
7.1.3 Manipuri Handwritten Script Recognition Using Machine and Deep Learning 119
7.1.4 Natural Language Processing Using Machine and Deep Learning 122
7.2 Speech Processing 122
7.2.1 Smart Sign Language Recognition System for Deaf People Using Deep Learning 122
7.2.2 Smart Text Reader for Blind People Using Machine and Deep Learning 123
7.2.3 The Role of Deep Learning Paradigm in Building the Acoustic Components of an Automatic Speech
Recognition System 125
7.3 Conclusion 126
References 126

8 Manipuri Handwritten Script Recognition Using Machine and Deep Learning 129
Palungbam R. Chanu
8.1 Introduction 129
8.2 Literature Survey 130
8.3 Proposed Work 131
8.4 Experimental Results and Discussions 132
8.5 Conclusion 136
References 136

9 Comparison of Different Text Extraction Techniques for Complex Color Images 139
Deepika Ghai and Neelu Jain
9.1 Introduction 139
9.2 Related Work 140
9.3 Edge-Based and CC-Based Methods 143
9.3.1 Edge-Based Method Introduced by Liu and Samarabandu [17] 143
9.3.2 CC-Based Method Formulated by Gllavata et al. [36] 143
9.4 Proposed Methodology 146
9.5 Experimental Results and Discussion 150
9.5.1 Sample Test Results 151
9.5.2 Comparison of Proposed Method with Existing State-of-the-Art Methods 153
9.6 Conclusions 157
Acknowledgment 157
References 157

10 Smart Text Reader System for People who are Blind Using Machine and Deep Learning 161
Zobeir Raisi, Mohamed A. Naiel, Georges Younes, Paul Fieguth, and John Zelek
10.1 Introduction 161
10.2 Literature Review 163
10.2.1 Smart Text Reader System for Blind People 163
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x Contents

10.2.1.1 Text Detection 164

10.2.1.2 Text Recognition 168
10.3 Experimental Results 173
10.3.1 Datasets 174
10.3.1.1 MJSynth 174
10.3.1.2 SynthText 175
10.3.1.3 ICDAR03 175
10.3.1.4 ICDAR13 175
10.3.1.5 ICDAR15 175
10.3.1.6 COCO-Text 176
10.3.1.7 SVT 176
10.3.1.8 SVT-P 176
10.3.1.9 IIIT 5K-Words 176
10.3.1.10 CUT80 176
10.3.2 Evaluation Metrics 176
10.3.2.1 Detection 176
10.3.2.2 Recognition 177
10.3.3 Evaluation of Text Detection Techniques 177
10.3.3.1 Quantitative Results 177
10.3.3.2 Qualitative Results 177
10.3.3.3 Discussion 179
10.3.4 Evaluation of Text Recognition Techniques 181
10.3.4.1 Quantitative Results 181
10.3.4.2 Qualitative Results 181
10.3.4.3 Discussion 184
10.3.5 Open Investigations for Scene Text Detection and Recognition 186
10.3.5.1 Training Datasets 186
10.3.5.2 Richer Annotations 186
10.3.5.3 Novel Feature Extractors 188
10.3.5.4 Occlusion Handling 188
10.3.5.5 Complex Fonts and Special Characters 188
10.4 Conclusions and Recommended Future Work 188
Acknowledgments 189
References 189

11 Machine-Learning Techniques for Deaf People 201

Yogini D. Borole and Roshani Raut
11.1 Introduction 201
11.2 Literature Survey 202
11.3 Objectives 203
11.4 Proposed Calculation Depiction 203
11.4.1 Reference System 203
11.5 Resources and Strategies 206
11.5.1 Equipment/Programming 206
11.5.2 Topics 206
11.5.3 Handling Conditions and Improvements 207
11.5.4 Utilized Convention 207
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Contents xi

11.6 Assessment 207

11.7 Outcomes and Conversations 208
11.8 Discourse Coherence 208
11.9 Conclusion 214
References 214

12 Design and Development of Chatbot Based on Reinforcement Learning 219

Hemlata M. Jadhav, Altaf Mulani, and Makarand M. Jadhav
12.1 Introduction 219
12.2 Student Guide Using Chatbot 221
12.3 Implementation of Chatbot System 221
12.3.1 Data-Flow Diagram 222
12.3.2 Use-Case Diagram 222
12.3.2.1 At the Admin End 223
12.3.2.2 At User End for Student/Parent 223
12.3.3 Class Diagram 223
12.3.4 Sequence Diagram 224
12.3.5 Activity Diagram 224
12.3.6 State Diagram 225
12.4 Development of Algorithms Used in Chatbot System 226
12.4.1 Stop Word Removal Algorithm 226
12.4.2 String Similarity Algorithm 226
12.4.3 Q-Learning Algorithm 227
12.5 Conclusion 227
References 228

