UNIT III

LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS WITH CONSTANT

COEFFICIENTS

Solutions of homogeneous linear differential equations of order n with

constant coefficients
LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF ORDER N:
Definition: An equation of the form
𝑑𝑛 𝑦 𝑑𝑛−1 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑎𝑛 (𝑥 ) 𝑛 +𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥 ) 𝑛−1 ± − − − − ∓ 𝑎1 (𝑥 ) + 𝑎0 (𝑥 )𝑦 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑄 (𝑋) 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎0 , 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , − − − −
𝑎𝑛−1 , 𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑖𝑛 ′𝑥 ′𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛
an interval ‘I’ is called a linear differential equation of order n over
the interval ‘I’.
𝑑3 𝑦 2
4 𝑑 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
e.g: 3 + 5𝑥 + 7𝑥 2 + 8𝑥𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 is a linear differential
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
equation of order three.

Note:1.
A Linear differential equation of order n can also be written as
𝑑𝑛 𝑦 𝑑𝑛−1 𝑦 𝑑𝑛−2 𝑦
+𝑝1 (𝑥 ) 𝑛−1 +𝑝2 (𝑥 ) 𝑛−2 +−−−−−− +𝑝𝑛 (𝑥 )𝑦 = 𝑄(𝑋)
𝑑𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Where 𝑝1 (𝑥 ), 𝑝2 (𝑥 ), … … … … . 𝑝𝑛 (𝑥 ) and Q(X) are continuous
function in ′𝑥′ defined on an interval
I. Here after 𝑝1 (𝑥 ), 𝑝2 (𝑥 ), … … . . 𝑝𝑛 (𝑥 ) and 𝑄(𝑥) are written as
𝑝1 , 𝑝2 , … … 𝑝𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄.
II. If a differential equation is not linear ,then it is called a
non-linear differential equation .But a differential equation of
degree one need not be linear.
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
e.g 1) 2 + 𝑥2 + 2𝑥𝑦 2 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 is of degree one,but it is
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
not linear because in the third term the coefficient of ‘y’ is
2xy instead of a function of ′𝑥′.
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2
e.g 2) +( ) + 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 is of degree one but not linear
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
because in the second term occurs in second degree.
𝑑𝑥

Thus in the linear equation we observe the following:

(i)The dependent variable ‘y’ and its derivatives of any order occur
only in first degree.
(ii) The derivatives in any term are not multiplied together
(iii) The coefficients of the derivative are either the functions of the
independent variable x or the constant function.

NOTE : In Algebra a first degree equation is called a linear

equation. But in differential equation linear equation is not a first
degree equation.
DIFFERENTIAL OPERATOR:NOTATION
𝑑
The simplest differential operator be denoted by ‘ D ‘
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑑3 𝑑𝑛
and the differential operators 2 , 3 … … , 𝑛 be denoted
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
respectively by 𝐷2 , 𝐷3 … … … 𝐷𝑛 when applied on a function
‘y’ of ′𝑥′ yield .
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑3 𝑦 𝑑𝑛 𝑦
Thus 𝐷𝑦 = , 𝐷 2 𝑦 = 2 , 𝐷3 𝑦 = 3 ,…… 𝐷𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑛 .
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑛 𝑛−1 𝑛−2
Now the polynomial 𝐷 + 𝑝1 𝐷 + 𝑝2 𝐷 +………..+ 𝑝𝑛 in D is
𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 ′𝑛′ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝒇(𝑫).
∴ 𝑓(𝐷) ≡ 𝐷 𝑛 + 𝑝1 𝐷𝑛−1 + 𝑝2 𝐷𝑛−2 +………..+ 𝑝𝑛 .
Hence the differential operator 𝑓(𝐷) when applied on a function y of
x gives the result.
Hence 𝑓(𝐷)𝑦 ≡ 𝐷 𝑛 𝑦 + 𝑝1 𝐷𝑛−1 𝑦 + 𝑝2 𝐷𝑛−2 𝑦
𝑑𝑛 𝑦 𝑑𝑛−1 𝑦 𝑑𝑛−2 𝑦
+………..+ 𝑝𝑛 𝑦 =. +𝑝1 𝑛−1 +𝑝2 + +𝑝𝑛 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑛−2 −−−−−−
𝑑𝑛 𝑦 𝑑𝑛−1 𝑦 𝑑𝑛−2 𝑦
Here after we can write +𝑝1 𝑛−1 +𝑝2 𝑛−2 +−−−−−− +𝑝𝑛 𝑦 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑄 𝑎𝑠 𝑓 (𝐷)𝑦 = 𝑄 which is called the operator form.
Note1:If 𝑄 ≠ 0 for some x in I,then the equation 𝑓(𝐷)𝑦 = 𝑄 is called
a linear and non-homogeneous equation.
𝑑3 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
e.g: 3 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 2 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
i.e (𝐷3 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝐷 2 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝐷 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
2.If 𝑄 = 0 for some x in I,then the equation 𝑓(𝐷)𝑦 = 0 is called a
linear and homogeneous equation.
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
e.g: (1 − 𝑥 2 ) 2 − 𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
i.e ((1 − 𝑥 2 )𝐷2 − 𝑥 𝐷 + 2𝑥 2 )𝑦 = 0
 𝑑 2 𝑑2 𝑦
Note:If 𝐷 represents 𝑑𝑥 and 𝐷 represents 𝑑𝑥 2 then the
above equation may be stated as(𝑎𝐷2 + 𝑏𝐷 + 𝑐 )𝑦 = 0.
This equation is said to be in ′𝐷 −operator’ form
Double D allows to obtain the second derivative of the function y(x):
𝐷2 y(x)=D (D y(x)) =D y′(x) =y′′(x).
Similarly, the nth power of D leads to the nth derivative:
𝑫𝒏 y(x) = y(n) (x).

General solution of 𝒇(𝑫)𝒚 = 𝟎

Theorem. Let 𝑦 = 𝑦1 (𝑥 ), 𝑦 = 𝑦2 (𝑥 ),-------- 𝑦 = 𝑦𝑛 (𝑥 ) be n linearly
independent solutions of 𝒇(𝐷)𝑦 = 0 on an interval I .If 𝑦 = 𝑦(𝑥 ) is
any solution of
𝑓 (𝐷)𝑦 = 0 then there exist arbitrary constants
𝐶1 , 𝐶2 … … … 𝐶𝑛 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑦1 + 𝐶2 𝑦2 + … … … … … +
𝐶𝑛 𝑦𝑛 .

General solution of 𝒇(𝑫)𝒚 = 𝑸

Theorem. Let 𝑦 = 𝑦𝑝 (𝑥) be a linearly particular solution (not
necessarily involving any arbitrary constants) of 𝒇(𝐷)𝑦 = 𝑄 on an
interval I If 𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 (𝑥 ) be a solution of 𝑓 (𝐷)𝑦 = 0 then 𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝
is a solution of 𝒇(𝐷)𝑦 = 𝑄

Solutions Of Homogeneous Linear Differential Equations Of Order N

With Constant Coefficients:
𝑑𝑦
If y = 𝐴𝑒 𝑚𝑥 then = 𝐴𝑚𝑒 𝑚𝑥 and
𝑑𝑥

𝑑2 𝑦
= 𝐴𝑚2 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 .
𝑑𝑥 2
Substituting these values into (𝑎𝐷2 + 𝑏𝐷 + 𝑐 )𝑦 = 0
(D-Operator form)

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑎 𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑏 𝑑𝑥 + cy =0 gives
𝑎 (𝐴𝑚2 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 ) + 𝑏(𝐴𝑚𝑒 𝑚𝑥 ) + 𝑐 (𝐴𝑒 𝑚𝑥 ) = 0
 𝑖. 𝑒 𝐴𝑒 𝑚𝑥 (𝑎𝑚2 + 𝑏𝑚 + 𝑐 ) = 0
Thus 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 , is a solution of the given equation provided that
(𝑎𝑚2 + 𝑏𝑚 + 𝑐 ) = 0, 𝒂𝒎𝟐 + 𝒃𝒎 + 𝒄 = 𝟎
𝑖. 𝑒 𝒇(𝒎) = 𝟎 is called the Auxiliary equation,
and since the equation is a quadratic, ′𝑚′ may be obtained
either by factorizing or by using the quadratic formula.
Since, in the auxiliary equation, a, b and c are real values,
then the equation may have either
(i) two different real roots (when 𝑏2 > 4𝑎𝑐) or
(ii) two equal real roots (when (𝑏2 = 4𝑎𝑐) or
(iii) two complex roots (when (𝑏2 < 4𝑎𝑐).

