Script for AI-generated Video by ChatGPT

1
Introduction

Factor to consider:
(1) Topic : how long the topic should be delivered in the video?
(2) Length of Video : how long a video can still be engaged by
studets. Is there any time limitation imposed by LMS?
(3) Still Image : is there any still image to be presence in the
video. How still images can engage students better?
(4) Background Image : is there any need for background images to be
presence in the video. How background images can engage students
better?
(5) Audio/Voice : how the speaker voice(tone, timbre, pace, etc)
can engage students better.
(6) Audio/Music : is there any need for intro/background/closing
music to be presence in the video. How the intro/background/closing
music may help students to engage with the video better?
(7) Talking Head : Is there any need for the speaker to be presence in the
video? If so, when?
(8) Pedagogy : Is there any instructional syntax that can help students
to engage better with the video [e.g. Gagne]. If so, how is this syntax
integrated with the script?

(9)

2
Q1: LL(1) Parsing
You are a senior computer scientist, a professional compiler
developer and has been teaching Compilation Technique course
for long time. Please, give me a script that you used for
teaching LL(1) parsing. I will use the script to create a video
that can help students to learn LL(1) parsing algorithm well.
Here’s a script for teaching LL Recursive-Descent Parsing, using a simple
LL(1) grammar. Recursive-descent parsing is a top-down parsing technique that
uses a set of mutually recursive procedures to process the input.

LL Recursive-Descent Parsing - Teaching Script

Title Slide: Introduction to Recursive-Descent Parsing
 "Welcome! Today, we’re exploring LL Recursive-Descent Parsing, a top-
down parsing technique used to process input strings in a systematic and
recursive manner."
 "This technique is simple to implement and suitable for LL(1) grammars,
where parsing decisions are guided by one-symbol lookahead."

Slide 1: What is Recursive-Descent Parsing?

 "Recursive-descent parsing is a top-down parsing technique that
constructs a parse tree by making recursive calls to procedures for each
non-terminal in the grammar."
 "Each non-terminal in the grammar corresponds to a function in the
parser."
 "Parsing decisions are made using lookahead symbols."

Slide 2: The Grammar

 "Let’s consider a simple LL(1) grammar for arithmetic expressions:"
 E → T E'
 E' → + T E' | ε
 T → F T'
 T' → * F T' | ε
 F → ( E ) | id
 Explanation:

3
 o EE: Expression.

o TT: Term.

o FF: Factor.

o E′E' and T′T': Used for handling recursion (to avoid left recursion).

Slide 3: LL(1) Requirements

 "Before we begin, the grammar must satisfy LL(1) properties:"
o No left recursion.

o Left-factored to resolve conflicts.

o FIRST and FOLLOW sets do not overlap for any non-terminal.

 "The given grammar is LL(1)-compatible."

Slide 4: How Recursive-Descent Works

 "The parser works by:
1. Starting from the start symbol EE.
2. Matching terminals with input using lookahead.
3. Recursively expanding non-terminals by calling corresponding
functions."
 "Each production rule maps to a branch in the corresponding function."

Slide 5: Recursive-Descent Functions

 "Each non-terminal in the grammar has a corresponding function in the
parser."
 "Let’s define the functions step by step."

Slide 6: Function Definitions

 Function for EE (Expression):
 def E():
 T()
 E_dash()
o "This corresponds to the production E→TE′E → T E'."

 Function for E′E' (Expression Prime):

4
 def E_dash():
 if lookahead == '+':
 match('+')
 T()
 E_dash()
 # Implicitly handle ε (do nothing)

o "This corresponds to E′→+TE′∣εE' → + T E' | ε."

 Function for TT (Term):

 def T():
 F()
 T_dash()
o "This corresponds to T→FT′T → F T'."

 Function for T′T' (Term Prime):

 def T_dash():
 if lookahead == '*':
 match('*')
 F()
 T_dash()
 # Implicitly handle ε (do nothing)

o "This corresponds to T′→∗FT′∣εT' → * F T' | ε."

 Function for FF (Factor):

 def F():
 if lookahead == '(':
 match('(')
 E()
 match(')')
 elif lookahead == 'id':
 match('id')
 else:
 error()

o "This corresponds to F→(E)∣idF → ( E ) | id."

5
Slide 7: The match Function
 "The match function checks if the current input symbol matches the
expected terminal."
 Definition:
 def match(expected):
 global lookahead, input_stream
 if lookahead == expected:
 lookahead = next_token() # Advance to the next token
 else:
 error()

Slide 8: Parsing Example

 Input String: id + id * id
 Steps:
1. Start with EE, call TT, then FF. Match id.
2. Return to EE, call E′E'. Match +.
3. Call TT, then FF. Match id.
4. Call T′T'. Match *. Call FF. Match id.
5. Accept the input.

Slide 9: Complete Python Code

 "Here’s the full recursive-descent parser implementation for the
grammar:"
 lookahead = None
 input_stream = iter(['id', '+', 'id', '*', 'id', '$']) # Example input


 def next_token():
 return next(input_stream, '$') # End-of-input marker


 def match(expected):
 global lookahead
 if lookahead == expected:
 lookahead = next_token()

6
 else:
 raise SyntaxError(f"Expected {expected}, got {lookahead}")


 def E():
 T()
 E_dash()


 def E_dash():
 if lookahead == '+':
 match('+')
 T()
 E_dash()


 def T():
 F()
 T_dash()


 def T_dash():
 if lookahead == '*':
 match('*')
 F()
 T_dash()


 def F():
 if lookahead == '(':
 match('(')
 E()
 match(')')
 elif lookahead == 'id':
 match('id')
 else:
 raise SyntaxError(f"Unexpected token: {lookahead}")

7
 

 # Start parsing
 lookahead = next_token()
 E()
 if lookahead == '$':
 print("Input successfully parsed!")
 else:
 raise SyntaxError(f"Unexpected input remaining: {lookahead}")

Slide 10: Advantages and Limitations

 Advantages:
o Easy to implement.

o Works well for LL(1) grammars.

 Limitations:
o Cannot handle left-recursive or ambiguous grammars.

o Requires lookahead and backtracking for non-LL(1) grammars.

Slide 11: Summary

 "In this session, we learned about recursive-descent parsing, including:"
o Writing functions for each non-terminal.

o Using lookahead to make parsing decisions.

o Parsing an input string step-by-step.

End Slide
 "Thank you for watching! Practice writing recursive-descent parsers for
simple grammars to solidify your understanding. If you have questions, let
me know!"

This script uses a simple grammar and step-by-step explanations to ensure

clarity. Let me know if you’d like diagrams, such as parsing trees or flowcharts, to
complement the content!

8
Q2: LL(1) Parsing
You are a senior computer scientist, a professional compiler
developer and has been teaching Compilation Technique course
for long time. Please, give me a script that you used for
teaching LL(1) table-driven predictive Top-down
Parsing.parsing. I will use the script to create a video that can
help students to learn LL(1) parsing algorithm well.
Here’s a detailed script for teaching LL(1) Table-Driven Predictive Top-Down
Parsing, complete with examples, to help students grasp this fundamental
parsing technique.

LL(1) Table-Driven Predictive Parsing - Teaching Script

Title Slide: Introduction to LL(1) Parsing
 "Welcome! Today, we’re exploring LL(1) Table-Driven Predictive
Parsing, a top-down parsing technique widely used in compiler design."
 "LL(1) stands for:
o L: Left-to-right scanning of input.

o L: Leftmost derivation.

o 1: One-symbol lookahead to guide parsing decisions."

Slide 1: What is LL(1) Parsing?

 "LL(1) parsing is a top-down predictive parsing technique that
constructs a parse tree by predicting which production to use based on the
current input symbol and lookahead."
 "It uses a parsing table to systematically guide the parsing process."

Slide 2: Why Use LL(1) Parsing?

 "LL(1) parsers are efficient and straightforward to implement for
grammars that meet the LL(1) requirements."
 "The parsing table removes ambiguity in decision-making by specifying a
single action for each combination of non-terminal and input symbol."
 "However, LL(1) parsing only works for LL(1) grammars, which have no
left recursion and do not require backtracking."

9
Slide 3: Steps in LL(1) Parsing
1. Eliminate Left Recursion and Factor the Grammar
o Transform the grammar into an equivalent LL(1)-compatible
grammar.
o Ensure there are no ambiguous or left-recursive productions.

2. Compute FIRST and FOLLOW Sets

o Use these sets to determine which production to apply for a given
input symbol.
3. Construct the LL(1) Parsing Table
o Use the FIRST and FOLLOW sets to fill in the table.

4. Parse the Input String

o Use a stack and the parsing table to match the input string to the
grammar.

Slide 4: Example Grammar

 "Let’s use the following grammar as our example:"
 S → AB
 A → aA | ε
 B→b
 "This grammar is LL(1)-compatible because it has no left recursion and is
left-factored."

Slide 5: Compute FIRST Sets

 "The FIRST set of a non-terminal includes all terminals that can appear as
the first symbol in any string derived from that non-terminal."
 "For our grammar:"
o FIRST(S) = FIRST(A) = {a, ε}

o FIRST(A) = {a, ε}

o FIRST(B) = {b}

Slide 6: Compute FOLLOW Sets

 "The FOLLOW set of a non-terminal includes all terminals that can appear
immediately to the right of that non-terminal in some sentential form."
 "For our grammar:"

10
 o FOLLOW(S) = {$}

o FOLLOW(A) = {b} (from S→ABS \to AB)

o FOLLOW(B) = {$}

Slide 7: Constructing the LL(1) Parsing Table

 "We use the FIRST and FOLLOW sets to fill in the table."
 "Steps to fill the table:"
1. For each production A→αA \to α, place A→αA \to α in the table entry
[A,a][A, a] for all a∈FIRST(α)a \in \text{FIRST}(α).

