Logarithm

@mathkool

Meaning of Logarithm:
Logarithm is a rule which is used to solve complex algebraic expression.

Exponential Form:
Every positive real number can be expressed as N = ax, a > 0, a ≠ 1, N>0
a → base, x → exponent

Q.1 Express 16 using exponential form with base 2, base 4 and base 16.
Sol. (i) N = 16, a = 2, Suppose x = power
1 1

2x1
= 16 ⇒ 2 = 16
4

(ii) a2 = 4, power = x2
4x2 = 16 ⇒ 42 = 16
(iii) a3 = 16, power = x3
16x3 = 16 ⇒ 161 = 16

Q.2 Express 81 using exponential form with base 3, base 9, and base 81.

Sol. (i) N = 81, a1 = 3, x1 = Power

3x1 = 81 ⇒ 34 = 81
(ii) a2 = 9, x2 = Power
9x2 = 81 ⇒ 92 = 81
(iii) a3 = 81, x3 = Power
81x3 = 81 ⇒ 811 = 81

Q.3 Express 16 using exponential form with base ‘3’.

Sol. It means, 3x = 16
We know that, 32 = 9 and 33 = 27 The types of ‘x’ can be find out
⇒ 2 < x < 3 ⇒ x ∈(2, 3) using logarithm.

Note:
Ex.
(i) What if a = 1. 1
Suppose a = –2 and x= − then
2
Express 16 in exponential form with
base a = 1 1

(−2) does not give real number.

−
1x = 16 ⇒ there does not exist any ‘x’. 2

For which 1x = 16
So we can not take base a = 1.

1.
 Logarithm
@mathkool

(ii) What if a is negative.

Then for even root it will not be defined.
 Hence for negative base it is not uniquely
defined that with powers it will give real
number or not.

Logarithmic form:
Logarithm of a number to some base is the
exponent by which the base must be raised
in order to get that number.

logaN = x ⇔ ax = N, N > 0, a > 0, a ≠ 1

a → base, x → exponent, N → number

Find values of following:

Q.1 (i) log101000

Sol. Suppose log101000 = x ⇔ 10x = 1000

⇒ 10x = 103 (by comparing)
⇒ x = 3

Q. (ii) log232

Sol. Suppose log232 = y ⇔ 2y = 32

⇒ 2y = 25 (by comparing)
⇒ y = 5

Q. (iii) log5625

Sol. Suppose log5625 = x ⇔ 5x = 625

⇒ 5x = 54 (by comparing)
⇒ x = 4

Q. (iv) log 2 64

Sol. ( 2)
y
Suppose log 2 64 = y ⇔ = 64
y
⇒ 22 = 26
y
⇒ = 6 (by comparing)
2
⇒ y = 12

2.
 Logarithm
@mathkool

Q. (v) log 2 3 1728

Sol. Suppose log 1728 = x ⇔ 2 3 ( )

x
= 1728 = 123
2 3

( ) 
( ) 
x 2
⇒ 2 3 =  2 3 
 

( ) = (2 3 )
x 6
⇒ 2 3 (by comparing)

⇒x=6

Q. (vi) log1632

Sol. Suppose log1632 = y ⇔ 16y = 32

⇒ (24)y = 25
⇒ 24y = 25

⇒ 4y = 5 (by comparing)
5
⇒ y =
4

Q. (vii) log 3 7 2401

Sol. Suppose log 3 7 2401 = x ⇔ ( 7)

3
x
= 2401
x
⇒ 7 3 = 74
x
⇒ = 4 (by comparing)
3
⇒ x = 12

Q. (viii) log 3 (log 3 (27)3 )

Sol. First we will find the value of log3(27)3 = y

⇒ log3(33)3 = y
⇒ log339 = y
⇒y=9
Then it reduces to log39 and we know that log39 = 2
Hence, log3(log3(27)3) = 2

Q.2 Find ‘x’ for which log(x – 1) (2x + 1) is defined.

 –1 
(A) x ∈ (1, ∞ ) (B) x ∈  , ∞ – {2}
2 
 –1 
(C) x∈ (1, ∞ ) – {2} (D) x ∈  , 1
2 

3.
Sol. (C)
We will check when log(x – 1)(2x + 1) is defined.
x – 1 > 0 and (x – 1) ≠ 1 and (2x + 1) > 0
–1
⇒ x > 1 and x ≠ 2 and x >
2
 –1 
⇒ x ∈ (1, ∞ ) and x ≠ 2 and x ∈
 2 , ∞
Intersection gives x ∈ (1, ∞ ) and x ≠ 2 ⇒ x ∈ (1, ∞ ) – {2}
It can also be written as
x ∈ (1, 2) ∪ (2, ∞)

Q.3 Find complete set of real values of ‘x’ for which log (x2–5x–6) is defined.
(2x–3)

Sol. 2x – 3 > 0 and (2x – 3) ≠ 1 and (x – 5x – 6) > 0

2

3
⇒ x> and x ≠ 2 and (x – 6) (x + 1) > 0
2
3
⇒ x> and x ≠ 2 and x ∈ ( −∞, −1) ∪ (6, ∞ )
2
3 
⇒ x ∈  , ∞  and x ≠ 2 and x ∈ ( −∞, −1) ∪ (6, ∞ )
2 
Intersection gives, x ∈ (6, ∞ )

Q.4 Let a = log1/216

b = log3(tan30°)
(
c = log 2− 3 2 + 3 )
d = log2(log24)
then a + b + c + d is
7 9 5
(A) − (B) − (C) − (D) –4
2 2 2

Sol. (B)
a = log1/216
a
1
⇒   = 16
2
⇒ 2–a = 24
⇒a=–4
b = log3(tan30°)
1
1 −
⇒ 3b = tan30° = =32
3
1
⇒ b= −
2

4.

c = log 2− (2 + 3 )
3

(2 + 3 )(2 − 3 )
( 3) =
c
⇒ 2−
(2 − 3 )
( 3 ) = ( 4 − 3) (2 − 3 )
c −1
⇒ 2−
c = –1
d = log2(log24)
we know that log24 = 2
so, d= log22 ⇒ d = 1
1 9
then a + b + c + d = −4 − −1+1 = −
2 2

Important Deduction:

(i) logNN = 1
(ii)  logN1 = 0
(iii) log1/N N = –1

(i) Proof : Suppose logNN = x ⇔ Nx = N 1 ⇒ x = 1

(ii) Proof : Suppose logN1 = y ⇔ Ny = 1 = N0 ⇒ y = 0
z
 1
(iii) Proof : Suppose log 1 N = z ⇔   = N ⇒ N−z = N1 ⇒ z = –1
N
 N

Q.5 Find values of following

(i) logsin30°cos60°
1
Sol. First simplify this, we get log 1  
Know the facts
2 2

1
so log 1   = 1 We know that logNN =1
2 2

Q. (ii) log4/3 1.3

Sol. Let N = 1.3 = 1.3333….

