Chapter 16 – Theoretical Distributions

CA NISHANT KUMAR 1
Binomial Distribution
Binomial Distribution is used to find out the probability where the total no. of outcomes is huge.
The probability is given by the following formula:

P ( x ) = n C x p x q n − x , for x = 0, 1, 2, 3, …, n

Here,
n = number of times the experiment is repeated
x = the requirement of the question
p = probability of success in each trial
q = probability of failure in each trial = 1 – p

Sometimes, P ( x ) is also written as f ( x ) . f ( x ) is called “Probability Mass Function”.

Conditions
Binomial distribution is applicable only if the following conditions are satisfied:
1. All the trials are independent, and
2. Each trial has only two outcomes.

Page 16.4 – Example 16.1 (i)

A coin is tossed 10 times. Assuming the coin to be unbiased, what is the probability of getting
4 heads?
(a) 107/512 (b) 105/512 (c) 106/512 (d) None

Solution (b)

Page 16.4 – Example 16.2

If 15 dates are selected at random, what is the probability of getting two Sundays?
(a) 0.29 (b) 0.48 (c) 0.56 (d) None

Solution (a)

Exercise – Set B – Question 6

What is the probability of getting 3 heads if 6 unbiased coins are tossed simultaneously?
(a) 0.50 (b) 0.25 (c) 0.3125 (d) 0.6875

Solution (c)

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Exercise – Set B – Question 8
What is the probability of making 3 correct guesses in 5 True – False answer type questions?
(a) 0.3125 (b) 0.5676 (c) 0.6875 (d) 0.4325

Solution (a)

Page 16.4 – Example 16.1 (ii)

A coin is tossed 10 times. Assuming the coin to be unbiased, what is the probability of getting
at least 4 heads?
(a) 848/1024 (b) 848/1025 (c) 849/1024 (d) None

Solution (a)

Page 16.4 – Example 16.1 (iii)

A coin is tossed 10 times. Assuming the coin to be unbiased, what is the probability of getting
at most 3 heads?
(a) 13/64 (b) 12/64 (c) 11/64 (d) None

Solution (c)

Page 16.4 – Example 16.3

The incidence of occupational disease in an industry is such that the workmen have a 10%
chance of suffering from it. What is the probability that out of 5 workmen, 3 or more will
contract the disease?
(a) 0.0906 (b) 0.0086 (c) 0.8006 (d) None

Solution (b)

Exercise – Set B – Question 7

If the overall percentage of success in an exam is 60, what is the probability that out of a group
of 4 students, at least one has passed?
(a) 0.6525 (b) 0.9744 (c) 0.8704 (d) 0.0256

Solution (b)

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Exercise – Set C – Question 1
If it is known that the probability of a missile hitting a target is 1/8, what is the probability that
out of 10 missiles fired, at least 2 will hit the target?
(a) 0.4258 (b) 0.3968 (c) 0.5238 (d) 0.3611

Solution (d)

Exercise – Set C – Question 6

In 10 independent rollings of a biased die, the probability that an even number will appear 5
times is twice the probability that an even number will appear 4 times. What is the probability
that an even number will appear twice when the die is rolled 8 times?
(a) 0.0304 (b) 0.1243 (c) 0.2315 (d) 0.1926

Solution (a)

Page 16.6 – Example 16.4

Find the probability of a success for the binomial distribution satisfying the following relation
4 P ( x = 4 ) = P ( x = 2 ) and having the parameter n as six.

(a) 1 (b) 1/3 (c) 2/3 (d) None

Solution (b)

Page 16.9 – Example 16.8

An experiment succeeds thrice as after it fails. If the experiment is repeated 5 times, what is the
probability of having no success at all?
(a) 1/1024 (b) 2/3 (c) 1/1025 (d) None

Solution (a)

Important Points
1. Binomial Distribution is applicable when the random variable (x) is discrete.
2. As n  0 , p, q  0 , therefore, f ( x )  0 for every x.
Also,  f ( x ) = f ( 0 ) + f (1) + f ( 2 ) + f ( 3) + ... + f ( n ) = 1
3. Binomial distribution is known as bi-parametric distribution as it is characterised by two
parameters n and p. This means that if the values of n and p are known, then the
distribution is known completely.

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 4. The mean of the binomial distribution is given by  = np .
5. A binominal distribution is symmetrical when p = q.