13 DNN Based Speech Quality Enhancement and Multi-speaker Separation for Automatic
Speech Recognition System 231
Ramya and Siva Sakthi
13.1 Introduction 231
13.2 Deep Learning 231
13.2.1 Recurrent Neural Network 232
13.2.2 Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) Networks 233
13.2.3 Convolutional Neural Network 233
13.3 Speech Enhancement and Separation 234
13.4 Speech Enhancement Algorithms 234
13.4.1 Basic Principles of Spectral Subtraction 234
13.4.1.1 Spectral Subtraction Using Over-Subtraction 235
13.4.1.2 Nonlinear Spectral Subtraction 235
13.4.2 Statistical Model Based Methods 236
13.4.2.1 Maximum-Likelihood Estimators 236
13.4.2.2 Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) Estimator 236
13.4.3 Subspace Algorithms 237
13.4.3.1 Definition of SVD 237
13.4.3.2 Subspace Decomposition Method 238
13.4.3.3 Eigen Value Decomposition 238
13.5 Speech Separation Algorithms 238
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xii Contents

13.5.1 Classical Speech Separation Algorithms 238

13.5.2 Harmonic Models 239
13.5.3 Computational Auditory Scene Analysis 239
13.5.4 Non-negative Matrix Factorization (NMF) 240
13.5.5 Generative Models 240
13.6 Deep Learning Based Speech Enhancement 240
13.6.1 Mask Approximation 241
13.6.1.1 Complex Ideal Ratio Mask 241
13.6.1.2 Ideal Binary Mask 242
13.6.2 Signal Approximation 242
13.7 Deep Learning Based Speech Separation 242
13.7.1 Label Permutation Problem (LPP) 243
13.7.2 Deep Clustering 243
13.8 Results and Discussions 243
13.9 Conclusion 244
References 244

14 Design and Development of Real-Time Music Transcription Using Digital Signal

Processing 247
Thummala Reddychakradhar Goud, Koneti Chandra Sekhar, Gannamani Sriram, Gadamsetti Narasimha
Deva, Vuyyuru Prashanth, Deepika Ghai, and Sandeep Kumar
14.1 Introduction 247
14.2 Related Work 247
14.3 Motivation of the Proposed Work 248
14.4 Mathematical Expressions of Signal Processing 249
14.5 Proposed Methodology 250
14.5.1 Reading and Visualization 250
14.5.2 Signal Processing 250
14.5.3 MIDI Conversion 250
14.5.4 Feature Extraction 253
14.5.5 Image Processing 254
14.5.6 Key Extraction 256
14.6 Experimental Results and Discussions 257
14.6.1 Benchmark Database 257
14.6.2 Evaluation Parameters 257
14.6.3 Performance Evaluation 258
14.7 Conclusion 260
References 261

Section III Applications of Signal and Image Processing with Machine Learning and Deep
Learning Techniques 263

15 Role of Machine Learning in Wrist Pulse Analysis 265

Sachin Kumar, Pooja, Sanjeev Kumar, and Karan Veer
15.1 Introduction 265
15.2 Machine-Learning Techniques 267
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Contents xiii

15.2.1 Regression 268

15.2.2 Classification 268
15.2.3 Clustering 268
15.2.4 Dimensionality Reduction 269
15.2.5 Ensemble Methods 269
15.2.6 Artificial Neural Networks and Deep Learning 269
15.2.7 Reinforcement Learning 269
15.3 Performance Analysis of ML Algorithms 270
15.4 Role of the Machine and Deep Learning in Wrist Pulse Signal Analysis (WPA) 270
15.4.1 Supervised Machine Learning in WPA 270
15.4.2 Unsupervised Machine Learning and Reinforcement Machine Learning in WPA 271
15.4.3 Deep Learning in WPA 271
15.5 Discussion and Conclusion 272
References 274

16 An Explainable Convolutional Neural Network-Based Method for Skin-Lesion Classification

from Dermoscopic Images 279
Biswarup Ganguly, Debangshu Dey, and Sugata Munshi
16.1 Introduction 279
16.1.1 Background, Motivation, and Literature 279
16.1.2 Major Contributions 281
16.2 Methods and Materials 282
16.2.1 Pixel-Wise Decomposition 282
16.2.2 Layer-Wise Relevance Back-Propagation 282
16.3 Explainable Deep-Learning (x-DL) Framework for Dermoscopic Image Classification 283
16.3.1 Datasets and Image Preprocessing 283
16.3.2 Structure of Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) 283
16.3.3 Training Details and System Implementation 285
16.4 Experimental Results and Discussion 285
16.4.1 Analysis of Learnt Skin-Lesion Patterns from x-DL 285
16.4.2 Ablation Analysis Considering Regularization Factor 286
16.4.3 Comparative Study with Other CNN Modules 287
16.4.4 Discussion 289
16.5 Conclusion 289
Acknowledgments 289
References 289

17 Future of Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL) in Healthcare Monitoring
System 293
Kanak Kumar, Kaustav Chaudhury, and Suman Lata Tripathi
17.1 Introduction 293
17.1.1 ML/DL Algorithms for Optimization 294
17.1.2 Pre-processing Methods 295
17.2 Performance Analysis Parameters 299
17.3 Objectives and Motivation 300
17.4 Existing ML/DL Techniques for Healthcare Monitoring and Disease Diagnosis 300
17.5 Proposed Model/Methods for Healthcare Monitoring System Using ML/DL 303
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xiv Contents