2. If ε∈FIRST(α)ε \in \text{FIRST}(α), place A→αA \to α in [A,b][A, b] for

all b∈FOLLOW(A)b \in \text{FOLLOW}(A).
3. Mark error for any empty entries.
 Example Table:
 Non-Terminal | a |b |$
 ---------------------------------
 S | S → AB | |
 A | A → aA | A → ε |
 B | |B→b |

Slide 8: Parsing Algorithm

 "The LL(1) parsing algorithm uses a stack to guide the parsing process."
1. Initialize:
o Stack: [S, $] (Start symbol and EOF marker).

o Input: The string to be parsed, followed by $.

2. Repeat:
o Look at the top of the stack and the current input symbol.

o If the stack’s top is a terminal:

 Match it with the input symbol. If they match, pop the stack
and advance the input. Otherwise, report an error.
o If the stack’s top is a non-terminal:

 Use the parsing table to replace it with the corresponding

production.
o If the stack’s top is $ and the input is also $, accept the string.

11
 3. Error Handling:
o If no rule is found or the symbols don’t match, report a syntax error.

Slide 9: Parsing an Example Input

 Input String: ab$
 Parsing Steps:
1. Initialize stack: [S, $]. Input: ab$.
2. Top = SS, Input = a. Use table entry [S,a][S, a]: S→ABS → AB.
 Stack: [B, A, $].
3. Top = AA, Input = a. Use table entry [A,a][A, a]: A→aAA → aA.
 Stack: [B, A, a, $].
4. Top = aa, Input = a. Match terminal a.
 Stack: [B, A, $]. Input: b$.
5. Top = AA, Input = b. Use table entry [A,b][A, b]: A→εA → ε.
 Stack: [B, $].
6. Top = BB, Input = b. Use table entry [B,b][B, b]: B→bB → b.
 Stack: [$]. Input: $.
7. Top = \$, Input = $. Accept!

Slide 10: Strengths and Limitations of LL(1) Parsing

 Strengths:
o Simple and efficient for LL(1)-compatible grammars.

o Easy to implement using a table-driven approach.

 Limitations:
o Cannot handle left-recursive or ambiguous grammars.

o Restricted to grammars that are LL(1).

Slide 11: Summary

 "In this session, we explored LL(1) parsing, including:"
o Transforming a grammar to make it LL(1)-compatible.

o Computing FIRST and FOLLOW sets.

o Constructing the LL(1) parsing table.

12
 o Parsing an input string using the table.

End Slide
 "Thank you for watching! Practice creating LL(1) tables and parsing strings
to deepen your understanding. If you have questions or need more
examples, let me know!"

This script provides a structured approach to teaching LL(1) parsing with

examples and step-by-step guidance. Let me know if you'd like to include visual
aids, such as parsing trees or table diagrams!

13
Q3: LR(0) Parsing
You are a senior computer scientist, a professional compiler
developer and has been teaching Compilation Technique course
for long time. Please, give me a script that you used for
teaching LR(0) parsing. I will use the script to create a video
that can help students to learn LR(0) parsing algorithm well.

Here’s a detailed script for LR(0) Parsing to help you create a video tutorial for
your students. This script emphasizes clarity and includes examples to make the
algorithm easy to understand.

LR(0) Parsing - Teaching Script

Title Slide: Introduction to LR(0) Parsing
 "Welcome! In this session, we’re exploring LR(0) Parsing, one of the
foundational parsing techniques in compiler design."
 "LR(0) parsers are the simplest type of LR parsers and are used to validate
strings against a grammar using a deterministic finite automaton and a
parsing table."

Slide 1: What is LR(0) Parsing?

 "LR(0) parsing is a bottom-up parsing technique that constructs a
parse tree by identifying rightmost derivations in reverse."
 "LR(0) parsers use only the grammar’s productions and the input string to
make parsing decisions, without requiring any lookahead symbols."
 "The ‘0’ in LR(0) indicates that no lookahead is used."

Slide 2: Key Components of LR(0) Parsing

1. Augmented Grammar
o Add a new start production S′→SS' \to S, where SS is the original
start symbol.
o This ensures the parser knows when parsing is complete.

2. LR(0) Items
o Represent grammar rules with a dot (•) indicating the current
position in the production.

14
 o Example: A→α•βA \to \alpha•\beta, where α\alpha has been parsed,
and β\beta is expected next.
3. Canonical Collection of LR(0) Items
o States are constructed using Closure and Goto operations.

4. LR(0) Parsing Table

o Consists of two parts:

 ACTION table for terminal symbols.

 GOTO table for non-terminal symbols.

Slide 3: Steps in LR(0) Parsing

1. Augment the Grammar
o Add a new start rule S′→SS' \to S.

For S→AAS \to AA and A→aA ∣ bA \to aA \ | \ b, the augmented

o Example:

grammar becomes:
S′→SS' \to S

A→aA ∣ bA \to aA \ | \ b.
S→AAS \to AA

2. Construct Canonical LR(0) States

o Closure: Expand items by including productions for symbols
immediately after the dot.
o Goto: Transition to a new state by moving the dot over a symbol.

3. Build the Parsing Table

o Use the canonical collection to define ACTION and GOTO entries.

o ACTION: Determines shift, reduce, or accept based on terminals.

o GOTO: Determines state transitions for non-terminals.

4. Parse the Input

o Use a stack-based approach to process the input string and validate
it against the grammar.

Slide 4: LR(0) Items

 "LR(0) items are critical to understanding how states are formed in LR(0)
parsing."
 Example:
o Grammar:

15
 o S' → S

o S → AA

o A → aA | b

o LR(0) items:

 S′→•SS' \to •S
 S→•AAS \to •AA
 A→•aAA \to •aA, A→•bA \to •b

Slide 5: Canonical Collection of LR(0) Items

 Closure:
o Include productions with the dot at the beginning of RHS when the
dot is before a non-terminal.
o Example: Closure({S′→•S}\{S' \to •S\}):
S′→•S,S→•AA,A→•aA,A→•bS' \to •S, S \to •AA, A \to •aA, A \to •b.
 Goto:
o Move the dot over a symbol to create a new state.

o Example: Goto(I0,SI_0, S):

If I0I_0 contains S′→•SS' \to •S, the resulting state I1I_1 will contain
S′→S•S' \to S•.

Slide 6: Parsing Table Construction

1. ACTION Table
o Maps states and terminal symbols to actions:

 Shift: Push a new state onto the stack.

 Reduce: Apply a production rule.
 Accept: Parsing is complete.
 Error: Invalid input.
2. GOTO Table
o Maps states and non-terminal symbols to new states.

3. Example Parsing Table:

4. State ACTION GOTO
5. a b $ S A
6. 0 S3 S4 1 2

16
 7. 1 acc
8. 2 S3 S4 - 5
9. 3 S3 S4 - 6
10.4 R3 R3 - -
11....

Slide 7: Parsing an Example Input

 "Let’s parse the string aab$ using the grammar and the LR(0) parsing
table."
1. Initial Stack: [0]
2. Steps:
o Read input symbol, look up ACTION table.

o Perform shift or reduce based on the table entry.

o Use GOTO table for state transitions after reductions.

o Continue until ACCEPT or ERROR.

Slide 8: Strengths and Limitations of LR(0) Parsing

 Strengths:
o Simple to implement.

o Provides a clear foundation for more advanced parsers.

 Limitations:
o Cannot handle ambiguous or non-LR(0) grammars.

o Often leads to conflicts, such as shift-reduce conflicts, in real-world

grammars.

Slide 9: Summary
 "In this session, we discussed LR(0) parsing, including the construction of
canonical states, the parsing table, and the parsing process."
 "LR(0) parsing is a great starting point to understand more complex
parsing algorithms, such as SLR, CLR, and LALR."

Slide 10: Practice

 "To solidify your understanding, try constructing LR(0) tables for simple
grammars, such as:"

17
 o S→AB,A→a,B→bS \to AB, A \to a, B \to b.

 "See if you can parse strings like ab$ using your table!"

End Slide
 "Thank you for watching! If you have any questions or want to see more
examples, let me know in the comments or during the next class."

This script ensures the key aspects of LR(0) parsing are covered, including
examples and detailed explanations. Let me know if you'd like visuals, such as
state diagrams or parsing table examples, to complement your video!

18
Q4: SLR Parsing
You are a senior computer scientist, a professional compiler
developer and has been teaching Compilation Technique course
for long time. Please, give me a script that you used for
teaching SLR parsing. I will use the script to create a video that
can help students to learn SLR parsing algorithm well.

Here's a detailed script for teaching SLR Parsing. You can modify it for your
video to ensure your students grasp the concepts effectively.

SLR Parsing - Teaching Script

Title Slide: Introduction to SLR Parsing
 "Welcome! Today, we’re diving into SLR Parsing, a key topic in compiler
design."
 "SLR stands for Simple LR Parsing. It’s a bottom-up parsing technique
used to analyze and validate strings against a given grammar."

