Fluid Mechanics

Ch2: Properties of Fluids

Contents:-
1. Density
2. Specific weight and Specific gravity
3. Density and Ideal gas law
4. Compressibility
5. Viscosity

Lecture (2)
INTRODUCTION
• Property:
Any characteristic of a system.
Some familiar properties are pressure P, temperature T, volume
V, and mass m.

Properties are considered to be either intensive or extensive.

• Intensive properties:
Those independent of a system’s mass, such as temperature,
pressure, and density.
• Extensive properties:
Those whose values depend on the system’s size—or extent.
• Specific properties:
Extensive properties per unit mass.
1. DENSITY Density: is the mass per unit volume.
mass
Density

Volume, m3
Specific volume Specific volume: is the volume per unit mass.
Volume, m3
Specific Specific volume: is the reciprocal of the density.
volume Density

Notes:-
1- The value of  can vary widely between different fluids.
2- The density of most gases is directly proportional to pressure
and inversely proportional to temperature.
3- Liquids and solids, on the other hand, are essentially
incompressible substances, and the variation of their density
with pressure is usually negligible.
4- The density of liquids and solids depends more strongly on
temperature than it does on pressure.
5- The small change in the density of water with large variations
in temperature is illustrated in the figure shown.
Specific weight: ()
Can you get the
The weight of a unit volume of a substance. (represent the weight of fluid) dimensions of
the specific
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝒎𝑔
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = = = 𝜌𝑔 weight?
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑽

Specific
weight
Gravitational
Density
acceleration

Specific gravity: (SG)

The ratio of the density of a substance to the density of some standard
substance at a specified temperature (usually water at 4°C).
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝜌𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑆𝐺 = =
𝑘𝑔 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑡 4º𝐶 (1000 3 )
𝑚
Density of Ideal Gases
Equation of state: Relates the pressure, temperature, and density (or specific
volume) of a substance.
mass, kg
Ideal-gas equation of state:
Temperature,
Pressure,
Kelvin
Pa
Gas
Volume, m3 constant,
J/kg.K Don’t use this
Where:-
slide for liquids
Molecular weight Also please use
of the gas Kelvin

The universal
gas constant Gas specific Gas density
8.314 kJ/kmol.K volume

𝑉 𝑚
Another forms: - 𝑃 = 𝑅𝑇 𝑃𝑣 = 𝑅𝑇 𝑃= 𝑅𝑇 𝑃 = 𝜌𝑅𝑇
𝑚 𝑉
Ideal-gas equation of state:
mass, kg

Temperature,
Absolute
Kelvin
Pressure,
Pa Gas
Volume, m3 constant,
J/kg.K
Where:-

Please use the

unit of R in
J/kg.K if you
used the
pressure in
Pascal.
4- COMPRESSIBILITY

Coefficient of compressibility  = 1/

➢ The volume (or density) of fluid changes with a change in its

temperature or pressure.

➢ Fluids usually expand as they are heated or depressurized

and contract as they are cooled or pressurized.

➢ The amount of volume change is different for different fluids.

Properties that relate volume changes to the

changes in pressure and temperature are:

The bulk modulus of elasticity  = 1/ Fluids, like solids, compress

The coefficient of volume expansion . when the applied pressure is
increased from P1 to P2.
Coefficient of compressibility (k) (also called the bulk modulus of compressibility
or bulk modulus of elasticity) for fluids

The coefficient of compressibility represents the change in pressure corresponding to a fractional

change in volume or density of the fluid while the temperature remains constant.

Has a unit of
pressure
=1/v then d=-dv/v2=-dv/v.v =-dv/v
d/=-dv/v or /d=-v/dv Change in the
pressure @ constant
The negative sign is included since an increase in pressure temperature
will cause a decrease in volume.

Since a decrease in volume of a given mass, will result in an

increase in density.
Initial density
Change in the
Change in the
v1 volume
P1 fluid density
P2 > P1 ΔP = P2- P1 > 0 (+)
v2 < v1 Δv = v2- v1 < 0 (-)
P2 v2
Coefficient of compressibility k For Liquids

➢ A large value of  indicates that a large change in pressure is needed to cause a

small fractional change in volume, and thus a fluid with a large  is essentially
incompressible.