17.5.1 Case Study-I: Breast Cancer 304

17.6 Experimental Results and Discussion 305
17.6.1 Case Study-II: Diabetes 306
17.7 Conclusions 310
17.8 Future Scope 310
References 311

18 Usage of AI and Wearable IoT Devices for Healthcare Data: A Study 315
Swarup Nandi, Madhusudhan Mishra, and Swanirbhar Majumder
18.1 Introduction 315
18.2 Literature Review 315
18.3 AI-Based Wearable Devices 316
18.3.1 Cloud-Assisted Agent-Based Smart Environment 317
18.3.2 Improved Bayesian Convolution Network 317
18.3.3 EDL 317
18.4 Activities of Wearable Devices in Healthcare System 320
18.4.1 Women’s Health focused AVA Sensor 320
18.4.2 AliveCor – Personal EKG 320
18.4.3 TempTraq 321
18.4.4 BioScarf 322
18.4.5 Blinq – Wearable Rings 322
18.4.6 SmartSleep Wearable 323
18.4.7 BioPatch 323
18.4.8 Smart Glasses 324
18.4.9 Smart Hearing Aids 324
18.4.10 Wireless Patient Monitoring 325
18.4.11 Wearable Fitness Tracker 325
18.4.12 Smart Health Watch 326
18.4.13 Wearable ECG Monitors 326
18.4.14 Wearable Blood Pressure Monitors 327
18.4.15 Biosensors 327
18.5 Barriers to Wearable’s Adoption 329
18.5.1 Cost 329
18.5.2 Designation 329
18.5.3 Absence of Initiative Use Case 329
18.5.4 Lack of a Killer App 329
18.5.5 Limited Functionality 329
18.6 Wearable Devices Consumers 329
18.7 Recent Trends in Wearable Technology 334
18.7.1 Wearables in Healthcare 334
18.7.2 Wearables in Industry 335
18.7.3 Wearables in Robotics 335
18.7.4 Wearables in Defense 335
18.7.5 Wearables in Sport 335
18.7.6 Wearable in CPS 336
18.8 Conclusion 336
References 336
 10.1002/9781119861850.fmatter, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781119861850.fmatter, Wiley Online Library on [01/10/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
Contents xv

19 Impact of IoT in Biomedical Applications Using Machine and Deep Learning 339
Rehab A. Rayan, Imran Zafar, Husam Rajab, Muhammad Asim M. Zubair, Mudasir Maqbool, and
Samrina Hussain
19.1 Introduction 339
19.1.1 Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning 340
19.2 History of DL and ML 340
19.3 Methods of ML and DL Algorithms and Classification 341
19.3.1 Deep Learning Architectures 342
19.3.1.1 Auto Encoders 342
19.3.1.2 Deep Multilayer Perceptron 342
19.3.1.3 Deep Auto-encoders 342
19.3.1.4 Restricted Boltzmann Machine and Deep Belief Networks 343
19.3.1.5 Convolutional Neural Networks 343
19.3.2 Findings of Applied ML and DL Techniques 347
19.4 ML and DL Applications in Biomedicine 347
19.5 Discussions of IoT-Based ML and DL Case Studies in Biomedical Systems 350
19.6 Opportunities and Challenges 352
19.6.1 Future Insights 353
19.6.2 Conclusions 354
References 354

20 Wireless Communications Using Machine Learning and Deep Learning 361

Himanshu Priyadarshi, Kulwant Singh, and Ashish Shrivastava
20.1 Introduction 361
20.1.1 IRS-Enabled Wireless-Communication Systems 364
20.2 Contributions of Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces (IRS) in Wireless-Communication
Systems 364
20.2.1 IRS As Signal Reflector in Wireless-Communication System 364
20.2.2 IRS As Signal Transmitter in Wireless-Communication System 365
20.2.3 IRS As Signal Receiver in Wireless-Communication System 365
20.3 Merits of IRS-Aided Wireless-Communication Systems for Performance Enhancement 365
20.3.1 Enhancement in the Channel Capacity 365
20.3.2 Savings on the Transmit Power of Base Station in IRS-Aided Wireless-Communication
System 365
20.3.3 Protection Against Eavesdropping and High Confidentiality Rate 365
20.4 Issues in Collaboration Between Active and Passive Beamforming 366
20.4.1 Overhead on Algorithms Due to Time and Space Complexity 366
20.4.2 Lack of Channel Information 366
20.4.3 Simplifying Assumptions Lead to Unrealistic System Modeling 366
20.5 Scope of Machine Learning for IRS-Enabled Wireless-Communication
Systems 366
20.5.1 Pathway Assessment for Communication Channel and Signal Diagnostics 367
20.5.2 Machine Learning for Passive Beamforming 367
20.5.3 Prevention of Denial of Service Attacks and Stealth in Communications 368
20.6 Summary 369
Acknowledgment 369
References 369
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xvi Contents