Slide 1: What is SLR Parsing?

 "SLR parsing is a type of LR parsing, where LR stands for Left-to-right
scanning of input and Rightmost derivation in reverse."
 "It uses a deterministic pushdown automaton to construct the parse tree
and ensure the input string conforms to the grammar."

Slide 2: Steps in SLR Parsing

1. Augment the Grammar
o Add a new start symbol S' → S, where S is the original start symbol.

o This helps to ensure that the parsing process can clearly identify
when parsing is complete.
2. Construct Canonical Collection of LR(0) Items
o Explain LR(0) items as productions with a dot (•) representing the
current parsing position.
o For example: A → α•β indicates that the parser has seen α and
expects β next.
3. Build the SLR Parsing Table

19
 o Compute Goto and Closure operations for states.

o Create ACTION and GOTO tables based on the canonical collection

and FOLLOW sets.
4. Parsing Input
o Use a stack-based approach to process the input string based on
the parsing table.

Slide 3: LR(0) Items

 "LR(0) items are essential for constructing the states in an SLR parser."
 Example:
o Grammar:

o S' → S

o S → AA

o A → aA | b

o LR(0) items:

 S' → •S
 S → •AA
 A → •aA, •b

Slide 4: Canonical Collection of LR(0) Items

 "The canonical collection represents all possible configurations of parsing
at different points."
 Closure operation: Expand items to include productions for symbols
immediately after the dot.
 Example:
o Closure({S' → •S}) includes S → •AA, A → •aA, A → •b.

 Goto operation: Move the dot over a symbol to form a new state.
o Example: If from state I0, Goto(I0, S) leads to I1 containing S' → S•.

Slide 5: Constructing the Parsing Table

 ACTION table:
o Rows: Parser states.

o Columns: Input symbols.

20
 o Entries:

 Shift: Move to a new state.

 Reduce: Apply a production.
 Accept: Parsing is complete.
 Error: No valid action.
 GOTO table:
o Rows: Parser states.

o Columns: Non-terminals.

o Entries: Next state for a non-terminal.

 "To avoid conflicts, we use FOLLOW sets to determine valid reductions."

Slide 6: Example Parsing Table

 "Let’s use a simple grammar to construct the parsing table."
Example grammar:
 S' → S
 S → AA
 A → aA | b
Parsing Table:
State ACTION GOTO
a b $ S A
0 S3 S4 1 2
1 acc
2 S3 S4 - 5
3 S3 S4 - 6
4 R3 R3 - -
...

Slide 7: Parsing Example

 "Let’s parse the input string aab$ using the table."
1. Stack: Initially contains [0].
2. Steps:
o Read input symbol, look up ACTION table.

21
 o If shift, push state onto the stack.

o If reduce, replace RHS of production on stack with LHS, then use

GOTO table.
o Repeat until ACCEPT or ERROR.

Slide 8: Key Points

 "SLR parsing relies on FOLLOW sets to resolve conflicts in reductions."
 "It’s simpler than CLR or LALR but less powerful. Some grammars are not
SLR(1), meaning they require more advanced parsing methods."

Slide 9: Common Issues

 "SLR parsing may encounter shift-reduce or reduce-reduce conflicts if the
grammar is ambiguous or not SLR(1)."
 "To fix conflicts, consider refactoring the grammar or using more powerful
parsing techniques like LALR or CLR."

Slide 10: Summary

 "In this session, we explored SLR parsing, including the construction of the
parsing table, the canonical collection of LR(0) items, and parsing an input
string."
 "SLR parsers are a fundamental stepping stone to understanding more
advanced LR parsing techniques."

End Slide
 "Thank you for watching! Practice constructing parsing tables and running
the algorithm on example grammars to solidify your understanding."
 "Feel free to leave your questions or feedback!"

This script combines theory with practical examples to make SLR parsing
accessible. Let me know if you need slides, diagrams, or additional examples!

22
Q5: LR(1) Parsing
You are a senior computer scientist, a professional compiler
developer and has been teaching Compilation Technique course
for long time. Please, give me a script that you used for
teaching LR(1) parsing. I will use the script to create a video
that can help students to learn LR(1) parsing algorithm well.

Here’s a complete script for teaching LR(1) Parsing, designed to help students
understand and apply the algorithm effectively. This can be adapted to a video or
classroom presentation.

LR(1) Parsing - Teaching Script

Title Slide: Introduction to LR(1) Parsing
 "Welcome! In this session, we’ll explore LR(1) Parsing, one of the most
powerful bottom-up parsing techniques in compiler design."
 "LR(1) parsers are used to analyze and validate strings against grammars
by incorporating one symbol of lookahead to improve decision-making."

Slide 1: What is LR(1) Parsing?

 "LR(1) parsing is a bottom-up parsing technique that constructs a
parse tree by simulating rightmost derivations in reverse."
 "It is an advanced form of LR parsing that resolves conflicts by using a
lookahead symbol."
 "The name LR(1) stands for:
o L: Left-to-right scanning of the input.

o R: Rightmost derivation in reverse.

o 1: One lookahead symbol to guide parsing decisions."

Slide 2: Why Use LR(1) Parsing?

 "Unlike LR(0), which lacks lookahead, LR(1) can handle a wider range of
grammars, including some ambiguous grammars."
 "The lookahead helps to resolve shift-reduce and reduce-reduce
conflicts, making it more powerful than SLR parsers."

23
Slide 3: Key Components of LR(1) Parsing
1. Augmented Grammar
o Add a new start production S′→SS' \to S, where SS is the original
start symbol.
2. LR(1) Items
o Extend LR(0) items by adding a lookahead set.

o Format: A→α•β,aA \to \alpha•\beta, a, where:

 A→αβA \to \alpha\beta is a production.

 •• indicates the current position in parsing.
 aa is the lookahead symbol.
3. Canonical Collection of LR(1) Items
o States are constructed using Closure and Goto operations,
considering both the grammar and lookahead symbols.
4. LR(1) Parsing Table
o ACTION and GOTO tables guide the parsing process.

Slide 4: LR(1) Items

 "An LR(1) item is an LR(0) item with a lookahead symbol."
 Example:
o Grammar:

o S' → S

o S → Aa

o A→b

o LR(1) items:

 S′→•S,$S' \to •S, \$

 S→•Aa,$S \to •Aa, \$
 A→•b,aA \to •b, a

Slide 5: Closure Operation for LR(1)

 "The Closure operation computes the set of items for a given state."
 "For each item A→α•Bβ,aA \to \alpha•B\beta, a:

o Add items B→•γ,bB \to •\gamma, b, where b∈FIRST(βa)b \in \

text{FIRST}(\beta a)."

24
  Example Closure Calculation:
o Start with S′→•S,$S' \to •S, \$.

o Add S→•Aa,$S \to •Aa, \$ (from S′→•SS' \to •S).

o Add A→•b,aA \to •b, a (from S→•AaS \to •Aa, since FIRST(a) = {a}).

o Closure:

o S' → •S, $

o S → •Aa, $

o A → •b, a

Slide 6: Goto Operation for LR(1)

 "The Goto operation computes transitions between states."
 "For state II and symbol XX, Goto(I,XI, X) shifts the dot over XX and
computes the closure of the resulting items."
 Example:
o From state I0I_0: S′→•S,$S' \to •S, \$, S→•Aa,$S \to •Aa, \$.

o Goto(I0,SI_0, S) yields S′→S•,$S' \to S•, \$.

Slide 7: Constructing the LR(1) Parsing Table

1. ACTION Table:
o For each terminal aa in a state:

 Shift: If A→α•aβ,bA \to \alpha•a\beta, b, shift and go to the

state for Goto(state,a)Goto(state, a).
 Reduce: If A→α•,aA \to \alpha•, a, add a reduce action for
A→αA \to \alpha under aa.
 Accept: If S′→S•,$S' \to S•, \$, add accept under $.
2. GOTO Table:
o For each non-terminal AA in a state, define transitions using
Goto(state,Astate, A).

Slide 8: Example Parsing Table

 Grammar:
 S' → S
 S → Aa

25
  A→b
 Parsing Table:
 State ACTION GOTO
 b a $ S A
 0 S2 - 1 3
 1 acc
 2 S4 - -
 3 S2 - - 5
 4 R3 R3 - -
 5 R2 - -

Slide 9: Parsing an Input String

 "Let’s parse the string ba$ using the table."
1. Initial Stack: [0]
2. Steps:
o Read bb: ACTION = Shift 2 → Stack = [0, 2].

o Read aa: ACTION = Shift 4 → Stack = [0, 2, 4].

o Look ahead and reduce: A→bA → b.

o Continue reductions until ACCEPT.

Slide 10: Strengths and Limitations of LR(1) Parsing

 Strengths:
o Handles a larger class of grammars than LR(0) and SLR.

o Resolves many conflicts using lookahead.

 Limitations:
o Parsing tables can be very large, making LR(1) parsers inefficient for
some grammars.
o Memory-intensive due to the size of the canonical collection.

Slide 11: Comparison to Other Parsers

 "Here’s a quick comparison of LR parsers:"
o LR(0): No lookahead, simplest, handles fewer grammars.

26
 o SLR: Uses FOLLOW sets for reduction decisions.

o LR(1): Uses lookahead, handles more grammars but is resource-

intensive.
o LALR: Combines states of LR(1), smaller tables, slightly less
powerful.