Exercise – Set B – Question 2

x is a binomial variable with n = 20. What is the mean of x if it is known that x is symmetric?
(a) 5 (b) 10 (c) 2 (d) 8

Solution (b)

Exercise – Set C – Question 2

x is a binomial variable such that 2 P ( x = 2 ) = P ( x = 3) and mean of x is known to be 10/3.

What would be the probability that x assumes at most the value 2?
(a) 16/81 (b) 17/81 (c) 47/243 (d) 46/243

Solution (b)

Exercise – Set C – Question 4

If a random variable x follows binomial distribution with mean as 5 and satisfying the condition
10 P ( x = 0 ) = P ( x = 1) , what is the value of P ( x  1/ x  0 ) ?

(a) 0.67 (b) 0.56 (c) 0.99 (d) 0.82

Solution (c)

Important Points (Contd.)

6. Mode of a Binomial Distribution is given by 0 = ( n + 1) p
a. If the value of ( n + 1) p is an integer (i.e., without decimal part), then the
binomial distribution is said to have two modes. It is called a bi-modal binomial
distribution. The two modes are given by:
i. ( n + 1) p , and
ii. ( n + 1) p  − 1
1
For example, if, in a binomial distribution, n = 11 , and p = , then ( n + 1) p =
2
1 12
(11 + 1)  = = 6 (Integer). Therefore, this binomial distribution will have
2 2
two modes:

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 ( n + 1) p = 6
i.
ii. ( n + 1) p  − 1 = 6 − 1 = 5
b. If the value of ( n + 1) p is a fraction (i.e., with a decimal part), then the binomial
distribution is said to have one mode. It is called a unimodal binomial
distribution. Its mode is given by the largest integer contained in ( n + 1) p.
1
For example, if, in a binomial distribution, n = 12 , and p = , then ( n + 1) p =
3
1 13
(12 + 1)  = = 4.33
3 3
Since the answer is a fraction, this binomial distribution has only one mode. Its
mode is given by the largest integer contained in ( n + 1) p . Therefore, the mode
is 4.
Exercise – Set B – Question 4
If x is a binomial variate with parameter 15 and 1/3, what is the value of mode of the
distribution?
(a) 5 and 6 (b) 5 (c) 5.50 (d) 6

Solution (b)

Important Points (Contd.)

7. The variance of the binomial distribution is given by  2 = npq .
a. Variance of a binomial distribution is always less than its mean.
n
b. If p = q = 0.5, variance is the maximum, and is given by .
4
8. Standard Deviation of a binomial distribution is given by  = npq .

Exercise – Set B – Question 3

If X ~ B (n, p), what would be the greatest value of the variance of x when n = 16?

(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 8 (d) 5

Solution (b)

Exercise – Set B – Question 1

What is the standard deviation of the number of recoveries among 48 patients when the
probability of recovering is 0.75?
(a) 36 (b) 81 (c) 9 (d) 3
Solution (d)

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Exercise – Set B – Question 5
What is the number of trials of a binomial distribution having mean and SD as 3 and 1.5
respectively?
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 8 (d) 12

Solution (d)

Page 16.6 – Example 16.5

Find the binomial distribution for which mean and standard deviation are 6 and 2 respectively.
x 18− x x 18− x
18 1  2 20 1  2
(a) Cx     (b) Cx    
 3  3 3  3
x 18− x
22 1  2
(c) Cx     (d) None
3  3

Solution (a)

Page 16.10 – Example 16.9

What is the mode of the distribution for which mean and SD are 10 and 5 respectively?
(a) 10 (b) 11 (c) 10 and 11 (d) None

Solution (a)

Important Points (Contd.)

9. Additive property of binomial distribution:
Let x and y be two independent binomial distributions where x has the parameters n1
and p, and y has the parameters n2 and p. Then ( x + y ) will be a binomial distribution
with parameters ( n1 + n2 ) and p.

Page 16.10 – Example 16.10

If x and y are 2 independent binomial variables with parameters 6 and ½ and 4 and ½
respectively, what is P ( x + y  1) ?

(a) 1023/1024 (b) 1024/1023 (c) Both (d) None

Solution (a)

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Important Points (Contd.)
10. Sometimes, Binomial Distribution is also written as B(n, p). So, if, in a question you
find something like “X~B(5, 0.4)”, it means that n = 5, and p = 0.4. Here, X denotes the
requirement of the question.