21 Applications of Machine Learning and Deep Learning in Smart Agriculture 371

Ranganathan Krishnamoorthy, Ranganathan Thiagarajan, Shanmugam Padmapriya, Indiran Mohan,
Sundaram Arun, and Thangaraju Dineshkumar
21.1 Introduction 371
21.1.1 Major Contributions of Smart Agriculture 371
21.2 Concept of Machine Learning 372
21.2.1 Types of Machine Learning 372
21.2.1.1 Supervised Learning 373
21.2.1.2 Unsupervised Learning 380
21.2.1.3 Reinforcement Learning 381
21.3 Concept of Deep Learning 382
21.3.1 Types of Deep Learning 382
21.3.1.1 Back Propagation 383
21.3.1.2 CNN in Agriculture 383
21.3.1.3 RNN in Agriculture 383
21.3.1.4 GAN in Agriculture 384
21.4 Smart Agriculture 384
21.4.1 Smart Farming 384
21.4.2 Precision Farming 385
21.5 Computation Methods 386
21.6 Security Aspects and Issues 386
21.7 Application Domains in Agriculture 386
21.8 Case Study 387
21.9 Agro Smart City 387
21.10 Concept of Application of ML and DL in Smart Agriculture 388
21.10.1 Prediction of Plant Disease 388
21.10.2 Locust Prediction 389
21.10.3 Plant Classification 389
21.10.4 Livestock Farming 389
21.10.5 Smart Irrigation System 390
21.10.6 Pest Control Prediction 391
21.10.7 Soil Management 391
21.10.8 Crop Quality and Its Management 392
21.10.9 Weed Protection 393
21.10.10 Yield Prediction 393
21.11 Results and Discussion 393
21.12 Conclusion 394
References 394

22 Structural Damage Prediction from Earthquakes Using Deep Learning 397

Shagun Sharma, Ghanapriya Singh, Smita Kaloni, Ranjeet P. Rai, and Sidhant Yadav
22.1 Introduction 397
22.2 Literature Review 398
22.3 Proposed Methodology 399
22.3.1 Deep-Learning Models 400
22.4 Proposed Methodology for Deep-Learning Models 400
22.4.1 One-Dimensional Convolutional Neural Network (1D CNNs) 400
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Contents xvii

22.4.2 Two-Dimensional Convolutional Neural Network (2D CNNs) 402

22.4.3 Long Short-Term Memory Network (LSTMs) 404
22.5 Experimental Results and Discussions 405
22.5.1 Dataset 405
22.5.2 Results and Discussions 405
22.6 Conclusion 406
References 406

23 Machine-Learning and Deep-Learning Techniques in Social Sciences 409

Hutashan V. Bhagat and Manminder Singh
23.1 Introduction 409
23.1.1 Machine Learning 409
23.1.2 Deep Learning 411
23.1.3 Social Data Analysis 411
23.1.4 Machine-Learning Process 412
23.1.5 Machine-Learning Terminology 413
23.2 Machine-Learning and Deep-Learning Techniques 414
23.2.1 Supervised Learning Techniques 414
23.2.2 Unsupervised Learning Techniques 415
23.2.3 Reinforcement Learning Techniques 415
23.2.4 Deep-Learning Techniques 415
23.3 Social Sciences Applications Using Machine-Learning and Deep-Learning Techniques 416
23.3.1 Education 416
23.3.2 Economics 417
23.3.3 Marketing 418
23.3.4 Miscellaneous Applications 420
23.4 Conclusion 421
References 421

24 Green Energy Using Machine and Deep Learning 429

R. Senthil Kumar, S. Saravanan, P. Pandiyan, K.P. Suresh, and P. Leninpugalhanthi
24.1 Introduction 429
24.1.1 Solar Energy 430
24.1.1.1 Photovoltaic (PV) Cell 430
24.1.2 Wind Energy 432
24.1.2.1 Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) 433
24.1.2.2 Basic Equation of Wind Power 433
24.1.2.3 Wind Energy Site Selection 433
24.1.3 Hydropower 434
24.1.3.1 Working Principle of Hydropower Plant 434
24.2 ML Algorithms for Green Energy 435
24.2.1 Forecasting Renewable-Energy Generation Using ML 435
24.2.1.1 Solar-Energy Generation 435
24.2.1.2 Wind Power Generation 435
24.2.1.3 Hydro Power Generation 436
24.3 Managing Renewable-Energy Integration with Smart Grid 437
24.3.1 Supply–Demand Balancing 437
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xviii Contents

24.3.2 Grid Management and Operations 437

24.3.3 Grid-Data Management 438
24.4 DL Models for Renewable Energy 438
24.4.1 Solar Energy 439
24.4.2 Energy from the Wind 439
24.4.3 Techniques of DL 439
24.4.3.1 Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) 439
24.4.3.2 Restricted Boltzmann Machine (RBM) 440
24.4.3.3 Auto-Encoder 441
24.5 Conclusion 442
References 442

25 Light Deep CNN Approach for Multi-Label Pathology Classification Using Frontal Chest
X-Ray 445
Souid Abdelbaki, Soufiene B. Othman, Faris Almalki, and Hedi Sakli
25.1 Introduction 445
25.2 Related Work 446
25.3 Materials and Method 447
25.3.1 MobileNet V2 447
25.3.2 Model Architecture 448
25.4 Proposed Methodology 449
25.4.1 Dataset Preparation and Preprocessing 449
25.5 Result and Discussions 452
25.6 Conclusion 455
References 455