Procedure to solve differential equations of the form

𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
𝒂 𝒅𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒄𝒚 = 𝟎

(a) Rewrite the differential equation

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑎 𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑏 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐𝑦 = 0 as
(𝑎𝐷2 + 𝑏𝐷 + 𝑐 )𝑦 = 0
(b) Substitute m for D and solve the auxiliary equation
(𝑎𝑚2 + 𝑏𝑚 + 𝑐) = 0, for m.
(c) If the roots of the auxiliary equation are:
(i) real and different, say m1 =α and m2 =β, then the
general solution is 𝒚 = 𝑨𝒆𝜶𝒙 + 𝑩𝒆𝜷𝒙
(ii) real and equal, say m =α twice, then the
general solute on is y = (Ax + B)𝒆𝜶𝒙
(iii) real and complex, say 𝑚 = 𝛼 ± 𝑗𝛽, then the
general solution is y = 𝒆𝜶𝒙 {𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷𝒙 + 𝑩𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜷𝒙}
(d) Given boundary conditions, constants A and B,
may be determined and the particular solution of the
differential equation obtained.
Worked problems on differential equations of the form
𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
𝒂 𝒅𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃 𝒅𝒙 + c y =0

𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
substituting expressions for y, and
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
into the original equation.
Problem 1.
𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
Determine the general solution of 𝟐 +𝟓 − 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟎 ?
𝒅𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙
Ans:
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Step-1: 2 𝑑𝑥 2 + 5 𝑑𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 0 in D-operator form is
𝑑
(2𝐷2 + 5𝐷 − 3)𝑦 = 0, where 𝐷 =
𝑑𝑥
Step-2: Substituting m for D gives the auxiliary equation
2𝑚2 + 5𝑚 − 3 = 0.
Factorising gives (2𝑚 − 1)(𝑚 + 3) = 0,
1
from which, 𝑚 = 2 𝑜𝑟 𝑚 = −3.
Step-3: Since the roots are real and different the
general solution is
𝟏
𝒚 = 𝑪𝟏 𝒆 𝟐𝒙 + 𝑪𝟐 𝒆−𝟑𝒙
Problem 2.
𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
Find the general solution of 𝟗 𝒅𝒕𝟐 − 𝟐𝟒 𝒅𝒕 + 𝟏𝟔𝒚 = 𝟎 ?
Ans:
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Step-1: 9 𝑑𝑡 2 − 24 𝑑𝑡 + 16𝑦 = 0 in D-operator form is
𝑑
(9𝐷2 − 24𝐷 + 16)𝑦 = 0, where 𝐷 =
𝑑𝑡
Step-2: Substituting m for D gives the auxiliary equation
9𝑚2 − 24𝑚 + 16 = 0.
(3𝑚 − 4)(3𝑚 − 4) = 0,
4
from which, 𝑚 = 3 𝑡𝑤𝑖𝑐𝑒
Step-3: Since the roots are real and equal, the
𝟒𝒎⁄
general solution is 𝒚 = (𝑪𝟏 + 𝑪𝟐 𝒕)𝒆 𝟑
Problem 3.
𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
Solve the differential equation 𝒅𝒙𝟐 + 𝟔 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟏𝟑𝒚 = 0 ?
Ans:
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Step-1: + 6 𝑑𝑥 + 13𝑦 = 0 in D-operator form is
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑
(𝐷2 + 6𝐷 + 13)𝑦 = 0, where 𝐷 =
𝑑𝑥
Step-2: Substituting m for D gives the auxiliary equation
𝑚2 + 6𝑚 + 13 = 0.
Using the quadratic formula
−𝑏 ± √𝑏2 − 4(𝑎)(𝑐 )
𝑚=
2(𝑎)

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 6, 𝑐 = 13

−6 ± √62 − 4(1)(13)
𝑚=
2(1)
−6±√(−16)
= 2
−6 ± 4𝑖
𝑖. 𝑒 𝑚= = −3 ± 2𝑖
2
Step-3: Since the roots are real and complex, the
general solution is
𝒚 = 𝒆−𝟑𝒙 (𝑪𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒙 + 𝑪𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒙)

𝒆𝒂𝒙 +𝒆−𝒂𝒙 𝒆𝒂𝒙 −𝒆−𝒂𝒙

Note: 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒉 𝒂𝒙 = , 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒉 𝒂𝒙 = .
𝟐 𝟐
Solving these two equations for 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 ,𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡
𝑒 𝑎𝑥 = cosh 𝑎𝑥 + sinh 𝑎𝑥 and 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 = cosh 𝑎𝑥 − sinh 𝑎𝑥.
The domains of
sinh 𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 cosh 𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑠 𝒆𝒂𝒙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝒆−𝒂𝒙 .
𝒆√𝟐𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒙√𝟐 +𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝒙√𝟐 ,
𝒆−√𝟐𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒙√𝟐 -𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝒙√𝟐
Solutions of non-homogeneous linear differential equations
with constant coefficients by means of polynomial operators
𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
𝒂 𝒅𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃 𝒅𝒙 + c y =Q

𝒊. 𝒆 𝒇(𝑫)𝒚 = 𝑸 be non-homogeneous linear

differential equations with constant coefficients.
We know that if 𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 is the general solution of 𝑓 (𝐷)𝑦 = 0
and 𝑦 = 𝑦𝑝 is a particular solution of 𝑓 (𝐷)𝑦 = 𝑄,then
𝒚 = 𝒚𝒄 + 𝒚𝒑 is the general solution of 𝑓 (𝐷)𝑦 = 𝑄 .
We have already discussed to find the general solution of
𝑓 (𝐷)𝑦 = 0, Which is the complementary function (𝑪. 𝑭). 𝒚𝒄
Of 𝑓(𝐷)𝑦 = 𝑄.
We now discuss the methods of finding
Particular integral(𝑷. 𝑰) 𝒚𝒑 of 𝑓 (𝐷)𝑦 = 𝑄.
Hence the general solution of equation (1) is given by:
𝒚 = 𝑪. 𝑭 + 𝑷. 𝑰
Worked problems on differential equations of the form a
𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
𝒂 𝟐 +𝒃 + 𝒄𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) where f(x) is a constant or polynomial
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Problem1.Solve the differential equation
𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑥
− 2𝑦 = 4.
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Ans): + − 2𝑦 = 4 in D-operator form is (𝐷2 + 𝐷 − 2)
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
Substituting ‘m’ for ‘D’ gives the auxiliary equation
𝑚2 + 𝑚 − 2 = 0 .
Factorizing gives (𝑚 − 1) (𝑚 + 2) = 0, from
which 𝑚 = 1 𝑜𝑟 𝑚 = −2.
Since the roots are real and different, the C.F,
𝑦𝑐 = 𝑪𝟏 𝒆𝒙 + 𝑪𝟐 𝒆−𝟐𝒙 .
Since the term on the R.H.S of the given equation is a constant,
i.e. (𝐷2 + 𝐷 − 2)𝑦 = 4,
Let the P.I. also be a constant, say
Substituting (𝐷2 + 𝐷 − 2)𝑦 =4 gives
Since 𝐷2 (𝑦) = 0, and 𝐷(𝑦) = 0 then −2𝑦 = 4,
from which, 𝑦 = −2. Hence the P.I. 𝑦𝑝 = −2.
 The general solution is given by 𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝 ,
i.e. 𝒚 = 𝑪𝟏 𝒆𝒙 + 𝑪𝟐 𝒆−𝟐𝒙 − 𝟐.
𝑑2 𝑦
Problem 2. Determine the particular solution of the equation −
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦
3 = 9 , given the boundary conditions that when x =0, y =0 and
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 0.
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Ans: 2 − 3 = 9 in D-operator form is (𝐷2 − 3𝐷) = 9.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(i) Substituting m for D gives the auxiliary equation
𝑚2 − 3𝑚 =0.factorizing gives m (m −3) = 0, from
which, 𝑚 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑚 = 3.
(ii) Since the roots are real and different, the C.F.,
𝑦𝑐 = 𝑪𝟏 𝑒 𝑜 + 𝑪𝟐 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑖. 𝑒 𝑦𝑐 = 𝑪𝟏 + 𝑪𝟐 𝑒 3𝑥 .
(iii) Since the C.F. contains a constant (i.e. A) then
let the P.I. (𝐷2 − 3𝐷 )𝑦 = 9,for solving here we are
taking y=vx Substituting 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 in the given equation
(iv) then (𝐷2 − 3𝐷)𝑣𝑥 = 9 gives
(𝐷2 − 3𝐷)𝑣𝑥 = 9.
𝐷2 (𝑣𝑥 ) − 3𝐷(𝑣𝑥 ) = 9
0 − 3𝑣𝐷 (𝑥 ) = 9
−3𝑣 (1) = 9
𝑣 = −3
𝑦
= −3
𝑥
∴ 𝑦 = −3𝑥
𝑖. 𝑒 𝑦𝑝 = −3𝑥
Hence the P.I. 𝑦𝑝 = −3𝑥,
(vi) The general solution is given by 𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝 ,
i.e. 𝑦 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥 − 3𝑥. ……..(1)
(vii) When x =0, y =0, thus 0 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 𝑒 0 − 0,
𝑖. 𝑒 0 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 (1) ------------(2)
Now differentiate equ (1) w.r t x then
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= 3𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥 − 3; but given = 0 and also put x=0 in the
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
above equation it will reduced as below
0 = 3𝐶2 𝑒 0 − 3 implies 3𝐶2 =3 i.e 𝐶2 =1 Put 𝐶2 value in equ(2) we get
𝐶1 =-1 hence the proof.
 𝐈𝐍𝐕𝐄𝐑𝐒𝐄 𝐎𝐏𝐄𝐑𝐀𝐓𝐎𝐑