Slide 12: Summary

 "In this session, we learned about LR(1) parsing, including how to:
o Construct LR(1) items.

o Build the canonical collection of states.

o Construct the ACTION and GOTO tables.

o Parse an input string using the table."

End Slide
 "Thank you for watching! Practice constructing LR(1) tables for simple
grammars to strengthen your understanding."
 "Let me know if you have any questions or need further examples!"

This script emphasizes examples and hands-on practice, which are essential for
mastering LR(1) parsing. Let me know if you’d like visuals or diagrams for the
states and parsing table!

27
Q6: LALR(1) Parsing
You are a senior computer scientist, a professional compiler
developer and has been teaching Compilation Technique course
for long time. Please, give me a script that you used for
teaching LALR(1) parsing. I will use the script to create a video
that can help students to learn LALR(1) parsing algorithm well.

Here’s a comprehensive script for LALR(1) Parsing, tailored for creating a video
or class lecture. It builds on the concepts of LR(1) parsing while focusing on the
optimization aspects of LALR(1).

LALR(1) Parsing - Teaching Script

Title Slide: Introduction to LALR(1) Parsing
 "Welcome! In today’s session, we’ll dive into LALR(1) Parsing, an
efficient and widely used parsing technique in compiler design."
 "LALR stands for Lookahead LR(1). It combines the power of LR(1)
parsing with the efficiency of SLR parsing by merging states."

Slide 1: What is LALR(1) Parsing?

 "LALR(1) parsing is a type of bottom-up parsing that combines the
precision of LR(1) parsing with a smaller parsing table size."
 "The key difference between LALR(1) and LR(1) is that in LALR(1), similar
states in the canonical LR(1) collection are merged to reduce table
size."

Slide 2: Why Use LALR(1) Parsing?

 Advantages over LR(1):
o "Reduces the size of the parsing table significantly by merging
states with identical LR(0) cores."
 Advantages over SLR:
o "Uses lookahead information, making it more powerful than SLR
parsing and capable of handling more grammars."
 Trade-off:

28
 o "While LALR(1) is less powerful than full LR(1), it strikes a good
balance between efficiency and expressiveness."

Slide 3: Key Components of LALR(1) Parsing

1. Augmented Grammar
o Add a new start production S′→SS' \to S, where SS is the original
start symbol.
2. LR(1) Items
o Represented as A→α•β,aA \to \alpha•\beta, a, where aa is the
lookahead.
3. Merge States
o Merge LR(1) states with the same LR(0) core but combine their
lookahead sets.
4. Parsing Table
o Similar to LR(1) parsing but with fewer states, due to merging.

Slide 4: From LR(1) to LALR(1)

 "The canonical collection of LR(1) items contains states with distinct
lookaheads, even if their LR(0) cores are the same."
 "In LALR(1), we merge states with the same LR(0) core by combining their
lookahead sets."
 Example:
o LR(1) states:
I3:A→α•,aI_3: A \to \alpha•, a
I4:A→α•,bI_4: A \to \alpha•, b
o In LALR(1), I3I_3 and I4I_4 are merged into one state:
I3,4:A→α•,{a,b}I_{3,4}: A \to \alpha•, \{a, b\}.

Slide 5: Steps in LALR(1) Parsing

1. Construct the Canonical LR(1) Collection
o Follow the steps for LR(1) parsing to create states.

2. Merge States with Identical LR(0) Cores

o Identify states with the same LR(0) core and merge them by
combining their lookahead sets.
3. Build the LALR(1) Parsing Table

29
 o Use the merged states to construct ACTION and GOTO tables.

4. Parse the Input String

o Follow the same stack-based parsing mechanism as in LR(1).

Slide 6: Example Grammar

 Grammar:
 S' → S
 S → Aa
 A→b|c
 Augmented Grammar:
S′→SS' \to S, S→AaS \to Aa, A→bA \to b, A→cA \to c.

Slide 7: LR(1) Canonical Collection

 States:
 I_0: S' → •S, $
 S → •Aa, $
 A → •b, a
 A → •c, a


 I_1: S' → S•, $



 I_2: S → A•a, $


 I_3: A → b•, a


 I_4: A → c•, a


 I_5: S → Aa•, $
 Observation:
o States I3I_3 and I4I_4 have the same LR(0) core A→b•A \to b• and
A→c•A \to c•.

Slide 8: Merge States in LALR(1)

30
  Merge I3I_3 and I4I_4 into a single state I3,4I_{3,4}:
 I_{3,4}: A → b•, a
 A → c•, a
 New Canonical Collection:
 I_0: S' → •S, $
 S → •Aa, $
 A → •b, a
 A → •c, a


 I_1: S' → S•, $



 I_2: S → A•a, $


 I_{3,4}: A → b•, a
 A → c•, a


 I_5: S → Aa•, $

Slide 9: Constructing the Parsing Table

1. ACTION Table:
o Determine actions (Shift, Reduce, Accept) for terminals using the
merged states.
2. GOTO Table:
o Determine state transitions for non-terminals using the merged
states.
3. Example Parsing Table:
4. State ACTION GOTO
5. b c a $ S A
6. 0 S3 S4 - 1 2
7. 1 acc
8. 2 S5 - - -
9. 3 R3 R3 - - -
10.4 R4 R4 - - -

31
 11.5 R2 - - -

Slide 10: Parsing an Input String

 "Let’s parse the input string ba$ using the LALR(1) table."
1. Initial Stack: [0]
2. Steps:
o Read bb: ACTION = Shift 3 → Stack = [0, 3].

o Read aa: ACTION = Reduce A→bA → b → Stack = [0, 2].

o Lookahead $: ACTION = Reduce S→AaS → Aa → Stack = [0, 1].

o ACTION = Accept.

Slide 11: Strengths and Limitations of LALR(1) Parsing

 Strengths:
o Combines the power of LR(1) parsing with the smaller table size of
SLR.
o Efficient and widely used in practice, e.g., in YACC.

 Limitations:
o May fail to handle grammars where merged states introduce
conflicts.
o Less powerful than full LR(1).

Slide 12: Summary

 "In this session, we learned about LALR(1) parsing, including how to:
o Construct the canonical LR(1) collection.

o Merge states with identical LR(0) cores.

o Build and use the LALR(1) parsing table."

 "LALR(1) is a practical and efficient parser generator, widely used in real-

world compilers."

End Slide
 "Thank you for watching! Practice constructing LALR(1) tables for simple
grammars to deepen your understanding. If you have questions or need
further examples, let me know!"

32
This script includes the theory, practical examples, and step-by-step guidance to
make LALR(1) parsing clear and approachable. Let me know if you'd like
accompanying diagrams, state transitions, or more examples!

Q7: LL(1) Recursive-descent Parsing with Gagne

You are a senior computer scientist, a professional compiler

developer and has been teaching Compilation Technique course
for long time. You are also a senior Instructional Designer who
are proficient with many Instructional Theory such as Gagne.
Please, give me a script that you used for teaching LL(1)
Recursive-descent parsing. I will use the script to create a video
that can help students to learn LL(1) Recursive-descent parsing
algorithm well. Make sure that you have integrated an
Instructional Theory such as Gagne Nine Event of Instruction in
the script to facilitate students to learn effectively from
watching the video.

Here’s a script for teaching LL(1) Recursive-Descent Parsing integrated

with Gagné’s Nine Events of Instruction. This lesson leverages a simple LL(1)
grammar and recursive procedures to illustrate the parsing technique effectively.

LL(1) Recursive-Descent Parsing: Teaching Script

[Event 1: Gain Attention]

Title Slide: Introduction to LL(1) Recursive-Descent Parsing
 Instructor’s Introduction:
"Welcome to this lesson on LL(1) Recursive-Descent Parsing! Have you
ever wondered how compilers process programming languages step by
step? Recursive-descent parsing is a key technique used in top-down
parsers to process source code systematically and efficiently."
 Use a short animation of a program flowing through various compiler
stages to grab attention.

[Event 2: Inform Learners of Objectives]

Slide 1: Lesson Objectives
 Display objectives clearly on-screen.

33
  Instructor:
"By the end of this lesson, you will:
1. Understand the concept of LL(1) Recursive-Descent Parsing.
2. Write recursive functions to process a grammar’s non-terminals.
3. Parse an input string step by step using recursive calls."

[Event 3: Stimulate Recall of Prior Knowledge]

Slide 2: Review of LL(1) Grammar Concepts
 Show a quick summary of LL(1) grammar properties:
o "No left recursion."

o "Left-factored grammar."

o "Lookahead of one token for decisions."

 Instructor:
"Before diving into recursive-descent parsing, remember: an LL(1)
grammar ensures we can decide the next step using just one lookahead
symbol. Recursive-descent parsing relies heavily on this property."

[Event 4: Present the Content]

Slide 3: What is Recursive-Descent Parsing?
 Instructor:
"Recursive-descent parsing is a top-down parsing technique where
each non-terminal in the grammar is implemented as a recursive
function. These functions work together to process the input string and
ensure it matches the grammar."
 Use a diagram of a parse tree where each node corresponds to a recursive
function.
Slide 4: Grammar Example
 Grammar:
 S → AB
 A → aA | ε
 B→b
 Instructor:
"We’ll use this simple LL(1) grammar for our example. Each production
rule will correspond to a recursive function."
Slide 5: How Does Recursive-Descent Parsing Work?
 Use an animation to explain the flow:

34
 1. Start with the start symbol SS.
2. Call the function for SS, which calls functions for AA and BB.
3. Match terminals and handle ε-productions as needed.
 Instructor:
"The parser traverses the grammar like a tree, calling recursive functions
for each non-terminal until the input is matched."