Index 459
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xix

Editor Biography

Dr. Deepika Ghai received her Ph.D in the area of signal and image processing from Punjab Engineering College,
Chandigarh. She received her M.Tech in VLSI Design & CAD from Thapar University, Patiala, and B.Tech in
electronics and communications engineering from Rayat Institute of Engineering and Technology, Ropar. She is an
Assistant Professor at Lovely Professional University with more than 8 years’ academic experience. She received
the Dr. C.B. Gupta Award in 2021 at Lovely Professional University. She has published more than 30 research
papers in refereed journals and conferences. She has worked as a session chair, conference steering committee
member, editorial board member, and reviewer in international/national IEEE journals and conferences. She has
also published edited book “Health Informatics and Technological Solutions for Coronavirus (COVID-19)” in CRC
Taylor & Francis. She is associated as a life member of the Indian Science Congress. Her area of expertise includes
signal and image processing, biomedical signal and image processing, and VLSI signal processing.
Dr. Suman Lata Tripathi received her Ph.D. in the area of microelectronics and VLSI from MNNIT, Allahabad.
She received her M.Tech in electronics engineering from UP Technical University, Lucknow, and B.Tech in elec-
trical engineering from Purvanchal University, Jaunpur. In 2022 she has worked as are mote post-doc researcher
at Nottingham Trent University, London, UK. She is a Professor at Lovely Professional University and has more
than 19 years’ academic experience. She has published more than 72 research papers in refereed IEEE, Springer,
Elsevier, and IOP science journals and conferences. She has also been awarded 13 Indian patents and 2 copy-
rights. She has organized several workshops, summer internships, and expert lectures for students. She has worked
as a session chair, conference steering committee member, editorial board member, and peer reviewer in inter-
national/national IEEE, Springer, Wiley journals and conferences, etc. She received the “Research Excellence
Award” in 2019 and “Research Appreciation Award” in 2020, 2021 at Lovely Professional University, India. She
received the best paper at IEEE ICICS-2018. She has edited and authored more than 15 books in different areas
of electronics and electrical engineering. She has edited works for Elsevier, CRC Taylor and Francis, Wiley-IEEE
Press, Nova Science, Apple Academic Press, etc. She is also working as a book series editor for “Smart Engineering
Systems” and a conference series editor for “Conference Proceedings Series on Intelligent Systems for Engineering
Designs” with CRC Press. She is the guest editor of a special issue in “Current Medical Imaging” Bentham Science.
She is a senior member, IEEE, fellow at IETE, and life member at ISC and is continuously involved in different
professional activities along with academic work. Her area of expertise includes microelectronics device modeling
and characterization, low power VLSI circuit design, VLSI design of testing, and advanced FET design for IoT,
embedded system design, reconfigurable architecture with FPGAs, and biomedical applications.
Dr. Sobhit Saxena received his Ph.D. from IIT Roorkee in the area of nanotechnology. He did his M.Tech in
VLSI and B.E. in electronics and communication engineering. His area of expertise includes nanomaterial synthe-
sis and characterization, electrochemical analysis and modeling, and simulation of CNT-based interconnects for
VLSI circuits. He has designed a new hybrid system of Li-ion batteries and supercapacitors for energy storage appli-
cations. He worked as a SEM (scanning electron microscopy) operator for four years against MHRD fellowship.
He has a vast teaching experience of more than 14 years in various colleges and universities. Currently, he is
 10.1002/9781119861850.fmatter, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781119861850.fmatter, Wiley Online Library on [01/10/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
xx Editor Biography