General Questions
Exercise – Set A – Question 9
The probability mass function of binomial distribution is given by:

(a) f ( x ) = p x q n − x (b) f ( x ) = nC x p x q n − x
(c) f ( x ) = nC x q x p n − x (d) f ( x ) = nC x p n − x q x

Solution (b)

Exercise – Set A – Question 10

If x is a binomial variable with parameters n and p, then x can assume:
(a) any value between 0 and n
(b) any value between 0 and n, both inclusive.
(c) any whole number between 0 and n, both inclusive.
(d) any number between 0 and infinity.

Solution (c)

Exercise – Set A – Question 12

The mean of a binomial distribution with parameter n and p is

(a) n (1 − p ) (b) np (1 − p ) (c) np (d) np (1 − p )

Solution (c)

Exercise – Set A – Question 16

The mean of binomial distribution is:
(a) always more than its variance.
(b) always equal to its variance
(c) always less than its variance
(d) always equal to its standard deviation

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Solution (a)

Exercise – Set A – Question 15

For a binomial distribution, mean and mode
(a) are never equal
(b) are always equal.
(c) are equal when q = 0.50
(d) do not always exist

Solution (c)

Exercise – Set A – Question 17

For a binomial distribution, there may be:
(a) one mode (b) two modes (c) Multi-mode (d) (a) or (b)

Solution (c)

Exercise – Set A – Question 13

The variance of a binomial distribution with parameters n and p is:

(a) np 2 (1 − p ) (b) np (1 − p )
(c) nq (1 − q ) (d) n 2 p 2 (1 − p )
2

Solution (c)

Exercise – Set A – Question 18

The maximum value of the variance of a binomial distribution with parameters n and p is:

(a) n/2 (b) n/4 (c) np (1 − p ) (d) 2n

Solution (b)

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Poisson Distribution
Poisson Distribution is used to find out the probability where the total no. of outcomes is too
huge and the probability of success is extremely small. The probability is given by the following
formula:

e− m  m x
P ( x) = , for x = 0, 1, 2, 3, …, n
x!
Here,
e = exponential constant = 2.71828
m = mean = np
x = the requirement of the question

Sometimes, P ( x ) is also written as f ( x ) . f ( x ) is called “Probability Mass Function”.

Exercise – Set B – Question 14

If 1 per cent of an airline’s flights suffer a minor equipment failure in an aircraft, what is the
probability that there will be exactly two such failures in the next 100 such flights?
(a) 0.50 (b) 0.184 (c) 0.265 (d) 0.256

Solution (b)

Exercise – Set B – Question 12

If 1.5 per cent of items produced by a manufacturing unit are known to be defective, what is
the probability that a sample of 200 items would contain no defective item?
(a) 0.05 (b) 0.15 (c) 0.20 (d) 0.22

Solution (a)

Page 16.14 – Example 16.15 (1)

Between 9 AM and 10 AM, the average number of phone calls per minute coming into the
switchboard of a company is 4. Find the probability that during one particular minute, there will
be no phone calls. (given e−4 = 0.018316 )
(a) 0.018316 (b) 0.18416 (c) 0.018416 (d) None

Solution (a)

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Page 16.14 – Example 16.15 (2)
Between 9 AM and 10 AM, the average number of phone calls per minute coming into the
switchboard of a company is 4. Find the probability that during one particular minute, there will
be at most 3 phone calls. (given e−4 = 0.018316 )
(a) 0.33 (b) 0.43 (c) 0.55 (d) None

Solution (b)

Page 16.15 – Example 16.16 (1)

If 2 per cent of electric bulbs manufactured by a company are known to be defectives, what is
the probability that a sample of 150 electric bulbs taken from the production process of that
company would contain exactly one defective bulb?
(a) 0.33 (b) 0.43 (c) 0.15 (d) None

Solution (c)

Page 16.15 – Example 16.16 (2)

If 2 per cent of electric bulbs manufactured by a company are known to be defectives, what is
the probability that a sample of 150 electric bulbs taken from the production process of that
company would contain more than 2 defective bulbs?
(a) 0.33 (b) 0.58 (c) 0.15 (d) None

Solution (b)

