Chemistry Investigatory

Project On
Dyeing Of Fabrics

AIM: To dye wool and cotton with

malachite green.
 Contents
 Aim

 Introduction

 Characteristic

 Requirements

 Procedure

 Conclusion

 Bibliography
 INTRODUCTION

Dyes are colored substances which can

adhere to the surface of materials and are
used to give color to paper, food-stuffs, and
various textiles such as cotton, wool, synthetic
fibres, silk etc. For example, alizarin, indigo,
congo red, etc. Chemically, a dye contains:
i. Some group (such as azo, indigoid,
triphenylmethyl,anthraquinone,etc.)
which is responsible for the color of the
dye.
ii. Some groups (such as –NH2, -SO3H, -
COOH, etc) which makes the dye stick
to the fabric by formation of some salt.
Dyeing is the process of adding color to
textile products like fibres, yarn and fabrics.
The temperature and time controlling are two
key factors in dyeing.
The primary source of dye, historically has
been nature, with the dyes being extracted
from plants and animals. Since the 18th
century, humans produced artificial dyes to
achieve a broader range of colors and to
render the dyes more stable to resist
washing and general use.
The dyed fabrics appear to be colored
because a particular dye absorbs radiations
of some specific wavelengths from the visible
region of electromagnetic radiations which
fall on the surface. The remaining radiations
(complementary colors) of light are reflected.
The color which we observe is due to the
reflected light. For example, if a dye absorbs
the light in the wavelength region
corresponding to red, then it would appear
green, which is the complementary color of
red. Similarly, if a dye absorbs blue color, it
would appear orange.

Methods to apply dye

Dyes are applied to textile goods by
dyeing from dye solutions and by
 printing from dye pastes. Methods
include:
1. Direct application
2. Yarn dyeing

Characteristics of a dye
I. It must have a suitable color.

II. It must be capable of being fixed to the

material.

III. When fixed it must be fast to

detergents, soaps, water, dry-cleaning
solvents, light and dilute acids.

Types of dye
The dyes are classified by dye
manufacturers for marketing into the
following types:
1. Acid dyes: These are azo dyes and
are characterized by the presence
of acidic groups. The presence of
soluble and serves as the reactive
points for fixing the dye to the
fibre. They are chiefly used for
dyeing wool, silk and nylon. For
example, Orange I and Orange II.
2. Basic dyes: These dyes contain
NH2 or NR2. In acidic solutions,
these form water soluble cations
and use the anionic sites on the
fabric to get used for dyeing wool,
silk and nylon. For example,
aniline yellow, butter yellow.
3. Direct dyes: These are also azo dyes and are
used to dye fabrics directly by placing in
aqueous solution of the dye. These dyes
attach to the fabrics by means of hydrogen
bonding.
4. Disperse dyes: These dyes are applied in
the form of dispersion of minute particles of
the dye in a soap solution in the presence of
 phenol or benzoic acid. These dyes are used
to dye rayons, Dacron, nylon, polyesters etc.
For example, celliton fast pink B and celliton
fast blue B.
5. Fibre ractive dyes: These dyes are linked to
the fibre by –OH or –NH2 group present on
the fibre. These dyes induce fast color on
fabrics which is retained for a longer time.
These dyes are used for dyeing cotton, wool
and silk.
6. Insoluble dyes: These dyes are directly
synthesized on the fibre. The fabric to be
colored is soaked in an alkaline solution of
phenol and then treated with a solution of
diazotized amine to produce azo dye. The
color induced by such dyes is not so fast.
These dyes are used for dyeing of cotton,
silk, polyester nylon, etc. For example,
nitroaniline red.
7. Vat dyes: These dyes are water-insoluble
and before dyeing these are reduced to
colorless compounds in wooden vats by
 alkaline reducing agents. The fibre is then
soaked in the solution of the dye. Fibre is
then exposed to air or an oxidizing agent. By
doing so the colorless compound gets
reoxidized to colored dye on the fabric. For
example, indigo.
8. Mordant dyes: These dyes are applied after
treating the fabric with precipitates of
certain substances (mordant material)
which then combines with the dye to form a
colored complex called lake. Some of the
mordants are salts of aluminium, iron and
tannic acids. Depending on the mordant
used, the same mordant dye can give
different colors and shades. For example,
alizarin gives red color with aluminium and
black violet with iron mordant. Mordant
dyes are used for dyeing of wool, silk and
cotton.

REQUIREMENTS
Materials required: 500 ml beakers,
tripod stand, wire gauze, glass rod,
spatula, wool cloth and cotton cloth.

Chemicals required: Sodium carbonate,

tannic acid, tartaremetic acid, and
malachite green dye.

PROCEDURE
1.Preparation of sodium carbonate solution:
Take about 0.5 g of solid sodium carbonate
and dissolve it in 250 ml of water.
2.Preparation of tartaremetic solution: Take
about 0.2 g of tartaremetic and dissolve it in
100 ml of water by stirring with the help of
glass rod.
3.Preparation of tannic acid solution: Take 100
ml of water in a beaker and add about 1.0 g
of tannic acid to it. Heat the solution. On
heating a clear solution of tannic acid is
obtained.
4.Preparation of dye solution: Take about 0.1 g
of malachite green dye and add to it 4oo ml
of water. On warming a clear solution of the
dye results.
5.Dyeing of wool: Take about 200 ml of dye
solution and dip it in the woolen cloth to be
dyed. Boil the solution for about 2 minutes.
After that remove the cloth and wash it with
hot water 3-4 times, squeeze and keep it for
drying.
6.Dyeing of cotton: Cotton does not absorb
malachite green readily, therefore it
requires the use of a mordant. For dyeing a
cotton cloth dip it in sodium carbonate
solution for about 10 minutes and then
rinse with water. Then put the cloth in hot
tannic acid solution for about 5 minutes.
Now take out the cloth from tannic acid
solution and keep it in tartaremetic solution
for about 5 minutes. Remove the cloth and
squeeze it with spatula to remove most of
the solution. Now place the cloth in boiling
solution of the dye for about 2 minutes.
Remove and wash the dyed cloth
thoroughly with water, squeeze and keep it
for drying.
7.Dyeing of cotton directly: Take another piece
of cotton cloth and pit it directly into boiling
solution of the dye. Keep it dipped for about
2 minutes. Remove the cloth, wash with
water, squeeze and keep it for drying.
Compare the color of this cloth with that
dyed by using mordant.

OBSERVATIONS
 1.The color of wool cloth dyed directly by
dipping in hot solution of malachite green
dye is fast.
2.The color of cotton dyed cloth directly
(without using mordant) by dipping in hot
solution of malachite green is not so fast
to washing and is of low intensity.
The color of cotton cloth dyed indirectly by using
mordant and then by dipping in hot solution of
malachite green is fast to washing and is of high
intensity.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

 www.wikipedia.com

 Bechtold, T., Turcanu, A., Ganglberger,

E., & Geissler, S. (2003). Natural dyes in
modern textile dyehouses

 Vankar, P. S. (2000). Chemistry of
natural dyes. Resonance, 5(10), 73-80.