working as an Associate Professor in the School of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Lovely Professional
University. He has been awarded the “Perfect Award” four times in consecutive years for achieving 100% result.
He has published more than 10 research papers in SCI/Scopus indexed journals and about 20 papers in reputed
international conferences/non-indexed journals. He has filed three patents, published an edited book “Advanced
VLSI Design and Testability Issues” with CRC Press, and two book chapters. He has also published one authored
book, Digital VLSI Design and Simulation with Verilog, with Wiley. He is an IEEE member and a reviewer at var-
ious refereed SCI/Scopus indexed journals and conference proceedings. He also has industrial exposure in two
different companies related to manufacturing (PCB) and broadband communication.
Dr. Manash Chanda graduated in electronics and communication engineering from Kalyani Govt. Engineer-
ing College in 2005. He obtained his M.Tech degree in VLSI and microelectronics from Jadavpur University. He
completed his Ph.D in engineering from ETCE Dept., Jadavpur University, in 2018. At present, he is working as
an Assistant Professor in the Department of ECE, Meghnad Saha Institute of Technology, since February 2006.
He is a member of IEEE and is currently a member of IEEE Electron Device Society and Solid State Circuit Soci-
ety. Dr. Chanda is the co-founder of IEEE Student Branch and ED MSIT Student Branch Chapter. At present,
he is the Chapter Advisor of ED Meghnad Saha Institute of Technology Student Branch Chapter. Also, he is the
Vice Chairman of ED Kolkata Chapter. He served as the Secretary of IEEE ED MSIT SBC from January 2018 to
December 2019. He has published more than 65 refereed research papers and conference proceedings. His current
research interest spans around the study of analytical modeling of sub 100-nm MOSFETs and nanodevices con-
sidering quantum mechanical effects, low-power VLSI designs, SPICE modeling of nanoscale devices, memory
designs, etc. He has published papers in refereed international journals of reputed publishers like IEEE, Elsevier,
IET, Springer, Wiley, to name a few. He is the reviewer of many reputed international journals and conferences
like IEEE TCAS, IEEE TVLSI, IEEE TED, Solid State Circuits (Elsevier), Journal of Computational Electronics
(Springer), International Journal of Numerical Modeling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields (Wiley), Inter-
national Journal of Electronics (Taylor and Francis), etc. He is the recipient of University Gold medal in M. Tech
from Jadavpur University in 2008. One of his projects was selected in the Top 10 VLSI project design category
(including B. Tech and M.Tech) all over INDIA, organized by CADENCE DESIGN CONTEST, BANGALORE,
India in 2010.
Dr. Mamoun Alazab is an associate professor at the College of Engineering, IT, and Environment, and the
Inaugural Director of the NT Academic Centre for Cyber Security and Innovation (ACCI) at Charles Darwin Uni-
versity, Australia. He is a cyber-security researcher and practitioner with industry and academic experience. His
research is multidisciplinary and focuses on cyber security and digital forensics of computer systems with a focus
on cybercrime detection and prevention. He has published more than 300 research papers (>90% in Q1 and in
the top 10% of journal articles, and more than 100 in IEEE/ACM Transactions) and 15 authored/edited books. He
received several awards including the NT Young Tall Poppy (2021) from the Australian Institute of Policy and Sci-
ence (AIPS), IEEE Outstanding Leadership Award (2020), the CDU College of Engineering, IT and Environment
Exceptional Researcher Award in (2020) and (2021), and 4 Best Research Paper Awards. He is ranked in top 2% of
world’s scientists in the subfield discipline of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Networking & Telecommunications
(Stanford University). He was ranked in the top 10% of 30k cyber security authors of all time. Professor Alazab
was named in the 2022 Clarivate Analytics Web of Science list of Highly Cited Researchers, which recognizes him
as one of the world’s most influential researchers of the past decade through the publication of multiple highly
cited papers that rank in the top 1% by citations for field and year in Web of Science. He delivered more than 120
keynote speeches, chaired 56 national events and more than 90 international events; on program committees for
200 conferences. He serves as the Associate Editor of IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems, IEEE
Transactions on Network and Service Management (TNSM), ACM Digital Threats: Research and Practice, Complex
& Intelligent Systems.
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xxi

List of Contributors

Souid Abdelbaki Sundaram Arun

Department of Electrical Engineering Department of Electronics and Communication
MACS Research Laboratory RL16ES22 Engineering
National Engineering School of Gabes Jerusalem College of Engineering
Gabes University Chennai
Gabes India
Tunisia
Anterpreet K. Bedi
Faris Almalki Department of Electrical and Instrumentation
Department of Computer Engineering Engineering
College of Computers and Information Technology Thapar institute of Engineering and Technology
Taif University Patiala
Taif Punjab
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia India

J. Anil Raj Suman Bera

Department of Electronics and Communication Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Muthoot Institute of Technology and Science National Institute of Technology
Kochi Silchar
Kerala Assam
India India

and Hutashan V. Bhagat

Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Department of Computer Science Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering and
Cochin University of Science and technology Technology
Kochi Longowal
Kerala Sangrur
India India
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xxii List of Contributors

Anupam Biswas Kaustav Chaudhury

Department of Computer Science and Engineering Electronics and Communication Engineering
National Institute of Technology Heritage Institute of Technology
Silchar Anandapur
Assam Kolkata
India India

Angshuman Bora Aneeta Christopher

Department of Computer Science and Engineering Department of Electronics and Communication
National Institute of Technology Engineering
Silchar National Institute of Technology Calicut
Assam Calicut
India Kerala
India
Yogini D. Borole
Department of E & TC Engineering Debangshu Dey
G H Raisoni College of Engineering and Management Department of Electrical Engineering
SPPU Pune University Jadavpur University
Pune Kolkata
India West Bengal
India
Subham Chakraborty
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Thangaraju Dineshkumar
National Institute of Technology
Department of Electronics and Communication
Silchar
Engineering
Assam
Kongunadu College of Engineering and Technology
India
Trichy
Koneti Chandra Sekhar India
School of Electronics and Electrical Engineering
Lovely Professional University Paul Fieguth
Phagwara Vision Image Processing Lab
Punjab Department of Systems Design Engineering
India University of Waterloo
Waterloo
Pratik Chattopadhyay Canada
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu Biswarup Ganguly
University) Department of Electrical Engineering
Varanasi Meghnad Saha Institute of Technology
India Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology
West Bengal
Palungbam R. Chanu India
Electronics and Communication Engineering
NIT Nagaland
Chumukedima
Nagaland
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List of Contributors xxiii