[Event 5: Provide Learning Guidance]

Slide 6: Function Definitions
 Define functions step by step for the grammar:
 Instructor:
"Here’s how we define recursive functions for the grammar. Each function
handles one non-terminal."
1. Function for SS:
2. def S():
3. A()
4. B()
5. Function for AA:
6. def A():
7. if lookahead == 'a':
8. match('a')
9. A()
10. # ε-production: do nothing
11.Function for BB:
12.def B():
13. if lookahead == 'b':
14. match('b')
15. else:
16. error()

Slide 7: match Function

 Instructor:
"The match function compares the current lookahead symbol with the

35
 expected terminal. If they match, the parser advances to the next token;
otherwise, it reports an error."
 Code for match:
 def match(expected):
 global lookahead, input_stream
 if lookahead == expected:
 lookahead = next_token() # Advance to the next token
 else:
 raise SyntaxError(f"Expected {expected}, got {lookahead}")

[Event 6: Elicit Performance (Practice)]

Slide 8: Parsing an Example Input String
 Instructor:
"Let’s parse the input string ab$ step by step using our recursive
functions."
 Show the stack and input string visually during each step.
1. Initial State:
o Stack: [S]

o Input: ab$

o Function Call: S()

2. Call SS:
o Call AA, then BB.

o Stack: [A, B]

3. Call AA:
o Match a (via match('a')). Recursive call to AA for ε-production.

o Stack: [B]

4. Call BB:
o Match b (via match('b')).

o Stack: []

5. End:
o Input consumed; parsing successful!

[Event 7: Provide Feedback]

36
Slide 9: Common Errors and Debugging Tips
 Instructor:
"Here are common errors in recursive-descent parsing:
1. Forgetting to handle ε-productions leads to infinite recursion.
2. Failing to match terminals results in syntax errors.
3. Not advancing the input stream causes incorrect results."
 Pose a challenge:
o "What happens if the input string is aaab$? Will it parse
successfully?"

[Event 8: Assess Performance]

Slide 10: Practice Exercise
 Instructor:
"Now it’s your turn! Use this grammar:
 S → AC
 A→a|ε
 C→c|ε
Write recursive functions for SS, AA, and CC, then parse the string ac$."

[Event 9: Enhance Retention and Transfer]

Slide 11: Real-World Relevance
 Instructor:
"Recursive-descent parsing is a foundational concept in top-down parsers.
Although it’s limited to LL(1) grammars, it’s widely used in simple
interpreters and educational tools. Mastering it will prepare you for
advanced topics like LL(k) and LR parsing."

Closing Slide
 Instructor:
"Thank you for watching! Recursive-descent parsing is not just a
theoretical concept—it’s an elegant, simple way to bring grammars to life.
Keep practicing with different grammars, and I’ll see you in the next
lesson!"

This script uses Gagné’s Nine Events to structure the lesson, ensuring students
understand both the theory and application of recursive-descent parsing. Let me
know if you’d like to include additional examples, animations, or debugging tips!

37
38
Q8: LL(1) Predictive Parsing with Gagne
You are a senior computer scientist, a professional compiler
developer and has been teaching Compilation Technique course
for long time. You are also a senior Instructional Designer who
are proficient with many Instructional Theory such as Gagne.
Please, give me a script that you used for teaching LL(1) table-
driven predictive parsing. I will use the script to create a video
that can help students to learn LL(1) table-driven predictive
parsing algorithm well. Make sure that you have integrated an
Instructional Theory such as Gagne Nine Event of Instruction in
the script to facilitate students to learn effectively from
watching the video.

Script for Teaching LL(1) Table-Driven Predictive Parsing with Gagné's

Nine Events of Instruction

Title Slide: Introduction to LL(1) Table-Driven Predictive Parsing

Instructor's Introduction
 "Hello, and welcome to this lesson on LL(1) Table-Driven Predictive
Parsing, a foundational topic in compiler design. My name is [Your Name],
and today, I’ll guide you through this concept in a structured way using
Gagné’s Nine Events of Instruction to ensure you learn effectively."

[Event 1: Gain Attention]

Slide 1: Why Parsing Matters
 Start with a short animated sequence showing how source code is
converted into machine code.
 Instructor:
"Imagine you write a program, and it just magically runs on your
computer. What happens behind the scenes to ensure your program is
syntactically correct? The first step is parsing, and LL(1) parsing is one of
the techniques used to achieve this. By the end of this session, you’ll
understand how this technique works and how to construct a parsing table
for it."

[Event 2: Inform Learners of Objectives]

Slide 2: Lesson Objectives

39
  Display the objectives clearly on-screen.
 Instructor:
"By the end of this lesson, you will:
1. Understand the structure and purpose of an LL(1) parser.
2. Learn to compute FIRST and FOLLOW sets for a grammar.
3. Construct an LL(1) parsing table.
4. Use the table to parse a given input string step by step."

[Event 3: Stimulate Recall of Prior Knowledge]

Slide 3: Review of Basic Concepts
 Ask questions and provide visual cues:
o "What is a context-free grammar (CFG)? What does a production
rule look like?"
o "Have you encountered the terms FIRST and FOLLOW before?"

o Quickly review left recursion and left factoring (as prerequisites).

 Instructor:
"Before we dive into LL(1) parsing, let’s briefly recall some key concepts:
o A grammar defines the syntax of a language using production rules.

o Parsing is about deriving a string from the grammar’s start symbol.

o LL(1) parsers work only for LL(1) grammars that are free of left
recursion and properly left-factored."

[Event 4: Present the Content]

Slide 4: What is LL(1) Parsing?
 Use diagrams to show the flow: Start symbol → Parse Table → Input String
→ Derivation Tree.
 Instructor:
"LL(1) parsing is a top-down predictive parsing technique. It uses a
parsing table to decide which production to use, based on the current
non-terminal at the top of the stack and the lookahead symbol from
the input string.
o ‘L’: Scans the input Left-to-right.

o ‘L’: Produces a Leftmost derivation.

o ‘1’: Uses a single lookahead symbol."

Slide 5: Steps in LL(1) Parsing

40
  Show each step visually with an example grammar:
 S → AB
 A → aA | ε
 B→b
 Instructor:
"Here are the steps to build an LL(1) parser:
1. Eliminate left recursion and factor the grammar (if necessary).
2. Compute the FIRST and FOLLOW sets.
3. Construct the parsing table using these sets.
4. Use the parsing table to parse an input string step by step."

[Event 5: Provide Learning Guidance]

Slide 6: Computing FIRST and FOLLOW Sets
 Introduce the concepts with step-by-step examples.
 Instructor:
"Let’s compute the FIRST and FOLLOW sets for the grammar:
 S → AB
 A → aA | ε
 B→b
o FIRST(A): {a, ε}

o FIRST(B): {b}

o FOLLOW(S): {$}

o FOLLOW(A): {b}

o FOLLOW(B): {$}

Remember:
o FIRST of a non-terminal is the set of terminals that can begin its
derivations.
o FOLLOW of a non-terminal includes terminals that can follow it in a
sentential form."

Slide 7: Constructing the Parsing Table

 Show a partially filled table and gradually complete it step-by-step.
 Instructor:
"Now, let’s construct the parsing table:

41
 o Use FIRST to decide which production to place in each cell.

o Use FOLLOW to handle ε-productions."

Example table:
Non-Terminal | a |b |$
---------------------------------
S | S → AB | |
A | A → aA | A → ε |
B | |B→b |

[Event 6: Elicit Performance (Practice)]

Slide 8: Parsing Example
 Parse the input string ab$ using the table.
 Instructor:
"Let’s parse the string ab$ step by step:
1. Start with the stack: [S, $].
2. Top of the stack is SS, lookahead is a. Use S→ABS \to AB.
Stack: [B, A, $].
3. Top of the stack is AA, lookahead is a. Use A→aAA \to aA.
Stack: [B, A, a, $].
4. Match a, pop it from the stack. Stack: [B, A, $].
5. Top of the stack is AA, lookahead is b. Use A→εA \to ε.
Stack: [B, $].
6. Top of the stack is BB, lookahead is b. Use B→bB \to b.
Stack: [$].
7. Match b, then match $. Parsing successful!"

[Event 7: Provide Feedback]

Slide 9: Check Your Understanding
 Pose a quiz question:
"Given the input string aaab$, will this parser succeed? Why or why not?"
 Provide the correct answer with an explanation.

[Event 8: Assess Performance]

Slide 10: Practice Exercise

42
  "Here’s a practice grammar for you:
 S → AC
 A→a|ε
 C→c|ε
Compute the FIRST and FOLLOW sets, construct the parsing table, and parse the
string ac$."

[Event 9: Enhance Retention and Transfer]

Slide 11: Real-World Relevance
 "LL(1) parsing is widely used in programming language design and
implementation. Many parser generators, like ANTLR and YACC, rely on
these concepts. Understanding LL(1) parsing gives you a strong
foundation for learning more advanced techniques, like LR parsing."