Page 16.16 – Example 16.17

The manufacturer of a certain electronic component is certain that two per cent of his product
is defective. He sells the components in boxes of 120 and guarantees that not more than two per
cent in any box will be defective. Find the probability that a box, selected at random, would fail
to meet the guarantee? Given that e–2.40 = 0.0907.
(a) 0.43 (b) 0.58 (c) 0.15 (d) None

Solution (a)

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Exercise – Set C – Question 11
A renowned hospital usually admits 200 patients every day. One per cent patients, on an
average, require special room facilities. On one particular morning, it was found that only one
special room is available. What is the probability that more than 3 patients would require special
room facilities?
(a) 0.1428 (b) 0.1732 (c) 0.2235 (d) 0.3450

Solution (a)

Exercise – Set C – Question 12

A car hire firm has 2 cars which are hired out every day. The number of demands per day for a
car follows Poisson distribution with mean 1.20. What is the proportion of days on which some
demand is refused? (Given e1.20 = 3.32)
(a) 0.25 (b) 0.3012 (c) 0.12 (d) 0.03

Solution (c)

Exercise – Set C – Question 9

X is a Poisson variate satisfying the following condition 9 P ( X = 4 ) + 90 P ( X = 6 ) = P ( X = 2 ) .

What is the value of P ( X  1) ?

(a) 0.5655 (b) 0.6559 (c) 0.7358 (d) 0.8201

Solution (c)

Page 16.17 – Example 16.18 (i)

A discrete random variable x follows Poisson Distribution. Find the value of P ( x = at least1) .
You are given E ( x ) = 2.20 and e−2.20 = 0.1108

(a) 0.89 (b) 0.95 (c) 0.10 (d) None

Solution (a)

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Page 16.17 – Example 16.18 (ii)

A discrete random variable x follows Poisson Distribution. Find the value of P ( X  2 / X  1) .

You are given E ( x ) = 2.20 and e−2.20 = 0.1108

(a) 0.89 (b) 0.58 (c) 0.10 (d) None

Solution (b)

Important Points
1. Poisson Distribution is applicable when the random variable (x) is discrete.
1
2. Since e− m = m  0, whatever may be the value of m (>0), it follows that f ( x )  0 for
e
every x.
Also,  f ( x ) = f ( 0 ) + f (1) + f ( 2 ) + f ( 3) + ... + f ( n ) = 1 .
3. Poisson distribution is known as a uniparametric distribution as it is characterised by
only one parameter m.
4. The mean of Poisson distribution is given by m, i.e.,  = m = np.
5. The variance of Poisson distribution is given by  2 = m = np.
6. The standard deviation of Poisson distribution is given by  = m = np .

Exercise – Set B – Question 10

If the mean of a Poisson variable x is 1, what is P (x = takes the value at least 1)?
(a) 0.456 (b) 0.821 (c) 0.632 (d) 0.254

Solution (c)

Exercise – Set B – Question 13

For a Poisson variate x, P (x = 1) = P (x = 2). What is the mean of x?
(a) 1.00 (b) 1.50 (c) 2.00 (d) 2.50

Solution (c)

Page 16.12 – Example 16.11

Find the mean and standard deviation of x where x is a Poisson variate satisfying the condition
P ( x = 2 ) = P ( x = 3) .

(a) 3.00 (b) 1.50 (c) 2.00 (d) 2.50

Solution (a)

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Page 16.13 – Example 16.13
The standard deviation of a Poisson variate is 1.732. What is the probability that the variate lies
between –2.3 to 3.68?
(a) 3.00 (b) 1.50 (c) 0.65 (d) 2.50

Solution (c)

Page 16.14 – Example 16.14

x is a Poisson variate satisfying the following relation: P ( x = 2 ) = 9 P ( x = 4 ) + 90 P ( x = 6 )

What is the standard deviation of x?

(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 4 (d) 3

Solution (b)

Exercise – Set B – Question 9

If the standard deviation of a Poisson variate x is 2, what is P (1.5 < x < 2.9)?
(a) 0.231 (b) 0.158 (c) 0.15 (d) 0.144

Solution (d)

Exercise – Set B – Question 11

If X ~ P (m) and its coefficient of variation is 50, what is the probability that X would assume
only non-zero values?
(a) 0.018 (b) 0.982 (c) 0.989 (d) 0.976

Solution (b)

Exercise – Set B – Question 15

If for a Poisson variable x, f ( 2 ) = 3 f ( 4 ) , what is the variance of x?