Deepika Ghai Smita Kaloni

School of Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department of Civil Engineering
Lovely Professional University National Institute of Technology
Phagwara Uttarakhand
Punjab India
India
Maheshkumar H. Kolekar
R. Hari Kishan Department of Electrical Engineering
Department of Electronics and Communication Indian Institute of Technology
Engineering Patna
National Institute of Technology Calicut Bihar
Calicut India
Kerala
India Ranganathan Krishnamoorthy
Centre for nonlinear Systems
Samrina Hussain Chennai Institute of Technology
Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology Chennai
University of Copenhagen India
Denmark
Ashish Kumar
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Sumam M. Idicula
Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu
Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science
University)
Muthoot Institute of Technology and Science
Varanasi
Kochi
India
Kerala
India Kanak Kumar
Electronics Engineering Department
Hemlata M. Jadhav IEEE Member, Indian Institute of Technology
Electronics and Telecommunication Department (Banaras Hindu University)
Marathwada Mitra Mandal’s College of Engineering Varanasi
Pune India
India
Sachin Kumar
Makarand M. Jadhav Department of Instrumentation and Control
Electronics and Telecommunication Department Engineering
NBN Sinhgad School of Engineering Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology
Pune Jalandhar
India India

Neelu Jain Sandeep Kumar

Electronics and Communication Engineering Department of Electronics and Communications
Department Sreyas Institute of Engineering and Technology
Punjab Engineering College (Deemed to be University) Hyderabad
Chandigarh Telangana
India India
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xxiv List of Contributors

Sanjeev Kumar Altaf Mulani

Department of BioMedical Applications (BMA) Electronics and Telecommunication Department
Central Scientific Instruments Organisation SKNSCOE
(CSIO)-CSIR Pandharpur
Chandigarh India
India
Sugata Munshi
P. Leninpugalhanthi Department of Electrical Engineering
Department of EEE Jadavpur University
Sri Krishna College of Technology Kolkata
Coimbatore West Bengal
Tamil Nadu India
India
Swarup Nandi
Swanirbhar Majumder Department of Information Technology
Department of Information Technology Tripura University
Tripura University Agartala
Agartala Tripura
Tripura India
India
Mohamed A. Naiel
Debashish Malakar
Vision Image Processing Lab
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Department of Systems Design Engineering
National Institute of Technology
University of Waterloo
Silchar
Waterloo
Assam
Canada
India

Mudasir Maqbool Gadamsetti Narasimha Deva

Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences School of Electronics and Electrical Engineering
University of Kashmir Lovely Professional University
Hazratbal Phagwara
Srinagar Punjab
India India

Madhusudhan Mishra Soufiene B. Othman

Department of ECE Department of Telecom, PRINCE Laboratory
NERIST Research, IsitCom, Hammam Sousse, Higher Institute
Nirjuli of Computer Science and Communication Techniques
Arunachal Pradesh University of Sousse
India Sousse
Tunisia
Indiran Mohan
Department of Computer science and Engineering Shanmugam Padmapriya
Prathyusha Engineering College Department of Computer Science Engineering
Chennai Loyola Institute of Technology
India Chennai
India
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List of Contributors xxv

P. Pandiyan Husam Rajab

Department of EEE Department of Telecommunications and Media
KPR Institute of Engineering and Technology Informatics
Coimbatore Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Tamil Nadu Budapest
India Hungary

Pooja Ramya
Department of Instrumentation and Control Department of Electronics and Communication
Engineering Engineering
Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology Sri Ramakrishna Engineering College
Jalandhar, India Anna University (Autonomous)
Coimbatore
Dasari L. Prasanna India
Department of Electronics and Communication
Engineering Roshani Raut
Lovely Professional University Department of Information Technology
Phagwara Pimpri Chinchwad College of Engineering
Punjab Pune
India India

Vuyyuru Prashanth Abhisek Ray

School of Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering
Lovely Professional University Indian Institute of Technology
Phagwara Patna
Punjab Bihar
India India

Himanshu Priyadarshi Rehab A. Rayan

Department of Electrical Engineering Department of Epidemiology
Manipal University Jaipur High Institute of Public Health
Jaipur Alexandria University
India Alexandria
Egypt
Ranjeet P. Rai
Department of Electronics Engineering Thummala Reddychakradhar Goud
National Institute of Technology School of Electronics and Electrical Engineering
Uttarakhand Lovely Professional University
India Phagwara
Punjab
Zobeir Raisi India
Vision Image Processing Lab
Department of Systems Design Engineering
University of Waterloo
Waterloo
Canada
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xxvi List of Contributors