Know the facts
N = 1.3333… ...(i)
10 N = 13.33333....... ...(ii)
We know that logNN =1

5.
 Subtracting (i) from (ii), we get
– 9N = –12
–12 4
N= =
–9 3
 4
We get log 4   = 1
3 3

Q. (iii) log 5 5 5 5 . . .

Sol. Sol. N = 5

5
5 . . .
N

N= 5N
N2 = 5N
⇒ N2 –5N = 0
⇒ N(N–5) = 0
⇒ N = 0 or N = 5 but N = 0 is not possible
We get log55 = 1

Q. (iv) log2(sin2x + cos2x)

Sol. We know that sin2x + cos2 x = 1

 log 1 = 0
So we get , log21 = 0 N

Q. (v) log(tan1°).log(tan2°).log(tan3°)…log(tan89°)

Sol. log(tan1°). log(tan2°)… log(tan45°)…log(tan89°)

= log(tan1°). log(tan2°)… log1…log(tan89°)
=0

Q. (vi) log(tan1°.tan2°.tan3°... tan89°)

Sol. We get
log(tan1°·tan2°·tan3°...tan43°·tan44°·tan45°·tan46°...tan89°)
= log(tan1°·tan2°... tan44°·tan45°·tan(99°–44°)...tan(90–1)°)
= log(tan1°·tan2°... tan44°·1·cot44°·cot43°...cot1°)
= log(tan1°·cot1°·tan2°cot2°...tan44°cot44°)
= log1 = 0
Using tan(90°–θ) = cotθ
and tanθ.cotθ = 1

6.
Q. (vii) log (log (log (27) ))
2 3 3
3

Sol. Let’s assume

log3(27)3 = y
⇒ log3(33)3 = y
⇒ log339 = y
⇒y=9
Then it reduces to log 2 (log 3 9) = log 2 2 = 1

2

Q. (viii)
(log 100 (
10 ) log 2 (log 4 2 ) log 4 log 22 ( 256 )) ( 2
)
log 4 8 + log 8 4

Sol. Let a = log10010 b = log2(log42)
⇒ 100a = 10 1
⇒ (10)2a = 101 ⇒ b = log 2
2
⇒ 2a = 1 ⇒ 2b = 2–1
1 ⇒b=–1
⇒a=
2
2
Let x = log 22 ( 256 ) ⇒ x = log 2 ( 28 )  ⇒ x = (log 2 216 )
2 2 2

 
⇒ x = 162 = 256
     
c = log 4 log ( 2
2 (256)
2
) d = log48
⇒ 4d = 8
e = log84
⇒ 8e = 4
So we get c = log4256 ⇒ (22)d = 23 ⇒ (23)e = 22
⇒ 4c = 44 ⇒ 22d = 23 ⇒ 3e = 2
⇒c=4 ⇒ 2d = 3 2
⇒e=
⇒d= 3 3
2

1
abc   ( −1) ( 4 ) ( −2)·6 12
2
Then given expansion reduces to =  = =−
d+e 3 2 (9 + 4) 13
+
2 3

Q.6 If log (log (log x)) = 0 = log (log (log y)) then find x + y.
2 2 3 2 3 2

Sol. log (log (log x) = 0 ⇔ log (log x) = 2 = 1 (Change it into exponential form)
2 2 3 2 3
0

⇔ log3x = 2 = 2 1

⇔ x = 32 = 9
x=9
7.
 Similarly, log2(log3(log2y) = 0 ⇔ log3(log2y) = 20 = 1
(Change it into exponential form)
⇔ log2y = 31 = 3
⇔ y = 23 = 8
Then x + y = 9 + 8 = 17

Fundamental Identify:
alogaN = N
Proof:
Let logaN = x then it changes into
ax = N ⇔ logaN = x
So we get alogaN = N

Q. Find the value of following: 3log3 10

Sol. Using Identify, alogaN = N

We get 3log3 10 = 10

Properties of logarithm:
If m, n are positive real numbers, a > 0, a ≠ 1 then

(i) logamn = logam + logan

Proof:

Suppose logam = x and logan =y

ax = m and ay = n
then mn = ax.ay = ax + y
again change it into logarithmic form, x + y = logamn
we get logamn = logam + logan

Q.1 Solve : log102 + log105

Sol. log102 + log105

= log10(2×5) (using P(1))
= log1010
=1

8.
Note:

General version:
Suppose a > 0, a ≠ 1, N1, N2, N3, …, Nr > 0
loga(N1.N2.N3 ... Nr) = logaN1 + logaN2 + logaN3 + …. + logaNr

m
(ii) log a   = logam – logan
n

Proof:

Given a > 0, a ≠ 1, m > 0, n > 0

Then suppose logam = x & logan = y
⇒ ax = m & ay = n
m ax
⇒ = = ax – y
n ay
Change it into logarithmic form,
m
x – y = log a  
n
m
⇒ logam – logan = log a  
n

Q.2 Solve : log 10 – log 5

2 2

Sol. log 10 – log 5 = log 10

2 2
5
2 (using P(2))

    = log22
    = 1

(iii) logamn = n logam

Proof:

Let’s say logam = α ⇔ aα = m

then mn = (aα)n = anα
Change it into logarithmic form, then
nα = logamn
nlogam = logamn

9.
Q.3 Q3. Solve log 32 2

Sol. log 32 = log 2

2 2
5

= 5log22
=5

Q.4 Find values of following :

(i) log3855 + log3857 + log38511

Sol. Using property log m + log n + log p = log mnp a a a a

We get log3855.7.11
= log385385
= 1

Q. (ii) log (log (log 625)))

4 2 5

Sol. log (log (log 5 ))

4 2 5
4

= log4(log2(4log55))
= log4(log2(22 × 1))
= log4(2log22)
= log42
= 1/2

Q. (iii) log (11)log 11

11 1331

Sol. log (11)log 1331 11

11
3
= log 11 11log11 11 [Using logamn = nlogam]
= log 11 113log11 11
= log11113
= 3log1111
=3

Q. (iv) log 10 – log 5 + log 8

2 2 2

Sol. log 10 – log 5 + log 8

2 2 2
10
= log 2 + log 2 8 [Using P(1)]
5
= log22 + log223
= 1 + 3log22
=1+3
=4

10.
Q. (v) log2[log4(log10164 + log10258)]

Sol. log2[log4(log10164 + log10258)]

= log2[log4(log10164.258)]
= log2[log4(log1024×4.52×8)]
= log2[log4(log10(10)16)]
= log2[log4(16log1010)]
= log2[log442]
= log22(log44)
= log22 = 1

Q.5 1023
 1
∑ log  1 +  is equal to
2
n
n= 1 
(A) 8 (B) 9 (C) 10       (D) 12

Sol. (C)
1023
n + 1
∑ log
n= 1
2 
 n 


2 3 4  1024 

= log 2   + log 2   + log 3   + ... + log 2  
1 2 3  1023 
 2 3 4 1024 
= log 2  . . ... 
 1 2 3 1023 
= log21024
= log2210
= 10log22 = 10

Q.6  16 
15
 25 
Find the value of log 10 2 + 16log 10   + 12log 10 
24
 81 
 + 7 log 10  .
     80 

Sol. log102 + 16log1016 – log1015 + 12log1025 – 12log1024 + 7log1081 – 7log1080

= log102 + 16log1024 –16log10(3×5)– log10(3×5) + 12log1052 – 12log10(23.3)
+ 7log1034 – 7log10(24.5
= log102 + 64log102 – log103 – log35 + 24log105 – 36log102
      – 12log103 + 28log103 – 28log102 – 7log105
= (1 + 64 – 36 – 28) log102 + (–16 – 12 + 28) log103 + (–16 – 24 – 7) log105
= log102 + log105
= log1010 = 1

11.
Base Changing theorem:

log c a
logba = , a > 0, b > 0, c > 0, a ≠ 1, b ≠ 1, c ≠ 1
log c b

Proof:

Suppose logba = x ⇔ a = bx
 logca = logcbx
 logca = xlogcb (By taking logarithm)
log c a
  = x = logba
log c b
log c a
⇒ logb a =
log c b

Note:

1
log a b =
logb a

Proof:

log c b 1
=
log c a log c a (By using base Changing Theorem)
log c b
log c b log c b (Both are equal to each other)
=
log c a log c a
Hence proved.