(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 2 (d) 3

Solution (a)

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Exercise – Set C – Question 10
A random variable x follows Poisson distribution, and its coefficient of variation is 50. What is
the value of P ( x  1/ x  0 ) ?

(a) 0.1876 (b) 0.2341 (c) 0.9254 (d) 0.8756

Solution (c)

Important Points (Contd.)

7. Like binomial distribution, Poisson distribution could be also unimodal or bimodal
depending upon the value of the parameter m.
a. If m is an integer, there are two modes:
i. m
ii. m – 1
b. If m is a fraction, the mode is given by the largest integer contained in m.
Page 16.13 – Example 16.12
The probability that a random variable x following Poisson Distribution would assume a
positive value is (1 − e −2.7 ) . What is the mode of the distribution?

(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) None

Solution (a)

Important Points (Contd.)

8. Poisson approximation to Binomial distribution
When n is rather large and p is rather small so that m = np is moderate then
B ( n, p )  P ( m ) .
9. Additive property of Poisson distribution:
Let x and y be two independent poisson distributions where x has the parameter m1 , and
y has the parameter m2 . Then ( x + y ) will be a poisson distribution with parameter
( m1 + m2 ) .

Normal or Gaussian Distribution

 − ( x −  )2 
 
1  2 2 
P ( x) = f ( x) = .e , for –∞ < x < ∞
 2
Here,
e = exponential constant = 2.71828
x = random variable
μ = mean of the normal random variable x
σ = standard deviation of the given normal distribution

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Sometimes, P ( x ) is also written as f ( x ) . f ( x ) is called “Probability Density Function”.

Page 16.24 – Example 16.20

−( x − 4 )
2
e
For a random variable x, the probability density function is given by: f ( x ) = , for

−  x   . Identify the distribution and find its mean and variance.
1 3
(a)  = 4 ;  2 = (b)  = 4 ;  2 =
2 2
1
(c)  = 5 ;  2 = (d) None
2

Solution (a)

Exercise – Set B – Question 16

What is the coefficient of variation of x, characterised by the following probability density
1
function: f ( x ) = e( )
2
− x −10 /32
for −  x   ?
4 2
(a) 50 (b) 60 (c) 40 (d) 30

Solution (c)

Important Points
1. Normal Distribution is applicable when the random variable (x) is continuous.
2. If we plot the probability function y = f ( x ) , then the curve, known as probability
curve, takes the following shape:

The area under this curve gives us the probability.

3. The area between –∞ and μ = the area between μ and ∞ = 0.5

CA NISHANT KUMAR 16
  − z2 
1  2 
4. If μ = 0, and σ = 1, we have f ( z ) = e , for –∞ < z < ∞.
2
The random variable z is known as standard normal variate (or variable) or standard
x−
normal deviate. It is given by z = .

5. Normal distribution is bell shaped.
6. It is unimodal.
7. The normal distribution is known as biparametric distribution as it is characterised by
two parameters μ and σ2. Once the two parameters are known, the normal distribution
is completely specified.
8. Since the normal distribution is symmetrical about its mean (μ), Mean = Median =
Mode.
9. Relationship between MD, SD, and QD → 4SD = 5MD = 6QD
10. Mean Deviation = 0.8σ.
11. Quartile Deviation = 0.675σ.

Exercise – Set B – Question 18

If the two quartiles of N (  ,  2 ) are 14.6 and 25.4 respectively, what is the standard deviation
of the distribution?
(a) 9 (b) 6 (c) 10 (d) 8
Solution (d)

Exercise – Set A – Question 36

The quartile deviation of a normal distribution with mean 10 and SD 4 is:
(a) 0.675 (b) 67.50 (c) 2.70 (d) 3.20

Solution (c)

Exercise – Set B – Question 19

If the mean deviation of a normal variable is 16, what is its quartile deviation?
(a) 10 (b) 13.5 (c) 15 (d) 12.05

Solution (b)

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Exercise – Set B – Question 22
If the 1st quartile and mean deviation about median of a normal distribution are 13.25 and 8
respectively, then the mode of the distribution is
(a) 20 (b) 10 (c) 15 (d) 12

Solution (a)