The operator 𝐷−1 is is called the inverse of the differential

operator 𝐷.
i.e , if Q is any function of 𝑥 defined on an interval 𝐼, then
1
𝐷−1 𝑄 𝑜𝑟 𝐷 𝑄 is called the integral of 𝑄.
If 𝑄 is any function of 𝑥 defined on an interval 𝐼 and 𝛼 is a
constant,then a
𝟏
particular value of 𝑫−𝜶 𝑸 is equal to 𝒆𝜶𝒙 ∫ 𝑸𝒆−𝜶𝒙 𝒅𝒙
1 1
If , 𝐷−𝛽 are two inverse operators, then we define
𝐷−𝛼
1 1 1
𝑄 = 𝐷−𝛽 [𝐷−𝛼 𝑄] where 𝛼, 𝛽 are constant and 𝑄
(𝐷−𝛼)(𝐷−𝛽)
is a function of 𝑥 defined on an interval 𝐼.
1 1
⇒ (𝐷−𝛼)(𝐷−𝛽) 𝑄 = 𝐷−𝛽 [𝒆𝜶𝒙 ∫ 𝑸𝒆−𝜶𝒙 𝒅𝒙 ]
= 𝒆𝜷𝒙 ∫[𝒆𝜶𝒙 ∫ 𝑸𝒆−𝜶𝒙 𝒅𝒙] 𝒆−𝜷𝒙 𝒅𝒙

𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆𝒅 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒃𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒔
1 2 1 4𝑥 1
1.Find the particular values of (a) 𝑥 (b) 2 𝑒 (c) 𝐷3 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝐷 𝐷
1 2 2 𝑥3
(a) 𝐷 𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 3
1 4𝑥 1 1 4𝑥 1 𝑒 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑒 4𝑥
(b) 𝐷2 𝑒 = 𝐷 [𝐷 𝑒 ] = 𝐷 [ ] = 𝐷[ ]
4 4
1 4𝑥 𝑒 4𝑥 𝑒 4𝑥
∴ 𝐷2 𝑒 =∫ 𝑑𝑥 = .
4 16

1 1 1 1 1
(c)𝐷3 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 𝐷2 [𝐷 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥] = [ ]
2 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 )
𝐷 𝐷2

1 1 1 1
[ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥] = (∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥) = (−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 )
𝐷 𝐷 𝐷 𝐷
 = ∫(−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

1 1
EX:2) Find the particular value of a) 𝐷+1 𝑥 b) 𝐷−2 𝑒 2𝑥
1
c) 𝐷+3 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
1 1
a) ans: 𝑥= 𝑥 = 𝒆−𝒙 ∫ 𝒙𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝐷+1 𝐷−(−1)
= 𝒆 𝒙𝒆 − ∫ 𝒆 𝒅𝒙) = 𝒆−𝒙 (𝒙𝒆𝒙 − 𝒆𝒙 ) = 𝒙 − 𝟏
−𝒙 ( 𝒙 𝒙
1
b) ans: 𝐷−2 𝑒 2𝑥 = 𝑒 2𝑥 ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 2𝑥 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥
1 1
c) ans: 𝐷+3 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 𝐷−(−3) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 𝒆−𝟑𝒙 ∫(𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙)𝒆𝟑𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝟑𝒙 𝟑𝒙
−𝟑𝒙 𝟑𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙−𝒆 (−𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙) (𝟑𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙+𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙)
= 𝒆 [ ] =
𝟗+𝟏 𝟏𝟎
EX:3 Find the particular values of
1
(a) 𝑒 2𝑥 ?
(𝐷−2)(𝐷−3)
1 1 1
Sol: (a) (𝐷−2)(𝐷−3) 𝑒 2𝑥 = (𝐷−2) [(𝐷−3) 𝑒 2𝑥 ]
1
now (𝐷−3) 𝑒 2𝑥 = 𝑒 3𝑥 ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑒 −3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 3𝑥 (−𝑒 −𝑥 ) = −𝑒 2𝑥
1 2𝑥 1 2𝑥 ) 2𝑥 2𝑥 −2𝑥
𝑒 = (−𝑒 = −𝑒 ∫ 𝑒 𝑒 𝑑𝑥
(𝐷−2)(𝐷−3) (𝐷−2)
−2𝑥
=−𝑒 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
1
∴ 𝑒 2𝑥 = −𝑥𝑒 2𝑥
(𝐷 − 2)(𝐷 − 3)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Particular integral(P.I) of 𝒇(𝑫)𝒚 = 𝑸 Where 𝑸 is a function of x

we know that if 𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 is the general solution of 𝑓 (𝐷)𝑦 = 0 and

if 𝑦 = 𝑦𝑝 is a particular solution of 𝑓(𝐷)𝑦 = 𝑄, containing no real
constant, then 𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝 is the general solution of 𝑓(𝐷 )𝑦 = 𝑄
we have already study the method to find the general solution of
𝑓 (𝐷)𝑦 = 0 if 𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 is the G.S of 𝑓(𝐷)𝑦 = 0, then we know
that 𝑦𝑐 that is the C.F of 𝑓 (𝐷)𝑦 = 𝑄
Now we will discuss methods to find P.I of 𝑓(𝐷)𝑦 = 𝑄.
1
Given equation is 𝑓(𝐷)𝑦 = 𝑄 … (1) operating (1) by .
𝑓(𝐷)
1 1 1
⟹ [𝑓(𝐷)𝑦] = 𝑄⟹𝑦= 𝑄 clearly (1) is satisfied
𝑓(𝐷) 𝑓(𝐷) 𝑓(𝐷)
1
if we take 𝑄
𝑓(𝐷)
1
∴ 𝑃. 𝐼 of 𝑓(𝐷)𝑦 = 𝑄 𝑖𝑠 𝑄
𝑓(𝐷)
1
Note 1: To find P.I 𝑓 (𝐷)𝑦 = 𝑄,we find the value of 𝑦 = 𝑄
𝑓(𝐷)
2:P.I of 𝑓(𝐷 )𝑦 = 𝑄 contain no real constant.