Q.7 Prove the following: logba . logcb . logdc = logda

Sol. log a . log b . log c = log a log b log c log a

. . =
b c d
log b log c log d log d
= logda (Using Base-Changing Theorem)

12.
 Q.8 If log23. log34 . log45...logn(n + 1) = 10. Find ‘n’.

Sol. log23. log34 . log45...logn(n + 1) = 10

log 3 log 4 log 5 log(n + 1)
. . . ... . = 10
log 2 log 3 log 4 log n
log(n + 1)
⇒ = 10 (Using Base-Changing Theorem)
log 2
⇒ log2(n + 1) = 10
⇒ 210 = n + 1
⇒ n = 1024 –1 ⇒ n = 1023

Property of logarithm:

alogbc = clogba

Proof:

log a c

a logbc
=a log ab

1
= ( alogac )logab (Using Base-Changing theorem)
1
= ( c )logab = clogba
Hence alogbc = clogba

Property of logarithm:
n
log ak mn = ( ) k
log a m wherever defined

Proof:
log cmn nlog cm n (Using Base-changing theorem)
L.H.S.= = = log a m = R.H.S.
log c a k
klog c a k

Hence Proved.

Q.9 The value of 7log3 5 + 3log5 7 − 5log3 7 − 7log5 3 is equal to

(A) 3 (B) 5 (C) 7       (D) 0

Sol. (D)
7log3 5 + 7log5 3 − 7log3 5 − 7log5 3 = 0 (Using property a log cb = blogc a )

13.
Q.10 Let x
4

1
= log1632, x2 = log625125, x3 = log816, x4 = log 2 8 . Find ∑x .
i= 1
i

5 5
Sol. x 1 = log 24 25 =
4
log 2 2 =
4
3 3
x2 = log 54 53 = log 5 5 =
4 4
4 4
x3 = log 23 24 = log 2 2 =
3 3
x4 = log 21/2 23 = 6log 2 2 = 6
4
5 3 4 28
then ∑x
i= 1
i = x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = + + +6 =
4 4 3 3

log 3 7 −1

Q.11 Let 1

A=  , B = 2log1/2 7 , C = 8log3 2 , D = 4−log2 6 . Find
1 1 1 1
+ − − .
9 A B C D

Sol. A = (3 ) −2
log 3 7
=3 ( )−2
log 3 7
=
1
49
log
(2−1 )
7
1 −1
B=2 = 2log2 7 =
7
1
C = 23( −log2 3) = 2log2 3 =
−3

27
−2 1
D = 2−2log2 6 = 2log2 6 =
36
1 1 1 1
+ − − = 49 + 7 – 27 – 36 = –7
A B C D

Q.12 If p log 3 7
= 81 , then find value of p(log3 7) .
2

Sol. p log 3 7.log 3 7

= (plog3 7 )
log 3 7
= ( 81)
log 3 7

4
= 34log3 7 = 3log3 7 = 74 = 2401

Q.13 If a, b, c are real positive numbers such that 2 2 2

a
log 3 7
= 27, b
log 7 11 log 11 25
= 49, c = 11 ,
(log 3 7 ) (log 7 11) (log 11 25)
then find the value of a +b +c .
(A) 343 (B) 121 (C) 469      (D) 569

Sol. (C)
alog3 7.log3 7 + blog 7 11.log 7 11 + clog11 25.log11 25
= ( alog3 7 ) + (blog 7 11 ) + ( clog11 25 )
log 3 7 log 7 11 log 11 25

( 11 )
log 3 7 log 7 11 log 11 25
= ( 27 ) + ( 49) +

14.
 = 33log3 7 + 72log 7 11 + 11½log11 25
1/2
= 3log3 7 + 7log 7 11 + 11log11 (25)
3 2

= 73 + 112 + 5
= 343 + 121 + 5 = 469

Q.14 If log x = b for permissible values of a and x then identify the statement(s)
a
which can be correct?
(A) If a and b are two irrational numbers then x can be rational.
(B) If a rational and b irrational then x can be rational.
(C) If a irrational and b rational then x can be rational.
(D) If a rational and b rational then x can be rational.

Sol. (ABCD)
Change this into exponential form
(A) x = ab
Suppose a = 2, b = log 2 3
First we will prove that log23 is not rational
Suppose log23 is rational, then log23 = p/q ⇒ 3 = 2p/q
⇒ 3q = 2p
It is not possible for any value of p, q except p = 0 and q = 0
So, log23 is irrational.
1
Hence log 2 3 is irrational
2
So, we can say log 2 3 will be irrational

( 2)
log 3
Then 2
= 3 is rational.
(B) a = 2, b = log23
Then 2log2 3 = 3 is rational.
(C) a = 3 , b = 2

( )
2
3 = 3 is rational.
(D) a = 2, b = 3
Then (2)3 = 8 is rational.

Q.15 B=
1
+
2
−
3
, C=
log 3 12 log 3 4
− . Find B + C.
log 3 2 log 9 4 log 27 8 log 36 3 log 108 3
(A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) 1

Sol. (B)
B = log23 + 2log49 – 3log827
= log 2 3 + 2log 22 32 − 3log 23 33
= log23 + 2log23 – 3log23 = 0

15.
 log 3 12 log 3 4
C= −
log 36 3 log 108 3
C = log312 log336 – log34.log3108
C = log3(4×3).log3(4×9) – log34.log3(4×27)
C = (log34 + log33)(log34 + log39) – log34(log34 + log327)
C = (log34 + 1)(log34 + 2) – log34.(log34 + 3)
Put log34 = t,
C = (t + 1)(t + 2) – t(t + 3) = t2 + 3t + 2 – t2 – 3t = 2
So, B + C = 0 + 2 = 2

Q.16 A = 1
+
1
+
1
1 + logba + logbc 1 + log ca + log cb 1 + log ab + log a c
Where a > 0, a ≠ 1, b > 0, b ≠ 1, c > 0, c ≠ 1, abc ≠ 1, then A is :
1
(A) abc (B) (C) 1     (D) 0
abc
Sol. (C)
1 1 1
+ +
logbb + logba + logbc log cc + log ca + log cb log a a + log ab + log a c
1 1 1
= + +
logbabc log cabc log a abc
= logabcb + logabcc + logabca
= logabcabc = 1

Q.17 Let a = log 5, b = log

3
25 and c = log51000, d = log72058 then which of the
17
following is/are true?
(A) a > b (B) a < b (C) c > d     (D) c < d

Sol. (AC)
1 2
a = log35 = and b = log1725 = log1752 = 2log175 =
log 5 3 log 5 17
1 1 1
Then = log 5 3 and = log 5 17 = log 5 17
a b 2
1 1
From here log 5 17 > log 5 3 ⇒ >
b a
⇒a>b
c = log51000 and d = log7(2058)
∵ 625 < 1000 < 3125
⇒ log5625 < log51000 < log53125
⇒ log554 < c < log555
⇒ 4<c<5
343 < 2058 < 2401

16.
 ⇒ log7343 < log72058 < log72401
⇒ log773 < d < log774
⇒ 3<d<4
Hence c > d

Q.18 Establish the trichotomy between:

(i) m = (log25)2 & n = log220

Sol. m – n = (log25)2 – (log220)