Closing Slide
 Instructor:
"Thank you for watching! I hope you now feel confident about LL(1) table-
driven predictive parsing. Try the practice problems and apply these
concepts to other grammars. See you in the next lesson!"

This script follows Gagné’s Nine Events of Instruction to ensure an engaging,

structured, and effective learning experience. Let me know if you'd like
diagrams, animations, or quizzes to enhance the video!

43
Q9: LL(0) Parsing with Gagne

You are a senior computer scientist, a professional compiler

developer and has been teaching Compilation Technique course
for long time. You are also a senior Instructional Designer who
are proficient with many Instructional Theory such as Gagne.
Please, give me a script that you used for teaching LR(0)
parsing. I will use the script to create a video that can help
students to learn LR(0) bottom-up parsing algorithm well. Make
sure that you have integrated an Instructional Theory such as
Gagne Nine Event of Instruction in the script to facilitate
students to learn effectively from watching the video.

Teaching Script for LR(0) Parsing Using Gagné's Nine Events of

Instruction
This script combines Gagné’s Nine Events of Instruction with a clear, step-
by-step approach to teaching LR(0) bottom-up parsing. It is designed to
engage students, provide guided practice, and ensure understanding.

Title Slide: Introduction to LR(0) Bottom-Up Parsing

Instructor’s Introduction
 "Welcome to this lesson on LR(0) Parsing, a foundational technique in
compiler design. My name is [Your Name], and I’ll guide you through this
powerful bottom-up parsing method. By the end of this session, you’ll
understand how LR(0) parsing works, how to build the parsing table, and
how to parse input step by step."

[Event 1: Gain Attention]

Slide 1: Why Parsing Matters in Compilers
 Instructor:
"Imagine a program you’ve written is transformed into a running
application. Parsing is a crucial step in this transformation. Today, we’ll
explore LR(0) parsing, which is foundational for modern compiler
design."
 Attention Grabber:

44
 o Show an animation of code being transformed into a syntax tree
and then machine code.

[Event 2: Inform Learners of Objectives]

Slide 2: Lesson Objectives
 Clearly state the objectives:
o "By the end of this lesson, you will:

1. Understand the concept and purpose of LR(0) parsing.

2. Learn to construct LR(0) automata using items, closure,
and Goto operations.
3. Build the LR(0) parsing table.
4. Parse an input string step by step using the table."

[Event 3: Stimulate Recall of Prior Knowledge]

Slide 3: Quick Review of Key Concepts
 Ask students questions to stimulate recall:
o "What is a context-free grammar?"

o "What are terminals, non-terminals, and production rules?"

o "What do you know about the shift and reduce operations in

parsing?"
 Provide a brief overview:
o "LR parsers are bottom-up parsers that work by constructing the
rightmost derivation in reverse, starting from the input string
and reducing it to the start symbol."

[Event 4: Present the Content]

Slide 4: What is LR(0) Parsing?
 Instructor:
"LR(0) parsing is a bottom-up parsing technique that uses a deterministic
finite automaton (DFA) to decide whether to shift, reduce, or accept. The
key components are:
1. LR(0) Items: These represent states in the parsing process.
2. Closure and Goto Operations: Used to build the automaton.
3. Parsing Table: Guides the parsing process using the DFA."
Slide 5: Example Grammar

45
  Use a simple grammar for illustration:
 S' → S
 S → AA
 A → aA | b
Slide 6: Step 1 - Augment the Grammar
 Instructor:
"First, we augment the grammar by adding a new start symbol S′S' with
the rule S′→SS' → S. This helps us detect when parsing is complete."

Slide 7: Step 2 - Construct LR(0) Items

 Define an LR(0) item:
o "An LR(0) item is a production with a dot (•) indicating the
parser’s position in that production. For example:
 A→•aAA → •aA: No input has been seen yet.
 A→a•AA → a•A: The parser has seen a and expects A next."
 Instructor:
"LR(0) items form the states of the automaton. Our goal is to build a
complete collection of these states."

Slide 8: Step 3 - Compute Closure and Goto Operations

 Closure Operation:
o "The closure of a state adds all items for a non-terminal after the
dot. For example:
 If S′→•SS' → •S is in the state, and S→AAS → AA is a rule, we
add S→•AAS → •AA to the state."
 Goto Operation:
o "The Goto operation moves the dot over a symbol and computes
the closure of the resulting state."

Slide 9: Step 4 - Build the Automaton

 Walk students through building the automaton:
o Start with I0I_0: S′→•SS' → •S.

o Use closure to add S→•AAS → •AA, A→•aAA → •aA, A→•bA → •b.

o Compute Goto transitions for symbols S,A,a,bS, A, a, b.

46
Slide 10: Construct the Parsing Table
 Show how the parsing table is derived:
o Rows: States I0,I1,…I_0, I_1, \dots.

o Columns: Terminals (ACTION table) and non-terminals (GOTO table).

o Instructor:
"For terminals:
 Shift: If a terminal leads to a new state.
 Reduce: If the dot is at the end of a production.
For non-terminals:
 Use the Goto operation to determine the next state."
 Example Table:
 State ACTION GOTO
 a b $ S A
 0 S3 S4 1 2
 1 acc
 2 S3 S4 - 5
 3 S3 S4 - 6
 4 R3 R3 - -
 ...

[Event 5: Provide Learning Guidance]

Slide 11: Parsing an Input String
 Use the string bba$ as an example.
 Show the stack, input, and action for each step visually:
1. Initial Stack: [0], Input: bba$.
2. Step 1: ACTION[0, b] = Shift 4. Stack: [0, 4].
3. Step 2: ACTION[4, b] = Reduce A→bA → b. Stack: [0, 2].
4. Step 3: ACTION[2, b] = Reduce S→AAS → AA. Stack: [0, 1].
5. Step 4: ACTION[1, $] = Accept.

[Event 6: Elicit Performance (Practice)]

Slide 12: Practice Problem
 Provide a new grammar:

47
  S' → S
 S → aS | b
 Ask students to:
1. Compute the LR(0) items.
2. Build the automaton.
3. Construct the parsing table.
4. Parse the input string abb$.

[Event 7: Provide Feedback]

Slide 13: Common Mistakes and Debugging Tips
 Instructor:
"Common mistakes include:
o Incorrect computation of closure and Goto.

o Forgetting to add a shift or reduce action in the table.

o Misunderstanding conflicts like shift-reduce or reduce-reduce."

 Provide detailed explanations for errors students might encounter.

[Event 8: Assess Performance]

Slide 14: Assessment Activity
 Present a mini-quiz:
1. "What does the dot in an LR(0) item represent?"
2. "Why is the augmented grammar necessary in LR(0) parsing?"
3. "What action is performed when the dot is at the end of a
production?"

[Event 9: Enhance Retention and Transfer]

Slide 15: Real-World Relevance and Advanced Topics
 Instructor:
"LR(0) parsing forms the foundation for more advanced techniques like
SLR, CLR, and LALR parsing. Understanding LR(0) parsing prepares you for
real-world applications in compiler design, including parser generators like
YACC and Bison."

Closing Slide: Summary and Practice

48
  Instructor:
"In this session, we learned how to:
1. Construct LR(0) items and automata.
2. Build the LR(0) parsing table.
3. Parse input strings step by step using the table.
Practice with different grammars to solidify your understanding. Thank you for
watching, and see you in the next lesson!"

This script combines Gagné’s Nine Events with clear explanations, examples, and
practice opportunities to ensure effective learning. Let me know if you need
visual aids or additional examples!

49
Q10: SLR(1) Parsing with Gagne

You are a senior computer scientist, a professional compiler

developer and has been teaching Compilation Technique course
for long time. You are also a senior Instructional Designer who
are proficient with many Instructional Theory such as Gagne.
Please, give me a script that you used for teaching SLR(1)
parsing. I will use the script to create a video that can help
students to learn SLR(1) bottom-up parsing algorithm well.
Make sure that you have integrated an Instructional Theory
such as Gagne Nine Event of Instruction in the script to
facilitate students to learn effectively from watching the video.

Teaching Script for SLR(1) Parsing Using Gagné's Nine Events of

Instruction
This script is designed to teach SLR(1) Parsing in an engaging and structured
way using Gagné’s Nine Events of Instruction. It includes clear explanations,
examples, and opportunities for practice to ensure effective learning.

Title Slide: Introduction to SLR(1) Parsing

Instructor’s Introduction
 "Welcome to this lesson on SLR(1) Parsing, a powerful bottom-up parsing
technique used in compiler design. My name is [Your Name], and in this
session, we’ll learn how SLR(1) parsers work, build an SLR(1) parsing
table, and use it to parse input strings step by step."

[Event 1: Gain Attention]

Slide 1: Why Parsing is Important
 Instructor:
"Think of parsing as the backbone of a compiler. It validates that your code
is syntactically correct before it can be executed. Today, we’ll explore
SLR(1) parsing, a technique that is more powerful than LR(0) but simpler
than full LR(1) parsing."
 Attention Grabber:
o Display an animation of source code transforming into syntax trees
and intermediate representations.

50
[Event 2: Inform Learners of Objectives]
Slide 2: Lesson Objectives
 "By the end of this lesson, you will:
1. Understand the concept and purpose of SLR(1) parsing.
2. Learn to compute FIRST and FOLLOW sets for a grammar.
3. Build the SLR(1) parsing table.
4. Parse an input string using the table step by step."