𝟏
P.I of 𝒇(𝑫)𝒚 = 𝑸 when is expressed as partial fractions.
𝒇(𝑫)

Let 𝑓(𝐷) = (𝐷 − 𝛼1 )(𝐷 − 𝛼2 ) − − − − − −(𝐷 − 𝛼𝑛 )

1 1
P.I = 𝑄 =( 𝑄
𝑓(𝐷) 𝐷−𝛼1 𝐷−𝛼2 −−−−−−(𝐷−𝛼𝑛 )
)( )
𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴𝑛
= [(𝐷−𝛼 + + ⋯ + ]𝑄
1) (𝐷−𝛼2 ) (𝐷−𝛼𝑛 )
(𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠)
= 𝑨𝟏 𝒆𝜶𝟏 𝒙 ∫ 𝑸𝒆−𝜶𝟏𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + 𝑨𝟐 𝒆𝜶𝟐 𝒙 ∫ 𝑸𝒆−𝜶𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + ⋯ +
𝑨𝒏 𝒆𝜶𝒏 𝒙 ∫ 𝑸𝒆−𝜶𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
Note. The above method to find P.I is a General method and it
will be more useful in problems when Q is of the
form tan 𝑎𝑥, cot 𝑎𝑥, sec 𝑎𝑥, 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑎𝑥.
 Solved Problems
1. Solve (𝑫𝟐 − 𝟓𝑫 + 𝟔)𝒚 = 𝒙𝒆𝟒𝒙
Ans: Given equation is (𝐷2 − 5𝐷 + 6)𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 4𝑥 ……….(1)
𝑓(𝑚) = 𝑚2 − 5𝑚 + 6 = 0
⇒ (𝑚 − 2)(𝑚 − 3) = 0
𝑖. 𝑒 𝑚 = 2, 𝑚 = 3
∴ 𝑦𝑐 = 𝑐1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 3𝑥
∴ 𝑦𝑐 = 𝐶. 𝐹 of …… (1)
1
𝑦𝑃 = 𝑃. 𝐼 of (1) = 𝐷2 −5𝐷+6 𝑥𝑒 4𝑥
1
= (𝐷−2)(𝐷−3) 𝑥𝑒 4𝑥
after divided into partial fractions we get
1 1 1 1
[(𝐷−3) − (𝐷−2)] 𝑥𝑒 4𝑥 = (𝐷−3) 𝑥𝑒 4𝑥 − (𝐷−2) 𝑥𝑒 4𝑥
= 𝑒 3𝑥 ∫ 𝑥𝑒 4𝑥 𝑒 −3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑒 2𝑥 ∫ 𝑥𝑒 4𝑥 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 3𝑥 ∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑒 2𝑥 ∫ 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3𝑥 [ 𝑥 𝑥] 2𝑥 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥
=𝑒 𝑥𝑒 − 𝑒 −𝑒 [ − ]
2 4
𝑥 1
= 𝑒 4𝑥 [𝑥 − 1] − 𝑒 4𝑥 [ 2 − 4]
𝑥 1
= 𝑒 4𝑥 [𝑥 − 1 − 2 + 4]
4𝑥−4−2𝑥+1
= 𝑒 4𝑥 [ ]
4
2𝑥−3
𝑦𝑃 = 𝑒 4𝑥 [ 4 ]
∴ 𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑃
2𝑥−3
∴ 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝑒 4𝑥 [ 4 ]

2. Solve (𝑫𝟐 − 𝟑𝑫 + 𝟐)𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒆−𝒙

Ans: Given equation is
(𝐷2 − 3𝐷 + 2)𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑒 −𝑥 ……….(1)
𝑓(𝑚) = 𝑚2 − 3𝑚 + 2 = 0--------(2)
 ⇒ (𝑚 − 2)(𝑚 − 1) = 0
𝑖. 𝑒 𝑚 = 2, 𝑚 = 1
∴ 𝑦𝑐 = 𝑐1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 𝑥
∴ 𝑦𝑐 = 𝐶. 𝐹 of …… (1)
1
𝑦𝑃 = 𝑃. 𝐼 of (1) = 𝐷2 −3𝐷+2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑒 −𝑥
1
= (𝐷−2)(𝐷−1) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑒 −𝑥 -------(3)
after divided into partial fractions we get
1 1 1 1
[(𝐷−2) − (𝐷−1)] 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑒 −𝑥 = (𝐷−2) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑒 −𝑥 − (𝐷−1) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑒 −𝑥
1 −𝑥 2𝑥 −𝑥 −2𝑥
(𝐷−2)
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑒 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑒 𝑒 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 2𝑥 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥 . 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑒 −𝑥 = 𝑡 , ⇒ − 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
= 𝑒 2𝑥 ∫(−𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡)𝑑𝑡
= −𝑒 2𝑥 [𝑡(−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 − ∫(−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡)𝑑𝑡]
= −𝑒 2𝑥 [−𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡]
= −𝑒 2𝑥 [ −𝑒 −𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑒 −𝑥 ]
= 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑒 −𝑥 --------------------(4)
1
Also (𝐷−1) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑒 −𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑒 −𝑥 = 𝑢 , ⇒ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑑𝑢
= 𝑒 𝑥 ∫(−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢)𝑑𝑢
= 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢
= 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑒 −𝑥 ------------(5)
𝑏𝑦 𝑒𝑞𝑢 (3)(4)(5)
⇒ 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒 −𝑥
⇒ 𝑦𝑝 = − 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑒 −𝑥
∴ 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝐺. 𝑆 𝑜𝑓 (1) 𝑖𝑠 𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝
∴ 𝒚 = 𝒄𝟏 𝒆𝟐𝒙 + 𝒄𝟐 𝒆𝒙 − 𝒆𝟐𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒆−𝒙

--------------------------------------------------------
We now discuss shorter methods to find the the particular
integral of 𝒇(𝑫)𝒚 = 𝑸 where Q is a Function of 𝒙, then the
general methods discussed.

To find P.I 𝑓 (𝐷)𝑦 = 𝑄,when 𝑄 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 where is a real number

1
To find the P.I of 𝑓(𝐷)𝑦 = 𝑄 ,we have to evaluate 𝑄.
𝑓(𝐷)

Theorem:If Q=𝒆𝒂𝒙 where a is real number,then

𝟏 𝒂𝒙 𝒆𝒂𝒙 𝟏 𝒙𝒌
P.I= 𝒆 = When 𝒇(𝒂) ≠ 𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒆𝒂𝒙 ,
𝒇(𝑫) 𝒇(𝒂) ∅(𝒂) 𝒌!
∅(𝒂) ≠ 𝟎, 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒂 𝒊𝒔 𝒓𝒆𝒑𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒌 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒔.

here we are having two case

case 1 let 𝑓(𝑎) ≠ 0
i. e 𝑓(𝐷)𝑒 𝑎𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑓(𝑎) … … … … … … … (1)
1 1 1
Operating on(1) by ⟹ [𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑓(𝑎)] = [𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑓(𝑎)]
𝑓(𝐷) 𝑓(𝐷) 𝑓(𝐷)
1
⟹ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 = 𝑓 (𝑎). 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (∴ 𝑓(𝑎) 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡) … … . (2)
𝑓(𝐷)
1 1
Dividing (2) by 𝑓(𝑎) ≠ 0 ⟹ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
𝑓(𝐷) 𝑓(𝑎)
Case-2:
Let 𝑓(𝑎) = 0,then (𝐷 − 𝑎) is a factor of 𝑓(𝐷). If ′𝑎′ is
repeated ‘k’ times, then (𝐷 − 𝑎)𝑘 will be a factor of 𝑓(𝐷).
let 𝑓(𝐷) = (𝐷 − 𝑎)𝑘 ∅(𝐷)where ∅(𝑎) ≠ 0
we have : (𝐷 − 𝑎)𝑘 (𝑥 𝑘 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 ) = 𝑘! 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
Now 𝑓(𝐷)(𝑥 𝑘 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 ) = (𝐷 − 𝑎)𝑘 ∅(𝐷) (𝑥 𝑘 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 )
=∅(𝐷)(𝐷 − 𝑎)𝑘 (𝑥 𝑘 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 )
= ∅(𝐷)(𝑘! 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 ) = 𝑘! ∅(𝐷)𝑒 𝑎𝑥
= 𝑘! 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 ∅(𝑎)[∵ ∅(𝐷)𝑒 𝑎𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 ∅(𝑎)]
𝑓(𝐷)(𝑥 𝑘 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 ) = 𝑘! 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 ∅(𝑎)……………..(3)
1 1
Operating (3) by 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 ⟹ 𝑥 𝑘 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 = [𝑘! 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 ∅(𝑎)]
𝑓(𝐷) 𝑓(𝐷)
1 𝑎𝑥
1 𝑎𝑥
1 𝑥 𝑘 𝑎𝑥
= 𝑘! ∅(𝑎) 𝑒 ⟹ 𝑒 = 𝑒 [∵ ∅(𝑎) ≠ 0]
𝑓(𝐷 ) 𝑓(𝐷) ∅(𝑎) 𝑘!
 𝟏
working rule to find the value of 𝒇(𝑫) 𝒆𝒂𝒙 :