= (log25)2 – log2(5×4)
= (log25)2 – (log25 + 2log22)
= (log25)2 – log25 – 2
Let log25 = t
then, m – n = t2 – t – 2 = (t –2)(t + 1)
log25 > 2 ⇒ t > 2 hence m – n > 0 ⇒ m > n

Q. (ii) a = logπ2 + log2π and b = 1

Sol. Suppose α = logπ2

1
Then a = α + > 2 and b = 1
α
So a > b

Q. If log615 = α and log1218 = β, then find log2524 in terms of α, β.

Sol. log 3 15 log 3 ( 3 × 5 ) log 3 3 + log 3 5

=α ⇒ =α⇒ =α
log 3 6 log 3 ( 2 × 3 ) log 3 3 + log 3 2

1 + log 3 5
⇒ = α             ... (i)
1 + log 3 2

log 3 18 log 3 ( 9 × 2 ) log 3 9 + log 3 2

Also = β⇒ = β⇒ =β
log 3 12 log 3 ( 3 × 4 ) log 3 3 + log 3 4

2 + log 3 2
⇒ = β            ... (ii)
1 + 2log 3 2

log 3 24 log 3 ( 8 × 3) 1 + 3log 3 2

Now, log 25 24 = = =
log 3 25 log 3 52 2log 3 5
By equation (ii), 2 + log32 = β + 2βlog32
⇒ (log32)(1 – 2β) = β – 2
β−2
⇒ log 3 2 =
1 − 2β

17.
  β−2 
By equation (i), 1 + log35 = α(1 + log32) = α 1 + 
 1 − 2β 
 1 − 2β + β − 2   −1 − β 
⇒ 1 + log35 = α   = α 
 1 − 2β   1 − 2β 
−αβ − α − 1 + 2β
⇒ log 3 5 =
1 − 2β
 β−2
1 + 3
1 + 3log 3 2  1 − 2β 
Then log 24 25 = =
2log 3 5  2β − 1 − αβ − α 
2 
 1 − 2β

⇒ log 25 = 1 − 2β + 3β − 6 β−5
=
24
(
2 2β − 1 − αβ − α ) (
2 2β − 1 − αβ − α )
Q.20 If log 12 = a and log
7
24 = b then find the value of log54168 in terms of a, b.
12

log 2 12 log 2 ( 4 × 3) 2 + log 2 3

Sol. Given, a = log 7 12 =
log 2 7
=
log 2 7
=
log 2 7
        … (i)

log 2 24 log 2 ( 8 × 3) 3 + log 2 3

and b = log1224 = = =         … (ii)
log 2 12 log 2 ( 4 × 3 ) 2 + log 2 3
log 2 168 log 2 ( 7 × 3 × 8) 3 + log 2 7 + log 2 3
log54168 = = =       … (iii)
log 2 54 log 2 ( 27 × 2) 1 + 3log 2 3
From equation (ii), 3 + log23 = 2b + b log23
⇒ (1–b)log23 = 2b – 3
2b − 3
⇒ log 2 3 =
1−b
Replace this in equation (i),
2b − 3
2+
1 − b = log 7
2
a
2 − 2b + 2b − 3
⇒ = log 2 7
a ( 1 − b)
−1
⇒ log 2 7 =
a ( 1 − b)
2b − 3 1
3+ −
1−b a ( 1 − b)
Then from equation (iii), log 54 168 =
 2b − 3
1 + 3 
 1−b 
3a ( 1 − b ) + a ( 2b − 3) − 1
⇒ log 54 168 =
a ( 1 − b ) + 3 ( 2b − 3 ) 
18.
 3a − 3ab + 2ab − 3a − 1
⇒ log 54 168 =
a [1 − b + 6b − 9]
−1 − ab
⇒ log 54 168 =
(
a 5b − 8 )
 
Q.21  
If log 7  log 7 7 7 7  = 1 – a log72 and log 15  log 15 15 15 15 15  = 1 – b log152.
   
Find a + b.

Sol. Let
 
x = log 7  log 7 7 7 7 
 
1 
x = log 7  log 7 7 7 7 
2 
1
2
( 
x = log 7  log 7 7 + log 7 7 7 

)
1 1 
x = log 7   1 + log 7 7 7  
2 2 
1 1 1 
x = log 7   1 +  log 7 7 + log 7 7   
2 2 2 
1 1 1 
x = log 7   1 +  1 +   
2 2 2 
1 1 3 
x = log 7   1 + .  
2 2 2 
 1  7  7
x = log 7     = log 7
2
  4 8
x = 1 – log78
x= 1 – 3log72
Compare it with x = 1 – a log72 then a = 3
 
Similarly, suppose y = log 15  log 15 15 15 15 15 
 
1 
then y = log 15  log 15 15 15 15 15 
 2 
1 1 
y = log 15   1 + log 15 15 15 15  
2 2 
1  1 1  
y = log 15   1 +  1 + log 15 15 15   
2
  2  2  

19.
 1  1 1 1   
y = log 15   1 +  1 +  1 +    
2  2 2 2   
1  1 1 3  
y = log 15   1 +  1 + .   
2  2 2 2  
1  7   1 15 
y = log 15   1 +   = log 15  . 
2  8  2 8 
y = log1515 – log152 4

y = 1 –4 log152, compare it with y = 1 – b log152

Hence b = 4 and a = 3
So a+b=4+3
a+b=7

Q.22 If
log a log b log c
b−c
=
c−a
=
a −b
, show that aa.bb.cc = 1.

log a log b log c

Sol. Assume,
b−c
=
c−a
=
a −b
=k

then log a = k(b –c) ⇒ a log a = k (ab – ac) … (i)

log b = k(c –a) ⇒ b log b = k (bc – ab) … (ii)
log c = k(a –b) ⇒ c log c = k (ac – bc) … (iii)
Adding (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
⇒ log(aa.bb.cc) = k[ab – ac + bc – ab + ac – bc]
⇒ log(aa.bb.cc) = 0 (change it into exponential form)
⇒ aa.bb.cc = 1

Q.23 If a, b, c are positive real numbers other than unity such that
a (b + c − a ) b ( c + a − b ) c ( a + b − c )
= = , prove that abba = bccb = caac.
log a log b log c

Sol. Assume,
a (b + c − a ) b (c + a − b) c (a + b − c )
= = =k
log a log b log c
a (b + c − a )
⇒ log a =   …(i)
k
b (c + a − b)
log b =   …(ii)
k
c (a + b − c )
log c =   …(iii)
k
ab (b + c − a ) ab ( c + a − b ) c (a + b − c )
⇒ b log a = , a log b = , log c =
k k k

20.
 ab (b + c − a )
⇒ log ab =   …(iv)
k
ab ( c + a − b )
log ba = …(v)
k
Add equations (iv) & (v)
ab 2abc
log (ab.ba) = [b + c – a + c + a –b] =
k k
Consider the base as ‘e’,
2abc
we get, abba = e k … (A)
Now multiply (ii) by c and (iii) by b, we get
bc ( c + a − b )
c log b = … (vi)
k
bc ( a + b − c )
and b log c = …(vii)
k
Add (vi) and (vii), we get
bc 2abc
log (bc .cb ) = [c +a – b + a + b – c] =
k k
Change this into exponential form, we get
2abc
bc .cb = e k
… (B)
2abc
Similarly we get, ca .ac = e … (C)
k

From equations (A), (B) and (C), we get

ab.ba = bc.cb = ca.ac

Logarithmic Equation

Q.1 Find ‘x’ in following :

