phy neha-1

DAV PUBLIC SCHOOL NTPC,
FARIDABAD
Physics INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
Submitted by : Neha Yadav

Submitted to : Mr. Amit sharma
Roll no.
Year : 2024-25
Topic : to determine combined
focal length of the combined lens
system
Certificate
This is hereby to certify that the project “To

Determine The Combined Focal Length Of The
Lens System” is an original and genuine
investigation work carried out to investigate about
the subject matter and the related data collection
and investigation has been completed solely,
sincerely and satisfactorily by, Neha of class XII
science as per the requirement for the CBSE Board
Examination for the year 2024-25
Roll No.:
Date:
Teacher Signature. Examiner Signature

Acknowledgment
I wish to express my deep gratitude and sincere
thanks to our chemistry teacher for her invaluable
guidance, constant encouragement, constructive
comments, sympathetic attitude and immense
motivation, which has sustained my efforts at all stages
of this project work. Her valuable advice and
suggestions for the corrections, modifications and
improvement did enhance the perfection in performing
my job well.
I would like to express my gratitude for our honorable
principal for whole hearted co-operation and guidance.
I am also thankful for her encouragement and for all
the facilities that she provided for this project work. I
sincerely appreciate this. Magnanimity by taking me
into her fold for which I shall remain indebted to her.
I take special pleasure in acknowledging our lab
assistant for his willingness in providing us with
necessary lab equipment and constant support without
which this effort would have been worthless.
NEHA YADAV
Table of contents
 Aim
 Introduction
 Requirements
 Procedure
 Observations
 Calculations
 Precautions
 Sources Of Errors
 Bibliography
 Conclusion
Aim
TO DETERMINE THE COMBINED

FOCAL LENGTH OF ONE CONCAVE
AND ONE CONVEX LENSES
SEPARATED BY A FINITE DISTANCE
Introduction
Many Optical tasks require several lenses in order to achieve
an acceptable level of performance. One such possible
approach to lens combination is to consider each image
formed by each lens as the object for the next lens and so on.
This is a valid approach, but it is time consuming and
unnecessary.
In various optical instruments, two or more lenses are
combined to
1. Increase the magnification of the image,
2. Make the final image erect w.r.t the object.
3. Reduce certain aberrations.
It is much simpler to calculate the effective (combined) focal
length and principal point locations and then use the results
in any subsequent paraxial calculations. Two thin lenses of
focal length f₁ and f₂ respectively which are in closed
contact, then the effective focal length of the combination
will be given by
1/F= 1/f₁+1/f
And the total magnification of the lens combination will be
given by
M=m*m
If the lenses of focal length are separated by a finite distance
d, the focal length F of the equivalent lens is given by
1/F1/f1/fd/f.f
APPLICATIONS OF COMBINATION OF
CONVEX AND CONCAVE LENS
1. CHROMATIC ABBERATION
One common lens aberration is chromatic aberration.
Ordinary light is a mixture of light of many different colors,
i.e. wavelengths. Because the refractive index of glass to
light differs according to its color or wavelength, the
position in which the image is formed differs according to
color, creating a blurring of colors. This chromatic
aberration can be cancelled out by
Combining convex and concave lenses of different
refractive indices.
2 .TELEPHOTO LENSES
Most optical devices make use of not just one lens, but of a
combination of convex and concave lenses. For example,
combining a single convex lens with a single concave lens
enables distant objects to be seen in more detail. This is
because the light condensed by the convex lens is once more
refracted into parallel light by the concave lens. This
arrangement made possible the Galilean telescope, named
after its 17th century inventor, Galileo.
Adding a second convex lens to this combination produces a
simple telephoto lens, with the front convex and concave
lens serving to magnify the image, while the rear convex
lens condenses it. Adding a further two pairs of
convex/concave lenses and a mechanism for adjusting the
distance between the single convex and concave lenses
enables the modification of magnification over a continuous
range. This is how zoom lenses work.
Requirements
 An optical bench with three uprights (central
upright fixed, two outer uprights with lateral
movement)
 One convex lens
 One Concave lens
 Two lens holder
 Two optical needles
 Half metre scale
Procedure
• Take one concave and convex lens.
Find the rough focal length of the two lenses
Li(convex) and L2(concave) individually having focus
length of f, and f₂ respectively.
• Keep the lenses in front of the window and obtain a
sharp image of the object placed at infinity.
• Measure the distance between lenses and the image
formed with the help of scale.
• Now find the accurate focal length of two lenses L₁
and L₂ by using the experimental setup individually
and calculate its focal length reading.
• With left eye closed, see with the right open eye from
the other end of the optical bench. An inverted &
enlarged image of the object needle will be seen. Tip of
the image must lie in the middle of the lenses.
• Mount the thick optical needle in the fourth upright
near the other end of the optical bench.
• Adjust the height of the object needle so that its tip is
seen in line with the tip of the image when seen with
the right open eye.
• Move the eye towards right. The tips will get
separated. The image tip and the image needle have
parallax.
• Remove the parallax tip to tip as described.
• Combine the two lenses together with the help of two
lens holder and find its accurate combine focal length.
Observation table
S. Rough focal Radius of F=R/2
N0 length curvature
Lenses
1 Convex 9.5 20 10
2 Concave 8 18 -9
The separation between the two convex lenses = 7.2cm

Calculations
1 / F = 1 / f1 + 1 / f2+ (- d) / f1× f2
1 / F = 1/10 + 1 / (- 9) – 7.2 / (10) * (- 9)
1 / F = - 1/90 + 7.2/90 = 6.2/90 F = 90/6.2 * cm Therefore, F =
14.516cm
Precautions
• Tips of the object and image needles should lie at the same height
as the centre of the lens.
• Parallax should be removed from tip to tip by keeping eye at a

distance at least 30cm away from the needle.
• The object needle should be placed at such a distance that only

real, inverted image of it is formed.
SOURCES OF ERROR
• The uprights may not be the vertical.
• Parallax removal may not be perfect.

Bibliography
• Comprehensive Pratical Physics Class XII
• NCERT Physics Part – II
• Experimental Physics
• www.wikipedia.com
CONCLUSION
1. The combined focal length of one convex and one concave

lenses having focal length 10 cm and 9 cm respectively and
separated by a distance of 7.2 cm is 14.516 cm.
2. So on combination of the one convex and one concave lens the
effective focal length increases and hence its effective power
decreases.
The effective nature of the combined lens system is converging i.e. convex lens since focal length for
the system comes out to be positive.

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DAV PUBLIC SCHOOL NTPC,

Physics INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

Submitted by : Neha Yadav

This is hereby to certify that the project “To

Teacher Signature. Examiner Signature

TO DETERMINE THE COMBINED

The separation between the two convex lenses = 7.2cm

• Parallax should be removed from tip to tip by keeping eye at a

• The object needle should be placed at such a distance that only

• The uprights may not be the vertical.

• Parallax removal may not be perfect.

• NCERT Physics Part – II

1. The combined focal length of one convex and one concave

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