1. Write the factors of 𝑓(𝐷) = (𝐷 − 𝛼)(𝐷 − 𝛽)

2. Substitute 𝐷 = 𝑎 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(𝑎) ≠ 0.
1 1 𝑥
3. 𝐼𝑓 𝑓(𝑎) = 0 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓(𝐷) 𝑒𝑎𝑥 = (𝐷−𝑎) 𝑒𝑎𝑥 = 1! 𝑒𝑎𝑥
1 𝑎𝑥 𝑥2
𝑒 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
(𝐷−𝑎)2 2!
1 𝑥 3 𝑎𝑥
𝑒 𝑎𝑥 = 𝑒 ………..
(𝐷−𝑎)3 3!
1 𝑥 𝑛 𝑎𝑥
…. …………… 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 = 𝑒
(𝐷−𝑎)𝑛 𝑛!
Note:1.If Q is a constant function then we take it as 𝒆𝟎
2. if 𝑄 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎𝑥 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑥 𝑖𝑛 𝑓(𝐷)𝑦 = 𝑄
then write
1 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎𝑥 = (𝑒 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑥 = (𝑒 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 )
2 2
Solved Problems:
Ex:1. Solve (𝐷2 − 5𝐷 + 6)𝑦 = 𝑒 4𝑥
Sol: Given equation is (𝐷2 − 5𝐷 + 6)𝑦 = 𝑒 4𝑥 ……..(1)
Where 𝑓(𝐷) = (𝐷 2 − 5𝐷 + 6)
The A.E is 𝑓(𝑚) = 0 ⟹ 𝑚2 − 5𝑚 + 6 = 0……..(2)
⟹ (𝑚 − 2)(𝑚 − 3) = 0 ⟹ 𝑚 = 2,3 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓(2)
∴ 𝑦𝑐 = 𝑐1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 3𝑥
1 𝑒 4𝑥 𝑒 4𝑥
Now 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑒 4𝑥 = = (∴ 𝑓(4) ≠ 0)
𝐷2 −5𝐷+6 4 2 −5.4+6 2
𝑒 4𝑥
∴ 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝐺. 𝑆. 𝑜𝑓 (1)𝑖𝑠 𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝 ⟹ 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 3𝑥 +
2

Ex:2. Solve (𝐷3 − 5𝐷2 + 8𝐷 − 4)𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥

Sol: Given equation is (𝐷3 − 5𝐷2 + 8𝐷 − 4)𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥 ……..(1)

Where 𝑓(𝐷) = 𝐷 3 − 5𝐷2 + 8𝐷 − 4
The A.E is 𝑓(𝑚) = 0 ⟹ 𝑚3 − 5𝑚2 + 8𝑚 − 4 = 0……..(2)
⟹ (𝑚 − 1)(𝑚 − 2)2 = 0 ⟹ 𝑚 = 1,2,2 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓(2)
∴ 𝒚𝒄 = 𝒄𝟏 𝒆𝒙 + (𝒄𝟐 +𝒄𝟑 𝒙) 𝒆𝟐𝒙 (∴ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡 2 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑤𝑖𝑐𝑒)
1 2𝑥 1 𝑥2 2𝑥 𝑥 2 𝑒 2𝑥
Now 𝑦𝑝 = (𝐷−1)(𝐷−2)2 𝑒 = 𝑒 =
2−1 2! 2
 [∵ 𝑓(2) = 0, ∅(𝐷 ) = 𝐷 − 1 ⟹ ∅(2) = 2 − 1 ≠ 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘 = 2]
∴ 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝐺. 𝑆. 𝑜𝑓 (1)𝑖𝑠 𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝
(𝒙𝟐 𝒆𝟐𝒙 )
⟹ 𝒚 = 𝒄𝟏 𝒆𝟐𝒙 + (𝒄𝟐 +𝒄𝟑 𝒙) 𝒆𝟐𝒙 +
𝟐

EXERCISE PROBLEMS:

1. (𝐷3 − 7𝐷 + 6)𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥
2. (𝐷3 − 4𝐷2 )𝑦 = 5
3. (𝐷2 − 2𝐷 − 3)𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥

To find the the P.I of 𝒇(𝑫)𝒚 = 𝑸 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆

𝑸 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒃𝒙 (𝒐𝒓) 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒃𝒙 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 ′𝒃′ 𝒊𝒔 𝒂 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕.

1 1
Let 𝑓(𝐷)𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥. 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑦 𝑓(𝐷) ⟹ 𝑦 𝑓(𝐷) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥
1
∴ 𝑃. 𝐼 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥.
𝑓(𝐷)
𝐼𝑓 𝑓(𝐷) 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐷 𝑖. 𝑒 𝐷2 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦,
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓(𝐷) = ∅(𝐷2 )
∅(𝐷2 )𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥 = ∅(−𝑏 2 )𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥 & ∅(𝐷 2 )𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥 = ∅(−𝑏 2 )𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥

Case1: ∅(−𝑏 2 ) ≠ 0 ∅(𝐷2 )𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥 = ∅(−𝑏 2 )𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥

1
⟹ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥 = 2
∅(−𝑏 2 )𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥
∅(𝐷 )
1 1
⟹ 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥 = 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥 [∵ ∅(−𝑏 2 ) ≠ 0]
∅(𝐷 ) ∅(−𝑏 )
1 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥
∴ 𝑃. 𝐼 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥 = [∵ ∅(−𝑏 2 ) ≠ 0]
𝑓(𝐷) ∅(𝐷 )
2 ∅(−𝑏 )
2
1 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥
Similarly 𝑃. 𝐼 = ( ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥 = (𝐷2 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥 =
𝑓𝐷 ∅ ∅(−𝑏2 )

Case2: ∅(−𝑏 2 ) = 0 Then (𝐷2 + 𝑏 2 ) is a factor of

 ∅(𝐷2 ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓(𝐷).

Let 𝑓(𝐷) = (𝐷2 + 𝑏 2 )𝐹 (𝐷2 ) 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐹(−𝑏 2 ) ≠ 0

1 1
Now 𝑃. 𝐼 =
𝑓(𝐷)
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥
= (𝐷2+𝑏2)𝐹(𝐷2) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥 2
= 2 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐹( −𝑏 )≠0
𝐷 + 𝑏2 𝐹(−𝑏2 )
1 1
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥
𝑓(−𝑏2 ) 𝐷2 + 𝑏2

𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒓𝒖𝒍𝒆 𝒕𝒐 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝑷. 𝑰. 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝑸 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒃𝒙 𝑜𝑟 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒃𝒙

1 1
1.To find the value 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(−𝑏 2 ) ≠ 0
𝑓(𝐷2 ) 𝑓((−𝑏2 ))
1 1 2
𝑦𝑝 = 2 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(−𝑏 ) ≠ 0
𝑓(𝐷 𝑓((−𝑏2 ))

2. If 𝑓(−𝑏 2 ) = 0
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥 1 𝑥
𝑦𝑝 = = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥 = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥
𝑓 (𝐷2 ) 𝐷2 + 𝑏 2 2𝑏
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥 1 𝑥
𝑦𝑝 = = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥
𝑓 (𝐷2 ) 𝐷2 + 𝑏 2 2𝑏
3. If 𝑓 (𝐷) contains odd powers also, write 𝐷3 = 𝐷2 . 𝐷 = (−𝑏 2 )𝐷
The linear factors (𝐷 ± 𝛼) in the denominator may be removed by
multiplying both Nr and Dr with (𝐷 ± 𝛼) and then putting
𝐷2 = −𝑏 2 .The operator ′𝐷′ in Nr can be simplified by using ′𝐷′ for
differentiation.