(i) x2 + 7log 7 x − 2 = 0

Sol. Using a = N , we get

log aN

x + x – 2 = 0 and x > 0
2

⇒ x2 + 2x – x – 2 = 0
⇒ x(x + 2) – 1(x + 2) = 0
⇒ (x + 2) (x – 1) = 0
⇒ either x = 1 or x = –2
Since x > 0, so we get x = 1

21.
 ( )
Q.
log 2 x2
(ii) 2 − 3x − 4 = 0

Sol. Using property alogaN = N

We get x2 –3x – 4 = 0
⇒ x2– 4x + x – 4 = 0
⇒ x(x –4) + 1(x –4) = 0
⇒ (x –4)(x + 1) = 0
⇒ x = 4 and x = –1

log 2 ( 9 − 2x )
Q. (iii)
3−x
=1

Sol. log2(9–2x) = 3 – x (change it into exponential form)

⇒ 9 – 2x = 23–x
8
⇒ 9 – 2x = 23.2–x =
2x
⇒ Put 2x = t, we get
8
9–t=
t
⇒ 9t – t2 = 8
⇒ t2 – 9t + 8 = 0
⇒ t2 – 8t –t + 8 = 0
⇒ t(t –8) –1(t –8) = 0
⇒ t = 8, t = 1
⇒ 2x = 23 and 2x = 1
⇒ x = 3 and x = 0, but x ≠ 3, hence x = 0

Q. (iv) ( x + 1)
log 10 ( x + 1)
= 100 ( x + 1)

Sol. By taking logarithm both sides with base 10, we get

log 10 ( x + 1)
log 10 ( x + 1) = log 10 100 ( x + 1)
⇒log10(x + 1).log10(x + 1) = log10100 + log10(x + 1)
Consider, log10(x + 1) = t, we get
t2 = 2 + t
⇒ t2 – t – 2 = 0
⇒ t2 – 2t + t – 2 = 0
⇒ t(t –2) + 1(t –2) = 0
⇒ (t –2)(t + 1) = 0
⇒ t = 2, t = –1
log10(x + 1) = 2 and log10(x +1) = –1
1
⇒ x + 1 = 100 and (x + 1) =
10

22.
 1
⇒ x = 100 – 1 = 99 and x = −1
10
−9
⇒ x = 99 and x =
10
9
⇒ x = 99 and x = −
10

Q. (v) logx–14 = 1 + log2(x –1)

Sol. logx–122 = 1 + log2(x–1)

2
⇒ = 1 + log 2 ( x − 1)
log 2 ( x − 1)
2
Consider log2(x –1) = t, we get =1+t
t
⇒ 2 = t + t2
⇒ t2 + t – 2 = 0
⇒ t2 +2t – t –2 = 0
⇒ t(t + 2) –1(t + 2) = 0
⇒ (t + 2)(t –1) = 0
⇒ t = –2, t = 1
⇒ log2(x –1) = –2 and log2(x –1) = 1
⇒ (x–1) = 2–2 and (x –1) = 21
1
⇒ x=1+ and x = 1 + 2 = 3
4
5
⇒ x = and x = 3
4

1 1 1
Q. (vi) 1 – log 5 = 
3 2 3

log + log x + log 5


Sol. Base is given as 10

1 1 1 
log 10 – log 5 = log + log x + log 5
3 2 3 
10 1
⇒ log =  −log 2 + log x + log 51/3 
5 3
⇒ 3 log 2 + log 2 = log x + log 51/3
⇒ 4 log 2 – log 51/3 = log x
16
⇒ log x = log 1/3
5
16
⇒ x = 1/3
5

23.
Q. (vii) 3log3x + x(log3x ) = 162
2

Sol. ( 3 ) log 3 x log 3 x

+ xlog3x − 162 = 0

⇒ xlog3x + xlog3x − 162 = 0

⇒ 2xlog3x = 162
⇒ xlog3x = 81
Take logarithm on both sides with base 3, we get
log3x.log3x = log381 = 4
⇒ (log3x)2 = 4
⇒ log3x = ±2
⇒ x = 3±2
⇒ x = 9, 1
9

Q. (viii) 51+log 4x + 5(log1/ 4x)−1 =

26
5

Sol. 51+log 4x + 5−1−log 4x =

26
5
Put 51+log 4x = t , we get
1 26
t+ =
t 5
26t
⇒ t2 + 1 =
5
⇒ 5t + 5 = 26t
2

⇒ 5t2 – 26t + 5 = 0
⇒ 5t2 – 25t – t + 5 = 0
⇒ 5t(t –5) – 1 (t –5) = 0
⇒ (t –5)(5t –1) = 0
⇒ t = 5 or t = 1/5
1+log 4 x 1 1+log 4 x
⇒ 5 = 51 or 5= 5−1 =
5
⇒ 1 + log4x = 1 or 1 + log4x = –1
⇒ log4x = 0 or log4x = –2
⇒ x = 1 or x = 4–2
1
⇒ x = 1 or x =
16

24.
Q. (ix) log4(2log3(1 + log2(1 + 3log2x))) =
1
2

Sol. Change it into exponential form,

2log (1 + log (1 + 3log x)) = 4 = 2 1/2
3 2 2
Again, 1 + log2(1 + 3log2x) = 3
log2(1 + 3log2x) = 2
Again, 1 + 3log2x = 4
⇒ 3log2x = 3
⇒ log2x = 1
⇒x=2

Q. (x) log 5 ( 51/x + 125 ) = log 5 6 + 1 +

1
2x

Sol. log (5 5
1/x 
+ 125) = log56 +  1 +
1 
 log55
2x 

 1 
 1+ 
⇒ log5(51/x + 125) = log56 + log 5 5 2x 

⇒ log5(51/x + 125) = log5(6×5×51/2x)

⇒ 51/x + 125 = 30×51/2x
Put 51/2x = t, then t2 + 125 = 30t
⇒ t2 – 30t + 125 = 0
⇒ t2 – 25t – 5t + 125 = 0
⇒ t(t –25) – 5(t –25) = 0
⇒ (t–25)(t –5) = 0
Either t = 25 or t = 5
⇒ 51/2x = 52 or 51/2x = 51
1 1
⇒ = 2 or =1
2x 2x
1 1
⇒ x = or x =
4 2

Q. (xi) x2+log x 4 = x2 + 27

Sol. x2 .xlog x 4 = x2 + 27
⇒ x2.4 = x2 + 27
⇒ 3x2 = 27
⇒ x2 = 9
⇒ x = +3 or x = –3
As x > 0 and x ≠ 1, so we get x = 3

25.
 Q. (xii) a2log2x = 5 + 4xlog2a

Sol. (a )
log 2 x 2
= 5 + 4 ( alog2x ) (Using property alogcb = blogca )

Put alog2x = t , we get

t2 = 5 + 4t
⇒ t2 – 4t – 5 = 0
⇒ t2 – 5t + t – 5 = 0
⇒ t(t –5) + 1(t–5) = 0
⇒ (t–5)(t + 1) = 0
⇒ t = 5 or t = –1
⇒ alog2x = 5 or alog2x = −1 (not possible)
⇒ log5a.log2x = log55
⇒ log2x.log5a = 1
1
⇒ log 2 x =
log 5a
⇒ log2x = loga5
⇒ x = 2log 5 or 5log
a a 2

Common logarithm and Natural logarithm:

log10N is referred as a common logarithm.
logeN is called as a natural logarithm. It is also
written as lnN.

