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Pneumatic System

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20 views36 pages

Pneumatic System

Uploaded by

ajinamoto1009
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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COE 611

LECTURE 1:
PNEUMATIC
SYSTEMS

BERNARDO A. PANGILINAN
P N E U M AT I C S

• It is a branch of physics that deals with the study of gases


especially air, its mechanical properties and applications
at pressures higher (compressed) or lower (vacuum) than
the atmospheric pressure.
• It comes from the Greek word “Pneuma” meaning
breath.
P N E U M AT I C SYST E M

• A pneumatic system is a
system that uses
compressed air to transmit
and control energy.
Pneumatic systems are used
in controlling train doors,
automatic production lines,
mechanical clamps, etc (Fig.
1).
PRESSURE = FORCE / AREA ;
N E W TO N / M E T E R 2 = PA S CA L

• Pneumatic pressures • Conversions:


• = 4 to 6 Bars (normal) • 1 Bar ≈ 100 kPa = 14.5 psi
• = 10 Bars (maximum) • 1 Atmospheric Pressure
• = 1.01325 Bar
• Force < 3 tons for Pneumatics • = 14.7 psi
• Force > 3 tons for Hydraulics
A P P L I CAT I O N S O F P N E U M AT I C S
A P P L I CAT I O N S

• Transportation • Stamping
• Bending
• Feeder
• Hole boring
• Supply • Handling
• Positioning • Assembly

• Clamping • Measuring
• Service life testing
• Turning
T H E A D VA N TAG E S O F P N E U M AT I C SYST E M S
• High effectiveness
• High durability and reliability
• Simple design
• High adaptability to harsh environment
• Safety
• Easy selection of speed and pressure
• Environmental friendly
• Economical
L I M I TAT I O N S O F P N E U M AT I C S Y S T E M S

• Relatively low accuracy


• Low loading
• Uneven moving speed
• Processing required before
use
• Noise
MAIN PNEUMATIC
COMPONENTS
COMPRESSOR

• A compressor can compress air to the


required pressures. It can convert the
mechanical energy from motors and
engines into the potential energy in
compressed air. A single central
compressor can supply various
pneumatic components with
compressed air, which is transported
through pipes from the cylinder to the
pneumatic components.
P R E S S U R E R E G U L AT I N G
COMPONENT

• (i) Filter – can remove impurities from


compressed air before it is fed to the pneumatic
components.
• (ii) Pressure regulator – to stabilise the pressure
and regulate the operation of pneumatic
components

• (iii) Lubricator – To provide lubrication for


pneumatic components
THE
CONSUMPTION
OF COMPRESSED
AIR
DRIVE ELEMENTS

• Pneumatic drive elements


convert the energy in the
compressed air into force
and motion. The pneumatic
drive elements can move in a
linear, reciprocating or
rotating motion.
SINGLE ACTING
CYLINDER

• The single-acting cylinder converts the


compressed air energy into mechanical energy
in the form of force and linear movement in one
direction only.
• Single-acting cylinders are used in the
assembling and packing automated lines to
move, lift, feed, eject, press or push objects or to
clamp parts. Practically, they are suitable for oil-
free operation.
DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER

• The double-acting cylinder converts the


compressed air energy into mechanical
energy in the form of force and linear
movement in both directions.
• Double acting cylinders are used for
moving, pressing and lifting in pneumatic
manipulators and automatic packaging
machines.
ROTA R Y ACT UATO R S

• The rotary actuators transform the


power of compressed air that
generates linear piston movement into
a reversible rotary movement. The
piston rod of the actuator is designed
in the form of a toothed rack with two
pistons connected at each end.
P OR T OR C ONNECTI ON
D ESI GNATI ON
OF D I R ECTI ONAL C ONTROL
VALV ES
DIRECTIONAL CONTROL VALVE

• Directional control valves ensure


the flow of air between air ports by
opening, closing and switching their
internal connections. Their
classification is determined by the
number of ports, the number of
switching positions, the normal
position of the valve and its method
of operation
2/2 DIRECTIONAL
CONTROL VALVE

• It uses the thrust from the spring to open


and close the valve, stopping compressed
air from flowing towards working tube ‘A’
from air inlet ‘P’. When a force is applied
to the control axis, the valve will be
pushed open, connecting ‘P’ with ‘A’ .
The force applied to the control axis has
to overcome both air pressure and the
repulsive force of the spring. The control
valve can be driven manually or
mechanically, and restored to its original
position by the spring.
3/2 DIRECTIONAL CONTROL VALVE
5/2 DIRECTIONAL CONTROL VALVE

• When a pressure pulse is input into the pressure


control port ‘P’, the spool will move to the left,
connecting inlet ‘P’ and work passage ‘B’. Work
passage ‘A’ will then make a release of air
through ‘R1’ and ‘R2’. The directional valves will
remain in this operational position until signals
of the contrary are received. Therefore, this type
of directional control valves is said to have the
function of ‘memory’
NON-RETURN VALVE

• A non-return valve allows


air to flow in one direction
only. When air flows in the
opposite direction, the
valve will close. Another
name for non-return valve
is poppet valve
FLOW CONTROL VALVE

• A flow control valve is formed


by a non-return valve and a
variable throttle
SHUTTLE
VALVE/
OR VALVE

• Shuttle valves are also known as double


control or single control non-return valves.
A shuttle valve has two air inlets ‘P1’ and
‘P2’ and one air outlet ‘A’. When
compressed air enters through ‘P1’, the
sphere will seal and block the other inlet
‘P2’. Air can then flow from ‘P1’ to ‘A’. When
the contrary happens, the sphere will block
inlet ‘P1’, allowing air to flow from ‘P2’ to ‘A’
only.
AND VALVE

• • AND valve delivers air at the


outlet (A) only when air signal is
present at both inputs (X and Y)
• • If two signals of different
pressure is applied, the lower
pressure is connected to outlet
(A).
PRINCIPLES OF
P N E U M AT I C
CONTROL
METHODS OF
ACT UAT I O N
DIFFERENT KINDS
OF BASIC
CIRCUITS

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