Solved Problems:
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Ex: 1: 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 −
− 2𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
(K.U.S 01,N.U.M06,A 08, S.V.U.A 08)
Sol:Given equation in operator form is (𝐷2 − 𝐷 − 2)𝑦 = sin 2𝑥...(1)
Where 𝑓(𝐷) ≡ 𝐷 2 − 𝐷 − 2.The A.E. is 𝑓 (𝑚) = 0
⟹ 𝑚2 − 𝑚 − 2 = 0…(2)
⟹ (𝑚 − 2)(𝑚 + 1) = 0 ⟹ 𝑚 = −1,2 are the roots of (2).
∴ 𝑦𝑐 = 𝑐1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 2𝑥
1 1 1
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 = − 𝐷+6 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
𝐷2 −𝐷−2 2
−(2) −𝐷−2
1
= −(𝐷 − 6). 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
(𝐷2 − 36)
1
= −(𝐷 − 6). ((−22 )−36) 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
1
= 40 (𝐷 − 6). 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
1
= 40 (2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 − 6𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 )
1
𝑦𝑝 = (𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 − 3𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥)
20
∴ 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 (1)𝑖𝑠 𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝
𝟏
⟹ 𝒚 = 𝒄𝟏 𝒆−𝒙 + 𝒄𝟐 𝒆𝟐𝒙 + (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒙).
𝟐𝟎

Ex: 2: 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 (𝐷2 + 9)𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥

(N.U.A 2004,S.V.U.A10)
Sol: Given equation in operator form is (𝐷2 + 9)𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥 ….(1)
Where 𝑓(𝐷) ≡ 𝐷 2 + 9. The A.E. is 𝑓 (𝑚) = 0 ⟹ 𝑚2 + 9 = 0…(2)
⟹ 𝑚2 = −9 ⟹ 𝑚 = √−1 . 32 ⟹ 𝑚 = √ 𝑖 2 . 32 ⟹ 𝑚 = ±3𝑖
are the roots of (2) which are real and complex.
𝑖. 𝑒 𝑦𝑐 = 𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥
1 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥+3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑦𝑝 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠3 𝑥 = 2 [
4
]
𝐷 +9 𝐷 +9
1 1 3 1
= 4 𝐷2 +9 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 + 4 𝐷2 +9 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
1 𝑥 3 1
= [ 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥] + 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
4 2(3) 4 −1 +9
𝑥 3
=
24
𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 + 32
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 [𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑅𝑢𝑙𝑒(𝑖𝑖)]
∴ 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 (1)𝑖𝑠 𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝
𝑥 3
⟹ 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥.
24 32
 EXERCISE PROBLEMS:

1. (𝐷2 − 4𝐷 + 3)𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥

2. (𝐷3 + 𝑎2 𝐷)𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑥
3. (𝐷3 + 𝐷2 − 𝐷 − 1)𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥

To find P.I of 𝒇(𝑫)𝒚 = 𝑸 where 𝑸 = 𝒙𝒌 where k is a positive

integer.
1 1
Given 𝑓(𝐷)𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑘 ⟹ 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑘 ⟹ P.I = 𝑥𝑘
𝑓(𝐷) 𝑓(𝐷)

1 1
To evaluate P.I., reduce to the form by taking out the
𝑓(𝐷) 1+𝜙(𝐷)
1
lowest degree from 𝑓(𝐷). Now write as (1 + 𝜙(𝐷))-1 and expand
𝑓(𝐷)
it in ascending integral powers of D, regarding D as a number by
Binomial theorem up to the term containing Dk. Then operate on xk
with each term of the expansion (1 + 𝜙(𝐷))-1.
1
If 𝑓(𝐷) is resolvable into rational factors, then split up into
𝑓(𝐷)
partial fractions.
1 𝐴 𝐴2 𝐴𝑛
Let = 1 + + ⋯…..
𝑓(𝐷) 𝐷−∝1 𝐷−∝2 𝐷−∝1𝑛
1 1 𝐷 −1
Expand after reducing it to the form − (1 − ) in
𝐷−∝1 −∝1 ∝1
𝐷 𝐷
ascending integral powers of , regarding as a number.
∝1 ∝1
1 1 𝐷 −1
Then 𝑥𝑘 = − (1 − ∝ ) 𝑥𝑘
𝐷−∝1 ∝1 1

1 𝐷 𝐷𝑘
= − (1 + + ⋯ + 𝑘 + ⋯ )𝑥 𝑘
∝1 ∝1 ∝1
1 𝑘 𝑘 𝑘−1 𝑘!
= − (𝑥 + 𝑥 + ⋯ + 𝑘)
∝1 ∝1 ∝1
Since 𝐷𝑘 (𝑥 𝑘 ) = 𝑘! and the other terms when operated upon 𝑥 𝑘
1
vanish. Also we know that the expansion of in ascending integral
𝑓(𝐷)
powers of D will be the same as the sum of the expansions of its
partial fractions.
 𝟏
Working rule to find 𝒙𝒌
𝒇(𝑫)

1. Take out or common the lowest degree term from 𝑓(𝐷).

2. Let the remaining factor in the denominator be of the form
(1+ ф (D)) or (1+ ф (D)).Take this factor to numerator as
(1 + ф(D))−1 or (1 − ф(D))−1 .
3. Now expand (1 + ф(D))−1 in ascending powers of D by
binominal theorem up to 𝐷−1 and operate upon 𝑥 𝑘 using each
term of the expansion
Note: in this connection the following expansions may be
remembered:
(i) (1 + 𝑥)−1 = 1 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 + ⋯
(ii) (1 − 𝑥)−1 = 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 …
(iii) (1 + 𝑥)−2 = 1 − 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 3 + ⋯
(iv) (1 − 𝑥)−2 = 1 + 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 3 …
Solved Problems:

Ex. 1 Solve (𝐷2 − 4𝐷 + 4)𝑦 = 𝑥 3 (S.V.U.S 01, A.U.A10)

2 3
Sol. Given Example is (𝐷 − 4𝐷 + 4)𝑦 = 𝑥 … . (1)
where 𝑓(𝐷) = 𝐷 2 − 4𝐷 + 4.
The A.E is 𝑓 (𝑚) = 0 ⟹ 𝑚2 − 4𝑚 + 4 = 0 …. (2)
2
⟹ (𝑚 − 2) = 0 ⟹ 𝑚 = 2,2 are the roots of (2)
⟹‫𝑐( = 𝑦؞‬1 + 𝑐2 𝑥 )𝑒 2𝑥

1 3
1 1
𝑦𝑝 = 2
𝑥 = 2
𝑥3 = 2𝑥
3
𝐷 − 4𝐷 + 4 (𝐷 − 2) 𝐷
(−2 (1 − 2 ))
1 3
= 2𝑥
𝐷
(4 (1 − 2 ))
1 𝐷 2 1 𝐷 𝐷2 𝐷3
= (1 − ) 𝑥 3 = (1 + 2 ( ) + 3 ( ) + 4 ( ) + ⋯ ) 𝑥 3
4 2 4 2 4 8
 1 3 3 1
= (𝑥 + 𝐷(𝑥 3 ) + 𝐷 2 (𝑥 3 ) + 𝐷3 (𝑥 3 ) + ⋯ )
4 4 2
1 3 1 1
= (𝑥 + 3𝑥 + (6𝑥 ) + (6))= (2𝑥 + 6𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 + 6)
3 2 3
4 4 2 8
Therefore, the general solution of (1) is 𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝
1
⟹ 𝑦 = (𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑥 )𝑒 2𝑥 + (2𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 + 6)
8