Note:
e is an irrational quantity lying between 2.7 to
2.8. Also elnx = x Ex. (i) 3.4 = 3 + 0.4
R = 3.4, I = 3 and f = 0.4
Characteristics and Mantissa (ii) 5.1 = 5 + 0.1
R = 5.1, I = 5 and f = 0.1
Real number = Integer + Fraction (iii) –1.2 = –1 –0.2
logaN = Characteristics + Mantissa –1.2 = –1 – 1 + 1 –0.2
R=I+f –1.2 = –2 + 0.8
where R is a real number R = –1.2, I = –2, f = 0.8
I is an integer
(iv) –3.8 = –3 – 0.8
f is a fraction i.e. 0 ≤ f < 1
–3.8 = –3 –1 + 1 –0.8
–3.8 = –4 + 0.2
Here, characteristics is an integer and R = 3.8, I = –4, f = 0.2
mantissa is fraction, so (v) –6.2 = –7 + 0.8
0 ≤ mantissa < 1 R = –6.2, I = –7, f = 0.8

26.
Note:

(i) Characteristic can be zero, positive and negative.

(ii) Mantissa is always non-negative and less than 1.

Finding Number of digits

Number of digits = Characteristics + 1

Observation:

Range Taking log Characteristics Number of digits

1 ≤ N < 10 0 ≤ log10N < 1 0 1

10 ≤ N < 100 1 ≤ log10N < 2 1 2

100 ≤ N < 1000 2 ≤ log10N < 3 2 3

By observation, we can say that

Number of digits = Characteristics + 1

Remember the following values

log102 = 0.3010
log103 = 0.4771
log105 = 0.6989
log107 = 0.8450

Q.1 Find number of digits in

(i) N = 650

Sol. Taking logarithm on both sides, we get

log10N = log10650 = 50 log106

27.
   = 50[log102 + log103]
  = 50[0.3010 + 0.4771]
  = 50[0.7781] = 38.905
log10650 = 38 + 0.905
Characteristics = 38, So Number of digits = 39

Q. (ii) N = 525

Taking logarithm on both sides, we get

Sol. log N = log10525 = 25log10
10
= 25[log1010 – log102]
10
2
log10N = 25[1–0.3010]
= 25[0.699]
log10525 = 17.475 = 17 + 0.475
Here characteristics = 17
Hence, Number of digits = 18

Number of zeroes after decimal before a significant digit starts:

Number of zeroes = |Characteristics + 1|

Observation:

Range Taking log Characteristics Number of zeroes

0.1 ≤ N < 1 –1 ≤ log10N < 0 –1 0

0.01 ≤ N < 0.1 –2 ≤ log10N < –1 –2 1

0.001 ≤ N < 0.01 –3 ≤ log10N < –2 –3 2

Hence by observation we can say that

Number of zeros = |Characteristics + 1|

28.
Q.2 Find number of zeroes after decimal point before a significant digit starts in
(i) N = 3–50

Sol. Taking logarithm on both sides, we get

log10N = log103–50 = (–50)log103
⇒ log10N = (–50) × (0.4771) = –23.855
⇒ log10N = –23 – 0.855 + 1 – 1 = –24 + 0.145
Here characteristics = –24
Hence Number of zeros = |–24 +1| = |–23| = 23

−100
9
Q. (ii) N= 
8

Sol. Taking logarithm on both sides with base ‘10’

−100
9 9
log10N = log 10   = −100log 10   = –100[2log3 – 3log2]
8 8
⇒ log10N = –100[2 × 0.4771 – 3 × 0.3010]
⇒ log10N = –100[0.9542 – 0.9030]
⇒ log10N = –5.12
Characteristics = –6
Number of zeros = |–6 + 1| = |–5| = 5

Q.3 Find ‘N’ for which characteristics in 2 and base is 10

(A) N ∈ [1000, 10000) (B) N ∈ [10, 100)
(C) N ∈ [100, 1000) (D) N ∈ [1, 10)

Sol. (C)
According to given condition,
⇒ 2 ≤ log10N < 3
⇒ 100 ≤ N < 1000
⇒ N ∈ [100, 1000)

Q.4 Find the number of integral values of N, for which characteristic is 5 under
base 3.

Sol. According to given condition,

5 ≤ log N < 6
3
⇒ 35 ≤ N < 36
⇒ 243 ≤ N < 729
Number of integral values of N = 729 – 243 = 486

Q.5 Find ‘N’ for which characteristics is –5 under base 3.

Sol. According to given statement,

–5 ≤ log N < –4
3
⇒ 3–5 ≤ N < 3–4

29.
 1 1
⇒ ≤N< 4
3 5
3
1 1
⇒ ≤N<
243 81
 1 1 
⇒ N∈  , 
 243 81 

Significance of Modulus function in Logarithmic Equation:

Q.1 Solve : log4x2 =2

Sol. xx 2

2
=42
= 16
x = ±4
Wrong method:
log4x2 = 2
⇒ 2log4x = 2
⇒ log4x = 1
⇒ x = 41
⇒x=4
Incomplete solution
That’s why
log(x2) = 2log |x|
Now it can be solved as
log4x2 = 2 ⇒ 2log4|x| = 2
⇒ log4|x| = 1
⇒ |x| = 41
⇒ x=±4

Note:

(i) logx2 = 2 log|x|

(ii) logx2m = 2m log|x|, m ∈ N
(iii) logx2m+1 = (2m +1) logx, m ∈ N
(iv) x2 = x
y
Absolute value function/modulus function
y = –x y=x
 x ; x  0

Y x  x  0 ; x 0
2
x
x ; x0 (0, 0)


30.
Q.2 Solve : |x–5| = 10. Find ‘x’

Sol. x – 5 = ± 10
⇒ x – 5 = 10 or x – 5 = –10
⇒ x = 15 or x = –5

Q.3 Find ‘x’ if |3x – 2| + x = 11

Sol. Case-(i)
2
When x <
3
–∞
– +
∞
Then, –(3x –2) + x = 11 2
⇒ –3x + 2 + x = 11 3
⇒ –2x = 9
⇒ x = –9/2
2
Case-(ii) When x ≥
3
(3x –2) + x = 11
⇒ 4x = 13
⇒ x = 13/4
Hence, x = –9/2 and x = 13/4 are the solution.

Q.4 Find ‘x’ if |x – 3| +2|x + 1| = 4

Sol. –∞
–1 3
∞

Case-(i) When x <–1, then

–(x –3) –2(x + 1) = 4
⇒ –x + 3 – 2x – 2 = 4
⇒ –3x = 3
⇒ x = –1, but x < –1 hence no solution.
Case-(ii) When –1 ≤ x < 3, then
–(x –3) + 2(x + 1) = 4
⇒ –x + 3 + 2x + 2 = 4
⇒ x = –1 is a solution.
Case-(iii) When x ≥ 3, then
(x –3) +2(x +1) = 4
⇒ x –3 + 2x + 2 = 4
⇒ 3x = 5
5
⇒ x= but x ≥ 3
3
Hence no solution
So, x = –1 is the only solution.