This is typical for liquids and explains why liquids are usually considered
incompressible.
Small density changes in liquids can still cause interesting
phenomena in piping systems such as the water hammer
Water hammer

Compressible Incompressible
6. VISCOSITY
Viscosity: A property that represents the internal resistance of a fluid to motion.

Drag force: The force a flowing fluid exerts on a body in the flow direction. The magnitude of
this force depends, in part, on viscosity
Honey flow
The viscosity of a fluid is a
measure of its “resistance to
deformation.”
Viscosity is due to the internal
frictional force that develops
between different layers of fluids
as they are forced to move
relative to each other.

We move with relative ease in air, but

not so in water. Moving in oil would
be even more difficult
Increasing the sheer stress 𝜏 will increase the shear strain d𝛽

Shear force Distance

between the
Shear area two plates, m

Shear stress
Area, m2 Velocity gradient

Shear
force

A is the contact area between

Dynamic the plate and the fluid
viscosity
(Pa.s) Velocity gradient
Viscosity 𝜇
Shear 𝐹𝛼 𝑢
stress
𝐹𝛼 𝐴 𝑢
𝐹 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡. 𝐴
𝑦
 coefficient of viscosity 1
𝐹𝛼
Dynamic (absolute) viscosity or viscosity 𝑦
kg/m  s or N  s/m2 or Pa  s note:- 1 poise = 0.1 Pa  s
The behavior of a fluid in laminar flow
between two parallel plates when the upper
plate moves with a constant velocity.

Velocity Profile Velocity gradient

𝑉
𝐹𝛼 𝑉 𝐹 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡. 𝐴
𝑦
𝐹𝛼 𝐴
1 𝑉
𝐹𝛼 𝐹 = 𝜇. 𝐴
𝑦 𝑦
6. VISCOSITY
Velocity gradient
Shear
force

Shear
stress
Area in contact
Dynamic with the plate
viscosity and the fluid,
(Pa.s) m2

Velocity of the
IF top plate, m/s

For linear
velocity profile
Distance
Fluid
between the
viscosity,
two plates, m
Pa. s

𝝁 Fluid dynamic viscosity, Pa. s

Kinematic viscosity (𝝂) 𝝂= (𝝂) has a unit of m2/s
𝝆 Fluid density, kg/m3
 Suppose the fluid sheared in the following figure is SAE-30 oil at
20°C. if the moving plate has an area of 2m by 3 m. Compute the
shear stress and the force needed to move the plate with a
velocity V = 3 m/s if the space between the two plates is 2 cm.
(Take the oil viscosity = 0.29 kg/(m s).)

3
Shear Force 𝐹 = 0.29 × 2 × 3 × = 261 𝑁
0.02

𝐹 261
Shear stress 𝜏= = = 43.5 𝑁/𝑚2
𝐴 2×3
 Take-home problem:- Revise the
recording to
The compressed air tank is shown in the following Figure. The check your
tank is formed of a cylinder with a diameter of 30 cm and a length answer.
of 90 cm. If the tank is filled with compressed oxygen at a
temperature of 30 ºC and pressure of 4 bar. FIND : (a)
density of the air
(b) The weight of air in the tank.
(c) The SG and specific weight of the air.
Solution :
Take-home problem:- Solve it by yourself and check the final answers:-

If the specific gravity of a liquid is 0.80, make calculations to estimate the fluid density,
specific volume, and specific weight.

Final answers:- [ =800 kg/m3); v= 0.00125 m3/kg;  = 7848 N/m3 ]

1. DENSITY 4. Specific gravity: (SG)
mass
Density
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝜌𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑆𝐺 = =
𝑘𝑔 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
Volume, m3 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑡 4º𝐶 (1000 3 )
𝑚
2. Specific volume Volume, m3
5. Density of Ideal Gases
Specific mass, kg
volume Density
Pressure, Temperature,
Pa Kelvin
3. Specific weight: ()
Gas
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝒎𝑔 Volume, m3 constant,
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = = = 𝜌𝑔 J/kg.K
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑽
Where:- Molecular weight
of the gas
Specific
weight Gas density
Gravitational
Density The universal gas constant
acceleration
8314 J/kmol.K 𝑃 = 𝜌𝑅𝑇