Ex. 2 Solve (𝐷2 − 3𝐷 + 2)𝑦 = 2𝑥 2

Sol. : Given equation is (𝐷2 − 3𝐷 + 2)𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 ….(1)
Where 𝑓(𝐷) ≡ 𝐷 2 − 3𝐷 + 2.The A.E. is 𝑓(𝑚) = 0
⟹ 𝑚2 − 3𝑚 + 2 = 0 …. (2)
⟹ (m-1)(m-2)=0 ⟹ m= 1,2 are roots of (2).
‫𝑐 = 𝑐𝑦 ؞‬1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 2𝑥
1 1 1
𝑦𝑝 = 2𝑥 2 = 2 ( − ) 𝑥2
(𝐷 − 1)(𝐷 − 2) 𝐷−2 𝐷−1
1 1
= 2. 𝑥 2 − 2. 𝑥2
𝐷−2 𝐷−1
1 1 1 𝐷 −1
Now 𝑥2 = 2
𝐷 𝑥 = − (1 − ) 𝑥2
𝐷−2 −2(1− ) 2 2
2
1 𝐷 𝐷2
= − (1 + + + ⋯ )𝑥 2
2 2 4
1 2 1 1
= − (𝑥 + 𝐷(𝑥 2 ) + 𝐷2 (𝑥 2 ) + ⋯ )
2 2 4
1 1
= − (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + ) ……. (3)
2 2
1
Also 𝑥 2 = −(1 − 𝐷)−1 𝑥 2
𝐷−1
= −(1 + 𝐷 + 𝐷2 + ⋯ )𝑥 2 = −(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 2) … (4)
Substituting (3) and (4) in 𝑦𝑝 , we get:
1 1
𝑦𝑝 = 2 (− ) (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + ) − 2(−𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 2)
2 2
7
= 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 +
2
‫؞‬The general solution of (1) is 𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝
7
⟹ 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + ( )
2
 EXERCISE PROBLEMS:

1. (𝐷2 − 2𝐷 + 4)𝑦 = 8(𝑥 2 + 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥)

2. (𝐷3 + 2𝐷2 + 𝐷)𝑦 = (𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥)
3. (𝐷2 + 4𝐷 + 5)𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥 3 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥

𝐓𝐨 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐏. 𝐈. 𝐎𝐟 𝒇(𝑫)𝒚 = 𝑸 𝑾𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝑸 = 𝒆𝒂𝒙 𝑽

𝑾𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒂 𝑰𝑺 𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑽 𝒊𝒔 𝒂 𝑭𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒙
1
Given 𝑓(𝐷)𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑣 ⟹ 𝑃. 𝐼 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑉 we have:
𝑓(𝐷)
𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑥
𝑓(𝐷)(𝑒 𝑣1 ) = 𝑒 𝑓(𝐷 + 𝑎)𝑣1 . where 𝑉1 is a function of 𝑥…(1)
1 1
Operating (1) by = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑣1 = (𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑓(𝐷 + 𝑎)𝑣1 ) … . (2)
𝑓(𝐷) 𝑓(𝐷)
Since 𝑣1 is a function of 𝑥, 𝑓 (𝐷 + 𝑎)𝑣1 is also a function of x.
Let 𝑓(𝐷 + 𝑎)𝑣1 = 𝑣 where v is a function of x.
1 1
Operating this by ⟹ 𝑣1 𝑣
𝑓(𝐷+𝑎) 𝑓(𝐷+𝑎)
1 1
(2) and (3) ⟹ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑣= (𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑣)
𝑓(𝐷+𝑎) 𝑓(𝐷)
1 1 1
⟹ (𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑣) = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑣 ⟹ 𝑃. 𝐼 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑣
𝑓(𝐷) 𝑓(𝐷+𝑐) 𝑓(𝐷+𝑎)
Note: The above method to find P.I. will be used if v is sin 𝑏𝑥 or
cos 𝑏𝑥 or 𝑥 𝑘 polynomial of degree k.
Working Rule to find the P.I of 𝒇(𝑫)𝒚 = 𝒆𝒂𝒙 𝒗

1. Let the given equation be 𝑓 (𝐷)𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑣

1
2. To find the P.I. = (𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑣), shift 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 outside and after
𝑓(𝐷)
1
replacing D by D+a, operating v by
𝑓(𝐷+𝑎)

1 1
3. ‫؞‬P.I = (𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑣) = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 . 𝑣
𝑓(𝐷) 𝑓(𝐷+𝑎)
 Solved Problems:

Ex. 1 : Solve (𝐷 2 − 2𝐷 + 1)𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑒 3𝑥 (N.U.S99)

Sol. Given equation is (𝐷2 − 2𝐷 + 1)𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑒 3𝑥 ……(1)
Where 𝑓(𝐷 ) ≡ 𝐷2 − 2𝐷 + 1. The A.E. is
𝑓(𝑚) = 0 ⟹ 𝑚2 − 2𝑚 + 1 = 0 …. (2)
⟹ (𝑚 − 1)2 = 0 ⟹ 𝑚 = 1,1 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 (2)
‫𝑐( = 𝑐𝑦 ؞‬1 + 𝑐2 𝑥)𝑒 𝑥
1 2 3𝑥 3𝑥
1 2 3𝑥
1
𝑦𝑝 = 2
𝑥 𝑒 = 𝑒 2
𝑥 = 𝑒 2
𝑥2
(𝐷 − 1) (𝐷 + 3 − 1) (𝐷 + 2)

𝑒 3𝑥 1 2
𝑒 3𝑥 𝐷
= 𝑥 = (1 + )−2 𝑥 2
4 (1 + 𝐷)2 4 2
2
𝑒 3𝑥 𝐷 𝐷2
= (1 − 2. + 3. − ⋯ )𝑥 2
4 2 4
3𝑥 3𝑥
𝑒 3 𝑒 3
= (𝑥 2 − 𝐷𝑥 2 + 𝐷2 𝑥 2 ) = (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + . 2)
4 4 4 4
3𝑥 2
𝑒 (2𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 3)
=
8
The general solution of (1) is
𝑥 2
𝑒 3𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝 ⟹ 𝑦 = (𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑥 )𝑒 + (2𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 3) ( )
8

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Ex. 2. Solve 2 − 6 + 13𝑦 = 8𝑒 3𝑥 sin 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(S.V.U.O99,A00,A.U.M. OO,A.N.U.M15,A04)

Sol. G.E in operator form is (𝐷2 − 6𝐷 + 13)𝑦 = 8𝑒 3𝑥 sin 2𝑥 … (1)

Where 𝑓(𝐷) ≡ 𝐷2 − 6𝐷 + 13.
The A.E. is 𝑓(𝑚) = 0 ⟹ 𝑚2 − 6𝑚 + 13 = 0 ….. (2)
−6 ± √36 − 52 6 ± 4𝑖
⟹𝑚= =
2 2
 = 3 + 2𝑖, 3 − 2𝑖 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 (2).