31.
Q.5 Find ‘x’
4
(i) 2log8(2x) + log8(x2 + 1 – 2x) =
3
Sol. 2log 8  2x   log 8  x  1 
2 4
3
4
 2log 8  2x   2log
x1  (Change it into exponential form)
8
3
2
 log 8 2x x  1 
3
2
 2x x  1   8 3  4
x x1 2

Case (i): When x < 1, then

–x (x – 1) = 2
⇒ x2 – x + 2 = 0
It’s discriminant D = (–1)2 – 4 × 2 = 1 – 8 = –7 < 0
Hence, no real roots exist, so no solution.
Case (ii): When x ≥ 1, then
x (x –1) = 2
⇒ x2 – x = 2
⇒ x2 – x – 2 = 0
⇒ (x –2)(x + 1) = 0
⇒ x = – 1 or x = 2, but x ≥ 1
So, x = 2 is the only solution.

Q. (ii) 2log 3 ( x − 2 ) + log 3 ( x − 4 ) = 0

2

Sol. 2log 3 ( x − 2) + 2log 3 x − 4 = 0

⇒ log 3 ( x − 2 ) x − 4 = 0 (Change it into exponential form)

⇒ (x – 2) |x – 4| = 1
Case (i): When x < 4, then –∞ ∞

− ( x − 2 )( x − 4 ) = 1
4

⇒ x2 − 6x + 8 = −1
⇒ x2 − 6x + 9 = 0
⇒ (x – 3)2 = 0 ⇒ x = 3

32.
 Case (ii): When x ≥ 4

( x − 2)( x − 4 ) = 1
⇒ x2 − 6x + 8 = 1
⇒ x2 − 6x + 7 = 0

6± 8
⇒x=
2

⇒ x = 3 + 2, x = 3 − 2
but x ≥ 4 So, x = 3 + 2
Hence, x = 3 or x = 3 + 2 is the solution.

Q. (
(iii) log 4 x2 − 1 − log 4 x − 1 ) ( )
2
= log 4 (4 − x)
2

Sol. log ( x 2
)
− 1 − log 4 ( x − 1) = log 4 4 − x
2
4

⇒ log 4
(x 2
−1 ) = log 4 − x = log 4 x − 4
( x − 1)
2 4

⇒
(x 2
−1 ) = x−4
( x − 1)
2

⇒
( x − 1)( x + 1) = x − 4
( x − 1)
2

⇒
( x + 1) = x − 4
( x − 1) –∞ ∞
4
Case (i): When x < 4
x+1
= − ( x − 4)
x−1
⇒ −x − 1 = ( x − 1)( x − 4 )

⇒ –x – 1 = x2 – 5x + 4
⇒ x2 – 4x + 5 = 0, Since D < 0
Hence no real roots.

Case(ii): When x ≥ 4
x+1
x−1
= x−4 ( )

33.

⇒ x+1 = x−4 x−1 ( ) ( )( )

(
⇒ x + 1 = x2 − 5x + 4 )
⇒ x − 6x + 3 = 0

⇒ x =3± 6

⇒ x = 3 + 6,3 − 6
Since x ≥ 4 so x = 3 + 6

Q. (iv) x−2
10x2 − 1
=x−2
3x

Sol. Comparing the powers,

10x2 − 1 = 3x
⇒ 10x2 − 3x − 1 = 0
⇒ 10x2 − 5x + 2x − 1 = 0
5x ( 2x − 1) + ( 2x − 1) = 0

⇒ ( 2x − 1)( 5x + 1) = 0

1 or 1
⇒x= x=−
2 5
When base is equal to 1, we get
|x –2| = 1
⇒x–2=±1
⇒ x = 3 and x = 1

Q. (v) | x − 3 |3x
2
− 10x + 3
=1

Sol. | x − 3 | 3x2 − 10x + 3 0

= x − 3 (Comparing the powers)
⇒ 3x – 10x + 3 = 0
2

⇒ 3x2 – 9x – x + 3 = 0
⇒ 3x(x –3) –1(x –3) = 0
⇒ (x – 3)(3x – 1) = 0
1
⇒x= ,3
3
When base is equal to 1,
|x – 3| = 1
⇒x–3=±1
⇒ x = 4, 2
When x = 3, base is 0, so we reject this.
1
So x = 4, 2, is the solution.
3
34.
Graphs of logarithm:
f ( x ) = log a x, x > 0, a ≠ 1, a > 0
Case-1:
a>1 y
()
Ex.: f x = log 2 x = y

x=
1 , y = –1 y = logax, when a > 0, a  0
2
1 x
x= , y = –2 (1, 0)
4
x = 1, y = 0
x = 2, y = 1
x = 4, y = 2
x = 8, y = 3
x = 16, y = 4
y
Case-2: y =f(x) = logax
0<a<1 where 0 < a < 1
Ex.: f (x ) = log 1 x = y
2
(1, 0)
x
x = 2, y = – 1
x = 4, y = – 2
x = 8, y = – 3
x = 16, y = – 4

Note:

1. W
 henever the number and base are on 2. W
 henever the number and base are on
the same side of unity then logarithm of the opposite side of unity then logarithm
that number to the same base is positive. of that number to the base is negative.

(i) y = f ( x ) = log a x > 0 ⇒ x, a are on the same side of unity.

(ii) y = f ( x ) = log a x < 0 ⇒ x, a are on the opposite side of unity.

35.
   17
Q.1 ( )
Solve log 4 log 3 x + log 1  log 1 y  = 0 and x + y =
2 2
.
  4
4  3 

 
Sol. log 4 (log 3 x ) + log 1  log 1 y  = 0
  .... (i)
4  3 

17
x2 + y 2 = ....(ii)
4
 
log 4 (log 3 x ) − log 4  log 1 y  = 0
 
 3 

 
⇒ log 4 (log 3 x ) = log 4  log 1 y 
 
 3 

log 3 x = log 1 y
3

log 3 x = − log 3 y
1
log 3 x = log 3
y
1
x=
y
1 17
Equation (ii), x2 + = , put x2 = t
x 2
4
1 17
t+ =
t 4
t 2 + 1 17
⇒ =
t 4
⇒ 4t 2 + 4 = 17t
⇒ 4t 2 − 17t + 4 = 0
1
⇒ t = 4,
4
1
⇒ x2 = 4,
4
1 1
⇒ x = ±2, ± but x > 0 ⇒ x = 2 and y =
2 2

36.
 Graphs of Exponential
f ( x ) = ax a > 0, a≠1

Case-1: a > 1
y

f(x) = ax
a>1
(0, 1)
x

( )
Ex.: y = f x = 2
x

x = 1, y=2
x = 2, y=4 Increasing
x = 3, y = 8

Case-2: 0<a<1
y
y = ax = f(x)
0<a<1

(0, 1)

x
 1
Ex.: f (x) =  
2
1
x = 1, y=
2
1
x = 2, y=
4
1
x = 3, y= Decreasing
8

()
x→∞ ⇒f x →0

x → −∞ ⇒ f (x ) → ∞

37.
Logarithmic Inequalities
1.
f ( x ) = log a x
(i) When a > 1 and x1 > x2 ⇔ log a x 1 > log a x2
(ii) When 0 < a < 1 and x1 > x2 ⇔ log a x 1 < log a x2

2.
f ( x ) = ax
x1 x2
(i) When a > 1 and x1 > x2 ⇔ a >a
x1 x2
(ii) When 0 < a < 1 and x1 > x2 ⇔ a <a

Find ‘x’
Q.1 (i) (
log 1 2x + 1 > 0 )
2

Sol. log 1 ( 2x + 1) > log 1 1

2 2

⇒ ( 2x + 1) < 1
⇒x<0

and
( 2x + 1) > 0
1
⇒x>−
2
 1 
By Intersection, x ∈  − , 0 
 2 

Q. (ii) log 2 ( x + 2) > 0

Sol. log 2 ( x + 2) > log 2 1

⇒ (x + 2) > 1
⇒x>–1
and x + 2 > 0
⇒x>–2
By intersection, we get x > – 1 or x ∈ (–1, ∞).