Exercise – Set A – Question 35

The mean deviation about median of a standard normal variate is:
(a) 0.675 (b) 0.675 (c) 0.80 (d) 0.80

Solution (d)

Exercise – Set B – Question 21

If the quartile deviation of a normal curve is 4.05, then its mean deviation is:
(a) 5.26 (b) 6.24 (c) 4.24 (d) 4.80

Solution (d)

Page 16.25 – Example 16.21

If the two quartiles of a normal distribution are 47.30 and 52.70 respectively, what is the mode
of the distribution? Also find the mean deviation about median of this distribution.
(a) 50; 3.20 (b) 100; 4.20 (c) 50; 4.20 (d) None

Solution (a)

Important Points (Contd.)

12. Q1 and Q3 are equidistant from the median, therefore,
i. Q1 =  − 0.675 , and
ii. Q3 =  + 0.675

Exercise – Set B – Question 17

What is the first quartile of x having the following probability density function?
1
f ( x) = e( )
2
− x −10 /72
for −  x  
72

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 (a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 5.95 (d) 6.75

Solution (c)

Important Points (Contd.)

13. Median − Q1 = Q3 − Median.
14. The normal distribution is symmetric about Therefore, its skewness is zero, i.e., the
curve is neither tilted towards right (negatively skewed), nor towards left (positively
skewed).

15. Points of inflexion – A normal curve has two inflexion points, i.e., the points where the
curve changes its shape from concave to convex, and from convex to concave. These
two points are given by:
i. x =  −  , and
ii. x =  + 

Exercise – Set A – Question 37

For a standard normal distribution, the points of inflexion are given by:
(a)  −  and  +  (b) − and  (c) –1 and 1 (d) 0 and 1

Solution (c)

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Exercise – Set B – Question 20
If the points of inflexion of a normal curve are 40 and 60 respectively, then its mean deviation
is:
(a) 8 (b) 45 (c) 50 (d) 60

Solution (a)

Page 16.25 – Example 16.22

1
Find the points of inflexion of the normal curve f ( x ) = .e ( )
2
− x −10 /32
for −  x  .
4 2
(a) 6 and 14 (b) 7 and 15 (c) 8 and 16 (d) None

Solution (a)

Important Points (Contd.)

16. In a normal distribution, μ ± 1σ covers 68.27% of area, μ ± 2σ covers 95.45% of area,
and μ ± 3σ covers 99.73% of area.

Exercise – Set A – Question 39

The interval (  − 3 ,  + 3 ) covers:

(a) 95% area of a normal distribution

(b) 96% area of a normal distribution
(c) 99% area of a normal distribution
(d) all but 0.27% area of a normal distribution

Solution (d)

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Important Points (Contd.)
17. Under a normal distribution, the area enclosed between mean (μ) and 1σ is 0.34135;
mean and 2σ is 0.47725; and mean and 3σ is 0.49865.
18. In case of normal distribution
i. Highest Value = Mean + Half of Range, and
ii. Lowest Value = Mean – Half of Range
19. Normal Distribution with X = 0 , and  = 1 is known as Standard Normal Distribution.
20. The height of normal curve is maximum at the Mean Value.
21. Additive Property: If there are two Independent Normal Distributions x ~ N ( 1 ,  12 )
and y ~ N ( 2 ,  2 2 ) , then z = x + y follows normal distribution with mean ( 1 +  2 )

and SD = 12 +  2 2 respectively.

Page 16.32 – Example 16.32

x and y are independent normal variables with mean 100 and 80 respectively and standard
deviation as 4 and 3 respectively. What is the distribution of (x + y)?
(a) 180; 5 (b) 190; 10 (c) 180; 10 (d) None

Solution (a)

Exercise – Set B – Question 24

If x and y are 2 independent normal variables with mean as 10 and 12 and SD as 3 and 4, then
(x + y) is normally distributed with:
(a) Mean = 22 and SD = 7 (b) Mean = 22 and SD = 25
(c) Mean = 22 and SD = 5 (d) Mean = 22 and SD = 49

Solution (c)

Problems on Finding Probability Through Graph

Page 16.26 – Example 16.24

x follows normal distribution with mean as 50 and variance as 100. What is P ( x  60 ) ? Given
 (1) = 0.8413 .