‫ 𝑒 = 𝑐𝑦؞‬3𝑥 (𝑐1 cos 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 sin 2𝑥)

1
𝑦𝑝 = 8 2 𝑒 3𝑥 sin 2𝑥
𝐷 − 6𝐷 + 13
1
= 8𝑒 3𝑥 sin 2𝑥
(𝐷 + 3)2 − 6(𝐷 + 3) + 13

1 1
= 8𝑒 3𝑥 sin 2𝑥 = 8𝑒 3𝑥
sin 2𝑥
𝐷2 + 4 𝐷 2 + 22
𝑥
= 8𝑒 3𝑥 (− cos 2𝑥)
2(2)
‫؞‬The general solution of (1) is 𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝
𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝑥 (𝑐1 cos 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 sin 2𝑥 ) − 2𝑥𝑒 3𝑥 cos 2𝑥
EXERCISE PROBLEMS:

1. (𝐷2 − 4𝐷 + 1)𝑦 = (𝑒 2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 )

2. (𝐷2 − 2𝐷)𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥 (𝑥 − 1)
3. (6𝐷2 − 𝐷 − 2)𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥

𝐓𝐨 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐏. 𝐈. 𝐎𝐟 𝒇(𝑫)𝒚 = 𝑸 𝑾𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝑸 = 𝒙𝒗

1
𝑾𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒗 𝒊𝒔 𝒂 𝑭𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒙Let 𝑓(𝐷 )𝑦 = 𝑥𝑣 P.I. = (𝑥𝑣)
𝑓(𝐷)

If 𝑢 is a function of 𝑥, 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒: 𝐷(𝑥𝑢) = 𝑥 (𝐷𝑢) + 𝑢

⟹ 𝐷2 (𝑥𝑢) = 𝐷 (𝑥 (𝐷𝑢) + 𝑢)
= 𝑥 (𝐷2 𝑢) + 2𝐷𝑢
𝑑
= 𝑥 (𝐷2 𝑢) + ( 𝐷2 ) 𝑢
𝑑𝐷
………….. ………………….. ……………….
…………………….. …………………… …………..
𝑑
Similarly,𝐷𝑛 (𝑥𝑢) = 𝑥 (𝐷𝑛 𝑢) + ( 𝐷 𝑛 ) 𝑢
𝑑𝐷
𝑛 ′
∴ 𝑓 (𝐷)(𝑥𝑢) = 𝑥 (𝐷 𝑢) + 𝑓 (𝐷)𝑢 ………………….. (1)
1
Now let 𝑓(𝐷)𝑢 = 𝑣 ⟹ 𝑢 = 𝑣 ………………… (2)
𝑓(𝐷)
(∵ 𝑢 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 ⟹ 𝑓(𝐷)𝑢 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑎 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑥)
 1
(1) and (2) ⟹ 𝑓(𝐷) (𝑥. 𝑣)
𝑓(𝐷)
1 1
= 𝑥. 𝑓(𝐷) ( 𝑣) + 𝑓 ′ (𝐷). 𝑣
𝑓(𝐷) 𝑓(𝐷)
1 1
⟹ 𝑓(𝐷) (𝑥. 𝑣) = 𝑥𝑣 + 𝑓 ′ (𝐷). 𝑣
𝑓(𝐷) 𝑓(𝐷)
1
Operating both sides by , 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡:
𝑓(𝐷)
1 1 1 1
𝑥. 𝑣= (𝑥𝑣) + 𝑓 ′ (𝐷). 𝑣
𝑓(𝐷) 𝑓(𝐷) 𝑓(𝐷) 𝑓(𝐷)
1 1 1 1
⟹ (𝑥𝑣) = 𝑥. 𝑣− 𝑓 ′ (𝐷). 𝑣
𝑓(𝐷) 𝑓(𝐷) 𝑓(𝐷) 𝑓(𝐷)
1 ′( )
1
= (𝑥 − 𝑓 𝐷 ) 𝑣
𝑓(𝐷) 𝑓(𝐷)
1 1 1
∴ 𝑃. 𝐼. = (𝑥𝑣) = (𝑥 − 𝑓 ′ (𝐷)) 𝑣
𝑓 (𝐷) 𝑓(𝐷) 𝑓(𝐷)
1 1 𝑓 ′ (𝐷)
OR P.I. = (𝑥𝑣) = 𝑥. 𝑣− 𝑣
𝑓(𝐷) 𝑓(𝐷) (𝑓(𝐷))2
1
Note 1: By the repeated use of the above formula, (𝑥 𝑚 𝑣) can be
𝑓(𝐷)
determined.
2. D is the differential operator, but not a number.
∴ There is no justification in differentiating 𝐷, 𝐷2 , 𝐷3 , … … . 𝑜𝑟 𝑓(𝐷).
However, we have done it for convenience.

Solved Problems:

Ex. 1 : Solve (𝐷2 + 4)𝑦 = 𝑥 sin 𝑥 .

(A.N.U. M15,S.V.U.M15, S98,O.U.N00,O02)
Sol: Given Equation is (𝐷2 + 4)𝑦 = 𝑥 sin 𝑥 ………………. (1)
where 𝑓(𝐷) = 𝐷2 + 4
The A.E. is 𝑓(𝑚) = 0 ⟹ 𝑚2 + 4 = 0 … (2)
⇒ (𝑚 + 2𝑖)(𝑚 − 2𝑖) = 0 ⇒ 𝑚
= −2𝑖, 2𝑖 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 (2)
∴ 𝑦𝑐 = 𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
1 1 2𝐷
𝑦𝑝 = 2 (𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ) = 𝑥. 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝐷 +4 𝐷 +4 (𝐷 + 4)2
 1 1 𝑓 ′ (𝐷)
(using (𝑥𝑣) = 𝑥. 𝑣− 𝑣 where
𝑓(𝐷) 𝑓(𝐷) (𝑓(𝐷))2
𝑣 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓(𝐷) = 𝐷2 + 4)
1 2𝐷
= 𝑥. 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
−1 + 4 (−12 + 4)2
𝑥 2 2
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝐷 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ) = (3𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)/9
3 9 9
∴ The general solution of (1) is 𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝
1
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝐶𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑆𝑖𝑛2𝑥 + ( ) (3𝑥𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 2𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥)
9
2 2
Ex.2: Solve (𝐷 + 1)𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 (O.U.A93, N.U.A. 10)
Sol. : Given (𝐷2 + 1)𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 … . (1)
Where 𝑓(𝐷) ≡ 𝐷 2 + 1. The A.E is 𝑓(𝑚) = 0 ⟹ 𝑚2 + 1 = 0 … . (2)
⇒ (𝑚 + 2𝑖)(𝑚 − 2𝑖) = 0 ⇒ 𝑚
= −2𝑖, 2𝑖 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 (2)
∴ 𝑦𝑐 = 𝑐1 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
1 1
𝑦𝑝 = 2 (𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 ) = 2 𝑥 (𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 ).
𝐷 +1 𝐷 +1
ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑣 = 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
1 2𝐷
Then 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑥 2 (𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 ) − (𝐷2 2 (𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)
𝐷 +1 +1)
𝑚 𝑚
Note 1: If 𝑄 = 𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑥 𝑛𝑥 where the coefficient of
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝑥 or 𝑐𝑜𝑥 𝑛𝑥 is 𝑥 2 or 𝑥 3 or higher powers of 𝑥, the above method
will be laborious. Hence we solve it by the following short cut
method.
1. We know that 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑥 is the imaginary part (I.P.) of 𝑒 𝑖𝑎𝑥 and
𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑥 is the real part (R.P.) of 𝑒 𝑖𝑎𝑥 .
1 1
Short cut method: 𝑦𝑝 = (𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 ) = 𝐼. 𝑃. 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 2 𝑒 2𝑖𝑥
𝐷2 +1 𝐷2 +1
1 1
=I.P. of 𝑒 2𝑖𝑥 𝑥 2 = 𝐼. 𝑃. 𝑜𝑓 𝑒 2𝑖𝑥 𝑥2
(𝐷+2𝑖)2 +1 𝐷2 +4𝑖𝐷−3
−1
1 2𝑖𝑥 𝐷2 +4𝑖𝐷
= − ( )I.P. of 𝑒 (1 − ) 𝑥2
3 3
1 2𝑖𝑥
𝐷 + 4𝑖𝐷 −16𝐷2 2
= − 𝐼. 𝑃. 𝑜𝑓𝑒 (1 + + + ⋯ )𝑥 2
3 3 9
1 2 4𝑖 16
= − I.P of 𝑒 2𝑖𝑥 (𝑥 2 + + (2𝑥 ) − (2))
3 3 3 9
1 2 26 8𝑥
=− I.P. of (𝐶𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + 𝑖𝑆𝑖𝑛2𝑥 )(( 𝑥 − ) + 𝑖( ))
3 9 3
 1 8𝑥 26
=− ( 𝑐𝑜𝑥2𝑥 + (𝑥 2 − ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
3 3 9
∴ 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑓 (1) 𝑖𝑠 𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝
EXERCISE PROBLEMS:
1. (𝐷4 + 2𝐷2 + 1)𝑦 = (𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 )
2. (𝐷2 + 3𝐷 +)𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
3. (𝐷2 − 4𝐷 + 4)𝑦 = 8𝑥 2 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥

---------------------------@------------------------------