38.
Q. (iii) 23−6x > 1

Sol. 23−6x > 20

⇒ 3 – 6x > 0
⇒ 6x < 3
⇒x<
3
6
1
⇒x<
2
 1
x ∈  –∞, 
 2

2x + 1
 1
Q. (iv)   > 125
5

Sol. 5
− ( 2x + 1)
> 53
⇒ −2x − 1 > 3
⇒ −2x > 4
⇒ x < −2
⇒ x ∈ ( −∞, −2 )

Q. (v) log 0.3 x − 2 > 0

Sol. log 0.3 x − 2 > log 0.3 1

⇒ |x – 2| < 1
⇒–1<x–2<1
⇒1<x<3
and |x –2| = 1 ⇒ x – 2 = ± 1 ⇒ x = 3 or 1
and |x – 2| ≠ 0 ⇒ x ≠ 2
( ) ( ) ( ) {}
By Intersection, x ∈ 1, 2 ∪ 2, 3 or x ∈ 1, 3 – 2

Q. (vi) (
log 8 x2 − 4x + 3 ≤ 1 )
Sol. (
log 8 x2 − 4x + 3 ≤ log 8 8 )
⇒ x2 − 4x + 3 ≤ 8 and x2 − 4x + 3 > 0

⇒ x2 − 4x − 5 ≤ 0 and x − 4x + 3 > 0
2

⇒ x2 − 5x + x − 5 ≤ 0 and x2 − 3x − x + 3 > 0

39.
 ⇒ x (x-5) + 1 (x-5) ≤ 0 and x ( x − 3) − 1 ( x − 3) > 0
⇒ ( x − 5 )( x + 1) ≤ 0 and ( x − 3 )( x − 1) > 0

(
⇒ x ∈  −1, 5 and x ∈ −∞, 1 ∪ 3, ∞) ( )
By intersection, x ∈  −1, 1) ∪ ( 3, 5

  x2 + x  
Q. (vii) log 1 

log 6    < 0
2   x + 4 
0
 x2 + x   1 
Sol. (i) log 6  > 
 x + 4  2
x2 + x
>6
x+4
 x2 + x 
(ii) log 6  >0
 x+4 
x2 + x
>1
x+4
x2 + x
(iii) >0
x+4
By intersection of (i), (ii) and (iii) we can clearly state that
x2 + x
>6
x+4
x2 + x
⇒ −6 >0
x+4
x2 + x − 6x − 24
⇒ >0
x+4
x2 − 5x − 24
⇒ >0
( x + 4)
⇒
( x − 8)( x + 3) > 0
( x + 4)
⇒ x ∈ ( −4, −3 ) ∪ ( 8, ∞ )

40.
Q. ( )
(viii) 0.3 3


 3x +6  
log 1  log 2 


x2 + 2   >1

Sol. (0.3)   3x +6  
log 1  log 2  0
   3x + 6 
> ( 0.3 ) and log 2  2
3x + 6
 > 0 and x2 + 2 > 0
2
3  x +2  

x +2
  3x + 6   3x + 6 3x + 6
So, log 1  log 2  2   < 0 and 2 > 1 and 2 >0
3   x + 2   x + 2 x + 2

 3x + 6 
⇒ log 2  2 >1
x +2
3x + 6
⇒ >2
x2 + 2
By intersection, we get
3x + 6
>2
x2 + 2
⇒ 3x + 6 > 2(x2 + 2)
⇒ 2x2 + 4 < 3x + 6
⇒ 2x2 – 3x – 2 < 0
⇒ 2x2 – 4x + x – 2 < 0
⇒ 2x(x –2) + 1(x – 2) < 0
⇒ (x –2)(2x + 1) < 0
 1 
⇒ x ∈  − , 2
 2 

3
  1 x    1 x 
Q.2 Find the solution of the equation, 2log 9  2   − 1  = log 27    − 4  . Also
 2   4  
   
state whether the solution is rational or irrational.
x x
 1  1
Sol. Suppose   = t so   = t 2
2 4
2 3
2
log 3 ( 2t − 1) = log 3 t 2 − 4
3
( )
⇒ 2t – 1 = t2 – 4
⇒ t2 – 2t – 3=0
⇒ (t – 3) (t + 1) = 0
⇒ t = 3, t = – 1
x x
 1  1
⇒   = 3 or   = – 1 (Not possible)
2 2

41.
 ⇒ 2− x = 3
⇒ – x log2 = log3
log 3
⇒x= −
log 2
⇒ x = − log 2 3 ( ) which is irrational.

Q.3 ( 2020) x =
( 2020)
log x 2021
If the product of all solutions of equation can be
2021
m
expressed in the lowest form as . (m, n ∈ I) then find the value of (m + n).
n
 2020x 
Sol. log   = log x ( 2021)·log ( 2021) ( 2020 )
 2021 
2021

⇒ log 2021 2020 + log 2021x − 1 = log x 2021·log 2021 2020

1
Suppose log2021x = t then log x 2021 =
t
1
Then, log 2021 2020 + t − 1 = log 2021 2020
t
t ·log 2021 2020 + t 2 − t − log 2021 2020 = 0
⇒ (t – 1) log2021(2020) + t(t – 1) = 0
⇒ (t – 1) (log20212020 + t) = 0
⇒ t = 1 or t = –log20212020
⇒ log2021x = 1 or log2021x = log2021(2020)–1
1
⇒ x = 2021 or x=
2020
Product of solutions
m 2021
=
n 2020
m + n = 2021 + 2020 = 4041

Q.4 The sum of the integral values(s) of a ∈ [–9, 9] so that equation

(x–2)log133 + log13(3x – 7a) = log132 + 2log13 a has integral solution.

Sol. log 13 ( ) (
3x −2 · 3x − 7a = log 13 2·a 2 )
(
⇒ 3x −2 3x − 7a = 2a 2 )
Put 3 = t, we get
x

t
9
(
t − 7a = 2a 2 )
⇒ t 2 − 7at = 18a 2
42.
 ⇒ t 2 − 9at + 2at − 18a 2 = 0
⇒ (t – 9a) (t + 2a) = 0
⇒ t = 9a or t = – 2a
⇒ 3x = 9a or 3x = – 2a
30, 31, 32, 33, ... = – 2a or
1, 3, 9, 27, ... = –2a or

30, 31, 32, ... = 9a

1, 3, 9, ... = 9a
1 3 9
a= , , ,…
No integral value of a 9 9 9
1 1
a= , , 1, 3, 9, …
9 3

a = 1, 3, 9
Sum = 1 + 3 + 9 = 13

 or i = 1 to 6, let loga(logb(logcxi))=0, where a, b and c represent every possible

F
Q.5 different arrangement of 2, 4 and 8. The product x1x2x3x4x5x6 can be expressed
in the form 2N. The value of N, is
(A) 20 (B) 28 (C) 33       (D) 50

Sol. (D)
loga(logb(logcxi)) = 0
⇒ logb(logcxi) = a = 1
0

⇒ logcxi = b
⇒ xi = cb
a = 2 a = 4 a=8
x = 48, 84 x = 28, 82 x = 24, 42
x1x2x3x4x5x6 = 82 · 48 · 84 · 28 · 42 · 24 = 216 · 212 · 28 · 26 · 24 · 24 = 250
N = 50

43.