(a) 0.16 (b) 0.26 (c) 0.36 (d) None

Solution (a)

CA NISHANT KUMAR 21
Page 16.27 – Example 16.27 (i)
In a sample of 500 workers of a factory, the mean wage and SD of wages are found to be ₹500
and ₹48 respectively. Find the number of workers having wages more than ₹600. Given that
 ( 2.08 ) = 0.9812

(a) 0.0188 (b) 9 (c) 10 (d) None

Solution (b)

Page 16.27 – Example 16.27 (ii)

In a sample of 500 workers of a factory, the mean wage and SD of wages are found to be ₹500
and ₹48 respectively. Find the number of workers having wages less than ₹450. Given that
 (1.04 ) = 0.8508 .

(a) 0.1492 (b) 75 (c) 10 (d) None

Solution (b)

Page 16.27 – Example 16.27 (iii)

In a sample of 500 workers of a factory, the mean wage and SD of wages are found to be ₹500
and ₹48 respectively. Find the number of workers having wages between ₹548 and ₹600. Given
that  ( 2.08 ) = 0.9812 ;  (1) = 0.8413 .

(a) 70 (b) 75 (c) 0.1399 (d) None

Solution (a)

Exercise – Set C – Question 15

In a sample of 800 students, the mean weight and standard deviation of weight are found to be
50 kg and 20 kg respectively. On the assumption of normality, what is the number of students
weighing between 46 kg and 62 kg? Given area of the standard normal curve between z = 0 to
z = 0.20 = 0.0793 and area between z = 0 to z = 0.60 = 0.2257.
(a) 250 (b) 244 (c) 240 (d) 260

Solution (b)

CA NISHANT KUMAR 22
Page 16.29 – Example 16.28
The distribution of wages of a group of workers is known to be normal with mean ₹500 and SD
₹100. If the wages of 100 workers in the group are less than ₹430, what is the total number of
workers in the group? Given  ( 0.70 ) = 0.758 .

(a) 413 (b) 400 (c) 500 (d) None

Solution (a)

Exercise – Set C – Question 16

The salary of workers of a factory is known to follow normal distribution with an average salary
of ₹10,000 and standard deviation of salary as ₹2,000. If 50 workers receive salary more than
₹14,000, then the total no. of workers in the factory is:
(a) 2,193 (b) 2,000 (c) 2,200 (d) 2,500

Solution (a)

Page 16.30 – Example 16.30

The mean of a normal distribution is 500 and 16 per cent of the values are greater than 600.
What is the standard deviation of the distribution? (Given that the area between z = 0 and z = 1
is 0.34;  (1) = 0.84 )

(a) 50 (b) 100 (c) 200 (d) None

Solution (b)

Exercise – Set C – Question 17

For a normal distribution with mean as 500 and SD as 120, what is the value of k so that the
interval [500, k] covers 40.32 percent area of the normal curve? Given  (1.30 ) = 0.9032 .

(a) 740 (b) 750 (c) 656 (d) 800

Solution (c)

CA NISHANT KUMAR 23
Page 16.26 – Example 16.25
If a random variable x follows normal distribution with mean as 120 and standard deviation as
40, what is the probability that P ( x  150 / x  120 ) ? Given that area of the normal curve
between Z = 0 and Z = 0.75 is 0.2734.
(a) 0.55 (b) 0.96 (c) 0.26 (d) None

Solution (a)

Page 16.29 – Example 16.29

The mean height of 2000 students at a certain college is 165 cms and SD 9 cms. What is the
probability that in a group of 5 students of that college, 3 or more students would have height
more than 174 cm? Given  (1) = 0.8413 .

(a) 0.1587 (b) 0.1857 (c) 0.03106 (d) None

Solution (c)

Exercise – Set A – Question 38

The symbol  ( a ) indicates the area of the standard normal curve between:

(a) 0 to a (b) a to ∞ (c) –∞ to a (d) –∞ to ∞

Solution (c)

Exercise – Set B – Question 23

If the area of a standard normal curve between Z = 0 to Z = 1 is 0.3413, then the value of  (1)
is:
(a) 0.5000 (b) 0.8413 (c) –0.5000 (d) 1

Solution (b)

Exercise – Set A – Question 29

The total area of the normal curve is:
(a) one (b) 50 per cent
(c) 0.50 (d) any value between 0 and 1
Solution (a)

CA NISHANT KUMAR 24