C++ Course Notes : Fundamentals of Programming 1 - Week 2

Hello everyone welcome to the weekly lecture notes.

Topics to be covered:
If statement
If-else statement
Nested if-else statement
Conditional operators
Switch statement
Introduction to Iterative statements/Loops
The for loop
The while loop
The do-while loop

If statement
An if statement is the most common conditional statement. It executes when the condition being
checked evaluates to true.
Syntax:

if(condition) {
//statements
}

Example:

if(x > 20) {

cout << "Value of x is greater than 20\n";
}

Output:

CASE 1: Let value of x be 30

Value of x is greater than 20

CASE 2: Let value of x be 10

No output in this case

If-else statement
An if-else statement is designed to give us this functionality in our code. It executes statements if
some condition is true or false. If the condition is true, the if part is executed, otherwise the else part
of the statement is executed.
Syntax:

if(condition) {
//statements
} else {
// statements
}

Example:

if(x > 20) {

cout << "Value of x is greater than 20\n";
} else {
cout << "Value of x is less than 20"
}

Output:
CASE 1: Let value of x be 30
Value of x is greater than 20

CASE 2: Let value of x be 10

Value of x is less than 20

Nested if-else
It is simply an if-else statement inside another if-else statement.
Syntax:
 if (condition - 1)
{
if (condition - 2)
{
//statements
}
else
{
//statements
}
}
else
{
//statements
}

Example:

cout << "Value of x is "

if (x > 20)
{
if(x > 100)
{
cout << “very much”;
}
cout << “greater\n”;
}
else
{
cout << “smaller\n”;
}

Output:

CASE 1: Let value of x be 150

Value of x is very much greater than 20

CASE 2: Let value of x be 50

Value of x is greater than 20

CASE 3: Let value of x be 10

Value of x is less than 20

Conditional operators
These operators are used when a condition comprises of more than one Boolean expression/ condition
check.
We have following types of conditional operators - logical-and, logical-or and ternary operator.
Logical-and operator (&&): It is used when we want the condition to be true if both the
expressions are true.
Syntax:

if(condition - 1 && condition - 2)

{
// statements
}

Example:

if (val >= 10 && val <= 20)

{
cout << "Value is in range 10 to 20."
}

Case - 1: val = 3

Output: No output

Case - 2: val = 11

Output: Value is in range 10 to 20.

Case - 3: val = 40

Output: No output

Logical-or operator (||) : This operator is used when any one of the Boolean expressions is
evaluated as true.
Syntax:

if(condition - 1 || condition - 2)
{
statement;
}

Example:

if (val < 10 || val > 20)

{
cout << "Value is either greater than 20 or less than 10."
}

Case - 1: val = 3

Output: Value is either greater than 20 or less than 10.

Case - 2: val = 40

Output: Value is either greater than 20 or less than 10.

Case - 3: val = 11

Output: No output

Ternary operator (?:) : It is a smaller version for the if-else statement. If the condition is true then
statement - 1 is executed else the statement - 2 is executed.
Syntax:

condition ? statement - 1 : statement - 2;

Example:
 //Without ternary operator

if (val == 10)
{
cout << "The current value is 10\n";
}
else
{
cout << "The current value is not 10\n";
}

//With ternary operator

val == 10 ? cout << "The current value is 10\n" : cout << "The current value is
not 10\n";

Case - 1: val = 10

Output: The current value is 10

Case - 2: val = 20

Output: The current value is not 10

NOTE : “and” can also be written instead of “&&” and “or” can also be written as
“||”.

Switch statement
Switch Statement is like an if-else ladder with multiple conditions, where we check for equality of a
variable with different values.
Syntax:
 switch (expression)
{
case x:
// code
break;
case y:
// code
break;
.
.
.
default:
// code
}

Example:

switch (ch) {
case ‘a’:
cout << “Vowel\n”;
break;
case ‘e’:
cout << “Vowel\n”;
break;
case ‘i’:
cout << “Vowel\n”;
break;
case ‘o’:
cout << “Vowel\n”;
break;
case ‘u’:
cout << “Vowel\n”;
break;
default:
cout << “Consonant\n”;
}

Output:

Case - 1: ch = ‘a’

Output - Vowel

Case - 2: ch = ‘x’

Output - Consonant

Introduction to Iterative statements/Loops

The simple dictionary meaning of loop is a structure, series, or process, the end of which is connected to
the beginning. We have the following types of iterative statements -

The while loop

The for loop
The do-while loop

The For Loop

The advantage of a for loop is we know exactly how many times the loop will execute even before the
actual loop starts executing.
Syntax:

for (init-statement; condition; final-expression)

{
statement
// logic
}

Init-statement: This statement is used to initialize or assign a starting value to a variable which
may be altered over the course of loop (we will see this while solving examples). It is used/referred
only once at the start of the loop.
Condition: This condition serves as a loop control statement. The loop block is executed until the
condition evaluates to true.
Final-expression: It is evaluated after each iteration of the loop. It is generally to update the
values of the loop variables.

Example:

for(int i = 1; i < 6; i++ ){

cout << i << " ";
}

Output:
1 2 3 4 5

The while loop

A while loop is a loop that runs through its body, known as a while statement, as long as a
predetermined condition is evaluated as true.
Syntax:
 while (condition)
statement;

Example:

int i = 1;
while (i <= 5)
{
cout << i << “ “;
i = i + 1;
}

Output:
1 2 3 4 5

The do-while loop

Do-while loop tests the condition at the end of each execution for the next iteration. In other words,
the loop is executed at least once before the condition is checked. Rest everything is the same as
while loop.
Syntax:

do
{
statement;
} while (condition);

Example:

int idx = 1;
do
{
cout << idx << “ “;
idx++;
} while (idx <= 5);

Output:
1 2 3 4 5