Hyperbolic Functions I Cheat Sheet AQA A Level Further Maths: Core

Introduction to Hyperbolic Functions 𝑑

Example 2: Show that sinh(𝑥) = cosh(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
As seen before in the maths syllabus, trigonometric functions Example 1: Given that 𝑓(𝑥) = 4 tanh(𝑥) − 3 for 𝑥 ∈ ℝ, Use the exponential definition of e𝑥 −e−𝑥
y = sinh(𝑥) =
2
are sometimes called circular functions. This is because a point sinh(𝑥)
a) Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) Differentiate and then equate to the 𝑑𝑦 e − 𝑥 (−e−𝑥 )
on a unit circle at an angle 𝜃 to the positive 𝑥-axis has Cartesian
b) State the range of 𝑓(𝑥). =
coordinates (cos 𝜃 , sin 𝜃). definition of y = cosh(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 2
e𝑥 + e−𝑥
a.) The function tanh(𝑥) needs to =
Another type of curve, a hyperbola, has an equation of the form 2
firstly be enlarged by a scale factor
𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 1. The Cartesian coordinates for a point on this curve = cosh(𝑥)
of 4 parallel to the y-axis. Then it
are given by (cosh(𝑥) , sinh(𝑥)). Trigonometric and hyperbolic needs to be translated by the vector
functions are in some ways related, and analogies between the 0 Integrating Hyperbolic Functions (A Level Only)
( ).
two can be used to understand definitions and identities. −3
∫ sinh(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = cosh(𝑥) + c

Defining Hyperbolic Functions b.) The asymptotes have shifted due

e𝑥 − e−𝑥 e𝑥 + e−𝑥 the translation, giving us our new ∫ cosh(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = sinh(𝑥) + c
sinh(𝑥) = cosh(𝑥) = −7 < 𝑓(𝑥) < 1
2 2 range.
∫ tanh(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛{𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝑥)} + c
tanh(𝑥) can be defined in analogy with the trigonometric definition of tan(𝑥):

sinh (x) ex − e−x Reciprocal Hyperbolic Functions (A Level Only) As with the derivatives, these results can be derived from the exponential definitions
tanh(x) = = x
cosh (x) e + e−x of the hyperbolic functions.
The reciprocal hyperbolic functions are defined in the same way as reciprocal
Graphs of Hyperbolic Functions trigonometric functions: Often, the approaches used for integrating trigonometric functions can be used for
integrating hyperbolics. This includes the use of identities.

Example 3: Show that ∫ tanh(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛{𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝑥)} + c.

Use the definition of tanh(𝑥) in terms of sinh(𝑥)

∫ tanh(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
sinh(𝑥) and cosh(𝑥). cosh(𝑥)
This integral is in the following form:
𝑓′(𝑥)
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑓(𝑥)
This is a standard integral with the ∫ tanh(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛{𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝑥)} + c
1 1 1
cosech(𝑥) = sech(𝑥) = coth(𝑥) = following solution.
sinh(𝑥) cosh (𝑥) tanh(𝑥)
𝑙𝑛{𝑓(𝑥)}
sinh(𝑥) cosh(𝑥) tanh(𝑥) Domain and Range of Reciprocal Hyperbolic Functions (A Level Only) Therefore, it can be integrated directly.

Function Domain Range Additionally, sometimes it may be more useful to convert to the exponential
cosech(𝑥) 𝑥≠0 𝑓(𝑥) ≠ 0 definitions of the hyperbolic functions for some integration problems.
Domains of Hyperbolic Functions (A Level Only)
sech(𝑥) 𝑥∈ℝ 0 < 𝑓(𝑥)
Example 4: Find ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 cosh(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
Function Domain Range coth(𝑥) 𝑥≠0 𝑓(𝑥) < −1 or 𝑓(𝑥) > 1
Use the definition of cosh(𝑥) in e𝑥 + e−𝑥
sinh(𝑥) 𝑥∈ℝ 𝑓(𝑥) ∈ ℝ ∫ e𝑥 cosh(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ e𝑥 ( ) 𝑑𝑥
exponential form to rewrite the 2
cosh(𝑥) 𝑥∈ℝ 𝑓(𝑥) ≥ 1 Differentiating Hyperbolic Functions (A Level Only)
integral.
tanh (𝑥) 𝑥∈ℝ −1 < 𝑓(𝑥) < 1 𝑑 𝑑 The simplified integral can then e2𝑥 + 1
sinh(𝑥) = cosh(𝑥) cosech(𝑥) = −cosech(𝑥) coth(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
be evaluated. 2
The domain and ranges of each of the hyperbolic functions are shown in the table 𝑑 𝑑 1
cosh(𝑥) = sinh(𝑥) sech(𝑥) = −sech(𝑥)tanh(𝑥) = (e2𝑥 + 𝑥) + c
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
below. 2
𝑑 𝑑
tanh(𝑥) = sech2 (𝑥) coth(𝑥) = −cosech2 (𝑥)
It is also required to be able to work with transformations of the graphs, and to be able 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
to calculate the domain and ranges of these transformations. These results are derived using the exponential definitions of the hyperbolic functions.

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