[Event 3: Stimulate Recall of Prior Knowledge]

Slide 3: Review of LR(0) Parsing Concepts
 Ask questions:
o "What is an LR(0) item? What is the closure operation?"

o "What is the role of the parsing table in LR(0) parsing?"

 Provide a brief recap:

o "SLR(1) parsing builds on LR(0) parsing but uses FOLLOW sets to
resolve reduce actions. This additional lookahead information makes
SLR(1) more powerful than LR(0)."

[Event 4: Present the Content]

Slide 4: What is SLR(1) Parsing?
 Instructor:
"SLR(1) stands for Simple LR with 1 lookahead. It uses the canonical
collection of LR(0) items to construct states and combines this with
FOLLOW sets to decide reduce actions."
Slide 5: Example Grammar
 Use a simple grammar:
 S' → S
 S → AA
 A → aA | b
Slide 6: Step 1 - Augment the Grammar
 Instructor:
"First, we augment the grammar by adding a new start symbol S′S':
 S' → S

51
This ensures we can detect when parsing is complete."
Slide 7: Step 2 - Compute FIRST and FOLLOW Sets
 Instructor:
"We calculate FIRST and FOLLOW sets to guide reduce actions:
o FIRST(A): {a, b}

o FIRST(S): {a, b}

o FOLLOW(A): {a, b, $}

o FOLLOW(S): {$}"

 Provide step-by-step calculations for each set.

Slide 8: Step 3 - Construct the Canonical Collection of LR(0) Items

 Walk students through building the LR(0) states step by step:
o Initial State I0I_0:

o S' → •S

o S → •AA

o A → •aA

o A → •b

Use closure to compute the full state.

o Goto Operations: Compute transitions for symbols S,A,a,bS, A, a,
b.

Slide 9: Step 4 - Construct the SLR(1) Parsing Table

 Explain how to use the FOLLOW sets:
o Instructor:
"In SLR(1) parsing, we use FOLLOW sets to decide where to place
reduce actions. For example:
 If A→α•,aA → α•, a, add a reduce action for A→αA → α under
all terminals in FOLLOW(A).
 Use the Goto table for state transitions."
 Example Table:
 State ACTION GOTO
 a b $ S A
 0 S3 S4 1 2
 1 acc

52
  2 S3 S4 - 5
 3 S3 S4 - 6
 4 R3 R3 - -
 ...

[Event 5: Provide Learning Guidance]

Slide 10: Parsing an Input String
 Parse the input string bba$ step by step.
 Instructor:
"Let’s use the SLR(1) parsing table to parse the string bba$. We’ll track the
stack, input, and actions at each step."
1. Initial Stack: [0], Input: bba$.
2. Step 1: ACTION[0, b] = Shift 4. Stack: [0, 4].
3. Step 2: ACTION[4, b] = Reduce A→bA → b. Stack: [0, 2].
4. Step 3: ACTION[2, b] = Reduce A→bA → b. Stack: [0, 2].
5. Step 4: ACTION[2, a] = Reduce S→AAS → AA. Stack: [0, 1].
6. Step 5: ACTION[1, $] = Accept.

[Event 6: Elicit Performance (Practice)]

Slide 11: Practice Problem
 Provide a new grammar:
 S' → S
 S → aS | b
 Ask students to:
1. Compute the FIRST and FOLLOW sets.
2. Construct the canonical LR(0) collection.
3. Build the SLR(1) parsing table.
4. Parse the input string abb$.

[Event 7: Provide Feedback]

Slide 12: Common Mistakes and Debugging Tips
 Instructor:
"Common errors in SLR(1) parsing include:

53
 o Forgetting to calculate FOLLOW sets correctly.

o Misplacing reduce actions in the parsing table.

o Confusing shift and reduce actions in ambiguous cases."

 Provide detailed explanations for fixing errors.

[Event 8: Assess Performance]

Slide 13: Assessment Activity
 Mini-quiz questions:
1. "What is the purpose of FOLLOW sets in SLR(1) parsing?"
2. "Why is SLR(1) parsing more powerful than LR(0) parsing?"
3. "What action is performed when the dot is at the end of a
production?"

[Event 9: Enhance Retention and Transfer]

Slide 14: Real-World Relevance
 Instructor:
"SLR(1) parsing strikes a balance between simplicity and power. It is
widely used in parser generators like YACC for small to medium-sized
grammars. Understanding SLR(1) parsing builds a foundation for advanced
techniques like CLR(1) and LALR(1)."

Closing Slide: Summary and Practice

 Instructor:
"In this session, we covered:
1. The concept and process of SLR(1) parsing.
2. Building the parsing table using FOLLOW sets.
3. Parsing input strings step by step.
Practice with different grammars to strengthen your skills. Thank you for
watching, and see you in the next lesson!"

This script combines Gagné’s Nine Events with clear explanations, examples, and
practice opportunities to teach SLR(1) parsing effectively. Let me know if you
need accompanying visuals or additional examples!

54
Q11: LR(1) Parsing with Gagne

You are a senior computer scientist, a professional compiler

developer and has been teaching Compilation Technique course
for long time. You are also a senior Instructional Designer who
are proficient with many Instructional Theory such as Gagne.
Please, give me a script that you used for teaching LR(1)
parsing. I will use the script to create a video that can help
students to learn LR(1) bottom-up parsing algorithm well. Make
sure that you have integrated an Instructional Theory such as
Gagne Nine Event of Instruction in the script to facilitate
students to learn effectively from watching the video.

Teaching Script for LR(1) Parsing Using Gagné's Nine Events of

Instruction
This script is designed to teach LR(1) Parsing, integrating Gagné’s Nine
Events of Instruction to create an engaging, clear, and effective learning
experience.

Title Slide: Introduction to LR(1) Parsing

Instructor’s Introduction
 "Welcome to this lesson on LR(1) Parsing, one of the most powerful
bottom-up parsing techniques in compiler design. My name is [Your
Name], and in this session, you’ll learn how LR(1) parsers work, how to
construct the parsing table, and how to parse input strings using this
algorithm."

[Event 1: Gain Attention]

Slide 1: The Power of LR(1) Parsing
 Instructor:
"Imagine a parsing technique so precise it can handle almost all context-
free grammars used in programming languages. That’s the power of LR(1)
parsing. It uses one-symbol lookahead to make decisions and ensures
every input is parsed correctly and efficiently."
 Attention Grabber:
o Show an animation where ambiguous input is correctly resolved
using LR(1).

55
[Event 2: Inform Learners of Objectives]
Slide 2: Lesson Objectives
 "By the end of this lesson, you will:
1. Understand the structure and purpose of LR(1) parsing.
2. Learn to construct LR(1) items using lookahead information.
3. Build the LR(1) parsing table.
4. Parse an input string using the table step by step."

[Event 3: Stimulate Recall of Prior Knowledge]

Slide 3: Review of SLR(1) Parsing
 Ask questions:
o "What is the purpose of FOLLOW sets in SLR(1) parsing?"

o "What are the components of an LR(0) item?"

 Provide a quick recap:

o "LR(1) parsing builds on SLR(1) parsing but uses lookahead
symbols directly for more precise decisions, avoiding conflicts that
FOLLOW sets cannot resolve."

[Event 4: Present the Content]

Slide 4: What is LR(1) Parsing?
 Instructor:
"LR(1) parsing is a bottom-up parsing technique that constructs the
rightmost derivation in reverse. It extends LR(0) parsing by adding
lookahead symbols, which allow the parser to predict the correct action
for each step."

Slide 5: Example Grammar

 Use a simple grammar for demonstration:
 S' → S
 S → AA
 A → aA | b
Slide 6: LR(1) Items
 Define an LR(1) item:

56
 o "An LR(1) item is a production with a dot (•) to indicate the current
position in parsing, along with a lookahead symbol to guide
decisions."
o Example items for the grammar:

o S' → •S, $

o S → •AA, $

o A → •aA, $

o A → •b, $

Slide 7: Step 1 - Augment the Grammar

 Instructor:
"First, augment the grammar by adding a new start symbol S′S':
 S' → S
This helps us detect when parsing is complete."

Slide 8: Step 2 - Compute Closure and Goto Operations

 Closure:
o Instructor:
"The closure of an LR(1) item adds items for non-terminals
immediately after the dot, incorporating their FIRST sets to
determine lookahead symbols."
o Example: Closure of S' → •S, $:

o S' → •S, $

o S → •AA, $

o A → •aA, $

o A → •b, $

 Goto:
o "The Goto operation moves the dot over a symbol and computes
the closure of the resulting items."

Slide 9: Step 3 - Construct the Canonical Collection of LR(1) Items

 Instructor:
"We iteratively compute all states using closure and goto operations. Each
state represents a unique configuration of parsing progress."
 Show a step-by-step construction of states for the example grammar:

57
 o I0:I_0:

o S' → •S, $

o S → •AA, $

o A → •aA, $

o A → •b, $

o Goto(I0,A):I1Goto(I_0, A): I_1

o S → A•A, $

o Continue to build all states.

Slide 10: Step 4 - Construct the LR(1) Parsing Table

 Explain the ACTION and GOTO tables:
o Instructor:
"The ACTION table determines shift, reduce, and accept actions for
terminals using lookahead symbols.
The GOTO table determines state transitions for non-terminals."
 Example Parsing Table:
 State ACTION GOTO
 a b $ S A
 0 S3 S4 1 2
 1 acc
 2 S3 S4 - 5
 3 S3 S4 - 6
 4 R4 R4 - -
 ...