Hedi Sakli Kulwant Singh

Department of Electrical Engineering Department of Electronics and Communication
MACS Research Laboratory RL16ES22 Engineering
National Engineering School of Gabes Manipal University Jaipur
Gabes University Jaipur
Gabes India
Tunisia
Manminder Singh
and Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering and
EITA Consulting 5 Rue du Chant des oiseaux
Technology
Montesson
Longowal
France
Sangrur
India
S. Saravanan
Department of EEE
Yeshwant Singh
Sri Krishna College of Technology
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Coimbatore
National Institute of Technology
Tamil Nadu
Silchar
India
Assam
India
R. Senthil Kumar
Department of EEE
Siva Sakthi
Sri Krishna College of Technology
Department of Biomedical Engineering
Coimbatore
Sri Ramakrishna Engineering College
Tamil Nadu
Anna University (Autonomous)
India
Coimbatore
India
Shagun Sharma
Department of Electronics Engineering
Gannamani Sriram
National Institute of Technology
School of Electronics and Electrical Engineering
Uttarakhand
Lovely Professional University
India
Phagwara
Punjab
Ashish Shrivastava
India
Faculty of Engineering and Technology
Shri Vishwakarma Skill University
Sachin Srivastava
Gurgaon
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
India
Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu
University)
Ghanapriya Singh
Varanasi
Department of Electronics Engineering
India
National Institute of Technology
Uttarakhand
India
 10.1002/9781119861850.fmatter, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781119861850.fmatter, Wiley Online Library on [01/10/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
List of Contributors xxvii

P.V. Sudeep Sidhant Yadav

Department of Electronics and Communication Department of Electronics Engineering
Engineering National Institute of Technology
National Institute of Technology Calicut Uttarakhand
Calicut India
Kerala
India Georges Younes
Vision Image Processing Lab
Ramesh K. Sunkaria Department of Systems Design Engineering
Department of Electronics & Communication University of Waterloo
Engineering Waterloo
Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology Canada
Jalandhar
Punjab Imran Zafar
India Department of Bioinformatics and Computational
Biology
K.P. Suresh Virtual University of Pakistan
Department of EEE Lahore
Sri Krishna College of Technology Punjab
Coimbatore Pakistan
Tamil Nadu
India John Zelek
Vision Image Processing Lab
Ranganathan Thiagarajan Department of Systems Design Engineering
Department of Information Technology University of Waterloo
Prathyusha Engineering College Waterloo
Chennai Canada
India
Muhammad Asim M. Zubair
Suman Lata Tripathi Department of Pharmaceutics
School of Electronics & Electrical Engineering The Islamia University of Bahawalpur
Lovely Professional University Pakistan
Phagwara
Punjab
India

Karan Veer
Department of Instrumentation and Control
Engineering
Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology
Jalandhar
India
 10.1002/9781119861850.fmatter, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781119861850.fmatter, Wiley Online Library on [01/10/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
xxix

Preface

Machine learning (ML) algorithms for signal and image processing aid the reader in designing and developing
real-world applications to answer societal and industrial needs using advances in ML to aid and enhance speech
signal processing, image processing, computer vision, biomedical signal processing, text processing, etc. It includes
signal processing techniques applied for pre-processing, feature extraction, source separation, or data decompo-
sitions to achieve ML tasks. It will advance the current understanding of various ML and deep learning (DL)
techniques in terms of their ability to improve upon the existing solutions with accuracy, precision rate, recall
rate, processing time, or otherwise. What is most important is that it aims to bridge the gap among the closely
related fields of information processing, including ML, DL, digital signal processing (DSP), statistics, kernel the-
ory, and others. It also aims to bridge the gap between academicians, researchers, and industries to provide new
technological solutions for healthcare, speech recognition, object detection and classification, etc. It will improve
upon the current understanding about data collection and data pre-processing of signals and images for various
applications, implementation of suitable ML and DL techniques for a variety of signals and images, as well as
possible collaboration to ensure successful design according to industry standards by working in a team. It will
be helpful for researchers and designers to find out key parameters for future work in this area. The researchers
working on ML and DL techniques can correlate their work with real-life applications of smart sign language
recognition system, healthcare, smart blind reader system, text-to-image generation, or vice versa.
The book will be of interest to beginners working in the field of ML and DL used for signal and image analysis,
interdisciplinary in its nature. Written by well-qualified authors, with work contributed by a team of experts within
the field, the work covers a wide range of important topics as follows:
● Speech recognition, image reconstruction, object detection and classification, and speech and text processing.
● Healthcare monitoring, biomedical systems, and green energy.
● Real applications and examples, including a smart text reader system for blind people, a smart sign language
recognition system for deaf people, handwritten script recognition, real-time music transcription, smart agricul-
ture, structural damage prediction from earthquakes, and skin lesion classification from dermoscopic images.
● How various ML and DL techniques can improve the accuracy, precision rate recall rate, and processing time.
This easy-to-understand yet incredibly thorough reference work will be invaluable to professionals in the field
of signal and image processing who want to improve their work. It is also a valuable resource for students and
researchers in related fields who want to learn more about the history and recent developments in this field.
 10.1002/9781119861850.fmatter, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781119861850.fmatter, Wiley Online Library on [01/10/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
xxxi

Acknowledgments

All editors would like to thank the School of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Lovely Professional
University, Phagwara, India; Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Meghnad Saha
Institute of Technology, Kolkata; and College of Engineering, IT and Environment at Charles Darwin University,
Australia; the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea and the National Research Foundation of Korea
(NRF-2021S1A5A2A03064391); for providing necessary support for completing this book. The authors would
also like to thank the researchers who have contributed their chapters to this book.

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