[Event 5: Provide Learning Guidance]

Slide 11: Parsing an Input String
 Parse the input string bba$ step by step.
 Instructor:
"Let’s parse bba$ using the LR(1) parsing table. We’ll track the stack,
input, and actions at each step."
1. Initial Stack: [0], Input: bba$.
2. Step 1: ACTION[0, b] = Shift 4. Stack: [0, 4].
3. Step 2: ACTION[4, b] = Reduce A→bA → b. Stack: [0, 2].

58
 4. Step 3: ACTION[2, b] = Reduce A→bA → b. Stack: [0, 2].
5. Step 4: ACTION[2, a] = Reduce S→AAS → AA. Stack: [0, 1].
6. Step 5: ACTION[1, $] = Accept.

[Event 6: Elicit Performance (Practice)]

Slide 12: Practice Problem
 Provide a new grammar:
 S' → S
 S → aS | b
 Ask students to:
1. Compute the LR(1) items.
2. Construct the canonical collection.
3. Build the LR(1) parsing table.
4. Parse the input string abb$.

[Event 7: Provide Feedback]

Slide 13: Common Errors and Debugging Tips
 Instructor:
"Common mistakes in LR(1) parsing include:
o Miscalculating FIRST sets for lookahead symbols.

o Incorrectly constructing states in the automaton.

o Misplacing reduce actions in the ACTION table."

 Provide examples of errors and how to fix them.

[Event 8: Assess Performance]

Slide 14: Assessment Activity
 Mini-quiz questions:
1. "Why are lookahead symbols important in LR(1) parsing?"
2. "What distinguishes LR(1) parsing from SLR(1) parsing?"
3. "What action is performed when the dot is at the end of a
production?"

[Event 9: Enhance Retention and Transfer]

59
Slide 15: Real-World Relevance
 Instructor:
"LR(1) parsing is a foundation for understanding advanced parsers used in
real-world compilers. Tools like Bison and YACC often rely on its principles.
Mastering LR(1) parsing will prepare you for other variations like LALR(1)."

Closing Slide: Summary and Practice

 Instructor:
"In this lesson, we learned:
1. How LR(1) parsing works.
2. How to construct the canonical LR(1) collection.
3. How to build the parsing table and parse input strings.
Keep practicing with different grammars to build your skills. Thank you for
watching, and see you in the next lesson!"

This script uses Gagné’s Nine Events to teach LR(1) parsing step by step,
ensuring engagement and understanding. Let me know if you need visuals,
animations, or extra practice problems!

60
Q12: LALR(1) Parsing with Gagne

You are a senior computer scientist, a professional compiler

developer and has been teaching Compilation Technique course
for long time. You are also a senior Instructional Designer who
are proficient with many Instructional Theory such as Gagne.
Please, give me a script that you used for teaching LALR(1)
parsing. I will use the script to create a video that can help
students to learn LALR(1) bottom-up parsing algorithm well.
Make sure that you have integrated an Instructional Theory
such as Gagne Nine Event of Instruction in the script to
facilitate students to learn effectively from watching the video.

Teaching Script for LALR(1) Parsing Using Gagné's Nine Events of

Instruction
This script is designed to teach LALR(1) Parsing in a structured and engaging
manner using Gagné’s Nine Events of Instruction. It explains concepts step
by step, provides examples, and integrates practice opportunities to ensure
effective learning.

Title Slide: Introduction to LALR(1) Parsing

Instructor’s Introduction
 "Welcome to this lesson on LALR(1) Parsing, a practical and efficient
bottom-up parsing technique used in compiler design. My name is [Your
Name], and in this session, we’ll explore how LALR(1) parsers work,
construct an LALR(1) parsing table, and parse input step by step."

[Event 1: Gain Attention]

Slide 1: Why Parsing is Critical
 Instructor:
"Imagine a powerful parsing technique that combines efficiency and
accuracy, handling most programming language grammars while keeping
table sizes manageable. That’s LALR(1) parsing!"
 Attention Grabber:

61
 o Show an animation of source code being parsed and converted into
an abstract syntax tree using LALR(1).

[Event 2: Inform Learners of Objectives]

Slide 2: Lesson Objectives
 "By the end of this lesson, you will:
1. Understand the concept of LALR(1) parsing and how it differs from
LR(1).
2. Learn to merge LR(1) states with the same LR(0) cores.
3. Construct the LALR(1) parsing table.
4. Parse an input string using the table step by step."

[Event 3: Stimulate Recall of Prior Knowledge]

Slide 3: Quick Review of LR(1) Parsing
 Ask questions:
o "What is an LR(1) item? How does the lookahead symbol guide
parsing decisions?"
o "What are the components of the LR(1) parsing table?"

 Provide a quick recap:

o "LR(1) parsing uses lookahead symbols in conjunction with LR(0)
item sets to make precise parsing decisions. However, it can
produce a large number of states, leading to larger parsing tables."

[Event 4: Present the Content]

Slide 4: What is LALR(1) Parsing?
 Instructor:
"LALR(1) parsing, or Lookahead LR Parsing, is a variation of LR(1)
parsing. It merges LR(1) states that have the same LR(0) core to reduce
the size of the parsing table, while still retaining the lookahead information
for accurate parsing."
Slide 5: Example Grammar
 Use a simple grammar for demonstration:
 S' → S
 S → Aa
 A→b|c

62
Slide 6: Why Merge States?
 Instructor:
"In LR(1), states with the same LR(0) core but different lookaheads are
separate. LALR(1) merges these states to reduce redundancy, creating a
more compact parsing table."

Slide 7: Step 1 - Augment the Grammar

 Instructor:
"First, augment the grammar to introduce a new start symbol S′S':
 S' → S
This allows the parser to detect when parsing is complete."

Slide 8: Step 2 - Construct the Canonical LR(1) Collection

 Walk students through the construction of LR(1) items step by step:
o I0:I_0:

o S' → •S, $

o S → •Aa, $

o A → •b, a

o A → •c, a

 Compute Goto operations for symbols S,A,a,b,cS, A, a, b, c.

 Instructor:
"LR(1) parsing requires building all states first, using closure and goto
operations. This forms the canonical LR(1) collection."

Slide 9: Step 3 - Merge States with the Same LR(0) Core

 Instructor:
"In LALR(1), states with the same LR(0) core are merged, combining their
lookahead symbols."
 Example:
o I3:A→b•,aI_3: A → b•, a

o I_4: A → b•, $

o Merge into: I_{3,4}: A → b•, {a, $}.

Slide 10: Step 4 - Construct the LALR(1) Parsing Table

 Explain how to use merged states to build the table:

63
 o ACTION Table:

 Use terminals and lookahead symbols to decide shift, reduce,

or accept actions.
o GOTO Table:

 Use non-terminals to decide state transitions.

 Example Parsing Table:
 State ACTION GOTO
 b c a $ S A
 0 S3 S4 - 1 2
 1 S5 - - -
 2 acc
 3 R2 - - -
 4 R3 R1 - -
 ...

[Event 5: Provide Learning Guidance]

Slide 11: Parsing an Input String
 Parse the string ba$ step by step.
 Instructor:
"Let’s parse ba$ using the LALR(1) parsing table. We’ll track the stack,
input, and actions for each step."
1. Initial Stack: [0], Input: ba$.
2. Step 1: ACTION[0, b] = Shift 3. Stack: [0, 3].
3. Step 2: ACTION[3, a] = Reduce A→bA → b. Stack: [0, 2].
4. Step 3: ACTION[2, a] = Shift 5. Stack: [0, 2, 5].
5. Step 4: ACTION[5, $] = Accept.

[Event 6: Elicit Performance (Practice)]

Slide 12: Practice Problem
 Provide a new grammar:
 S' → S
 S → Ab
 A→c|d

64
  Ask students to:
1. Compute the canonical LR(1) collection.
2. Merge states with the same LR(0) core.
3. Build the LALR(1) parsing table.
4. Parse the string cb$.

[Event 7: Provide Feedback]

Slide 13: Common Errors and Debugging Tips
 Instructor:
"Common errors in LALR(1) parsing include:
1. Incorrectly merging states that do not have the same LR(0) core.
2. Forgetting to combine lookahead symbols when merging states.
3. Misplacing reduce actions in the ACTION table."
 Provide examples of errors and how to correct them.

[Event 8: Assess Performance]

Slide 14: Quiz Questions
 Ask students:
1. "Why are states with the same LR(0) core merged in LALR(1)
parsing?"
2. "How does LALR(1) parsing differ from SLR(1) and LR(1) parsing?"
3. "What happens if lookahead symbols are not merged correctly?"

[Event 9: Enhance Retention and Transfer]

Slide 15: Real-World Applications
 Instructor:
"LALR(1) parsing is widely used in real-world compilers and tools like YACC
and Bison. It strikes a balance between efficiency and power, making it
ideal for many programming languages."

Closing Slide: Summary and Practice

 Instructor:
"In this session, we learned how LALR(1) parsing works, how to merge
states to create a compact parsing table, and how to parse input strings
using this method. Practice with different grammars to solidify your

65
 understanding. Thank you for watching, and I’ll see you in the next
lesson!"

This script integrates Gagné’s Nine Events with practical examples and
practice exercises to ensure effective learning. Let me know if you’d like
additional examples, animations, or visual aids!

66