GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Mathematical Foundation of Computer Science

SUBJECT CODE: 3710214

Type of course: Core

Prerequisite: Discrete Mathematics

Rationale:

Teaching and Examination Scheme:

Teaching Scheme Credits Examination Marks Total

L T P C Theory Marks Practical Marks Marks
ESE(E) PA (M) PA (V) PA (I)
3 0 2 4 70 30 30 20 150

Content:

Sr. Content Total % Weightage

No Hrs

1 Probability mass, density, and cumulative distribution functions, 7 15

Parametric families of distributions, Expected value, variance,
conditional expectation, Applications of the univariate and
multivariate Central Limit Theorem, Probabilistic inequalities,
Markov chains
2 Random samples, sampling distributions of estimators, Methods of 7 15
Moments and Maximum Likelihood
3 Statistical inference, Introduction to multivariate statistical models: 8 16
regression and classification problems, principal components
analysis, The problem of overfitting model assessment
4 Graph Theory: Isomorphism, Planar graphs, graph colouring, 11 23
hamilton circuits and euler cycles. Permutations and Combinations
with and without repetition. Specialized techniques to solve
combinatorial enumeration problems
5 Computer science and engineering applications: Data mining, 10 21
Network protocols, analysis of Web traffic, Computer security,
Software engineering, Computer architecture, operating systems,
distributed systems, Bioinformatics, Machine learning
6 Recent Trands in various distribution functions in mathmatical field 5 10
of computer science for varying fields like bioinformatic, soft
computing, and computer vision

Reference Books:

1. John Vince, Foundation Mathematics for Computer Science, Springer

2. K. Trivedi.Probability and Statistics with Reliability, Queuing, and Computer Science Applications.
Wiley.
3. M. Mitzenmacher and E. Upfal.Probability and Computing: Randomized Algorithms and Probabilistic
Analysis
4. Alan Tucker, Applied Combinatorics, Wiley

Course Outcome:

After learning the course the students should be able to:

 To understand the mathematical fundamentals that is prerequisites for avariety of courses like Data
mining, Network protocols, analysis of Web traffic, Computer security, Software engineering,
Computer architecture, operating systems, distributed systems, Bioinformatics, Machine learning
 To developthe understanding ofthe mathematical and logical basis to many modern techniques in
information technology like machine learning, programming language design, and concurrency
 To study various sampling and classification problems.

List of Experiments:
1. Analyze the concpt of randomization. Implement a program in a language that supports graphics to
Push the balls from left and right allowing random movement and then let them fall in rectangle
bins.Show graphically how they form curve
2. Consider that there are two parties party1 and party2 contesting for elections. Consider candidate
from either party1 or party2. Consider voting population and ask them about their likelihood to vote
for the candidate from party1. Now Ask the population again to show their likelihood for candidate
after candidate gives speech. Now again rate the candidate through voting population. Implement a
program to do this. Use WEKA tool to simulate this.
3. Write a program that takes two inputs- size of the house(no of rooms) and location of the house and
accordingly give price of the house. Classify the house as very costly,costly,affordable,cheap.
4. Consider website of your institute. Represent the link structure by directed graph. Apply and
implement algorithm to traverse the graph and to reach a faculty's web page in your department
5. Graph theory problem – there are k aircrafts and have to be assigned n flights. The time interval of
ith flight is (ti1,ti2). If the time interval overlaps for the flights the same aircraft cannot be assigned
to both the flights.Vertices of the graph are flights.Two vertices are connected if the corresponding
time intervals overlap. Simulate the problem by applying graph theory. Use simulation tool to
simpulate or programming language to implement graph
 Seat No./Enrolment No.___________

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

ME - SEMESTER– 1 • EXAMINATION – SUMMER - 2024

Subject Code:3710214 Date: 20 Jun 2024

Subject Name:Mathematical foundations of Computer Science
Time:02:30 PM TO 05:00 PM Total Marks: 70
Instructions:
1. Attempt all questions.
2. Make suitable assumptions wherever necessary.
3. Figures to the right indicate full marks.
MARKS
Q.1 (a) Assume a random variable X denotes the no of neurons in an 07
experiment on a human brain. If the random variable X takes the
values 1, 2, 3 and 4 such that 2P(X=1)=3P(X=2)=P(X=3)=5P(X=4),
find the probability distribution function and cumulative distribution
function of X.
(b) Discuss the importance of the Central Limit Theorem (CLT) in 07
probability theory. Provide examples of how the CLT is applied in
various fields, including finance or quality control.
Q.2 (a) Compare and contrast the Method of Moments and Maximum 07
Likelihood Estimation as methods for estimating population
parameters. Provide examples where each method is more suitable.
(b) Define a random sample and explain its significance in statistical 07
analysis. Also find out following: A manufacturer of watches has
determined from experience that 3% of the watches he produces are
defective. If a random sample of 300 watches is examined, what is
the probability that, the proportion defective between 0.02 and
0.035.
OR
(b) If two proportions 10% of machine produced by a company A are 07
defective and 5% of machine produced by a company B are
defective. A random sample of 250 machines are taken from
company A and has the random sample of 300 machines from
company B. what is the probability that the difference in sample
proportion is <=0.02?
Q.3 (a) Differentiate between regression and classification problems within 07
multivariate statistical models. Provide examples of each problem
type.
(b) Explain the concept of Soft Computing and its relationship with 07
distribution functions. How are distribution functions integrated into
soft computing techniques for problem-solving?
OR
Q.3 (a) Discuss the notion of overfitting in statistical modeling. How does it 07
affect model assessment and the generalization of results?
(b) Discuss the role of distribution functions in the context of Computer 07
Vision. How do recent trends in Computer Vision leverage
distribution functions for tasks like image processing and object
recognition?
Q.4 (a) Define graph isomorphism and explain the concept of isomorphic 07
graphs. Walk through the principles of graph isomorphism,
highlighting the conditions that determine whether two graphs are
isomorphic or not. Provide a step-by-step example.
1
 (b) Define graph coloring, its relationship to the four-color theorem, and 07
the importance of this theorem in map coloring.
OR
Q.4 (a) Explain the characteristics of planar graphs, the core concept of 07
planarity, and the relationship between Kuratowski's theorem and
planarity.Explain the conditions under which a graph is considered
to be planar and discuss Kuratowski's theorem in detail.
(b) Define Hamiltonian circuits in a graph. Provide an example of a 07
graph with a Hamiltonian circuit and explain its properties.
Q.5 (a) Define data mining and clarify the significance of probability within 07
data mining. Additionally, elucidate the concepts of support and
confidence in the context of data mining.
(b) A Discuss the role of mathematical algorithms and techniques in 07
bioinformatics for tasks like sequence alignment and gene
expression analysis.
OR
Q.5 (a) Discuss the utilization of mathematical models in software 07
engineering, specifically for tasks such as software testing and
quality assurance.
(b) Explain the significance of modular arithmetic in computer security 07
and provide a statement and proof of Fermat's theorem. Additionally,
describe the application of Fermat's theorem in computer security.
************

2
 Seat No.: ________ Enrolment No.___________

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

ME - SEMESTER– 1 • EXAMINATION – WINTER - 2023

Subject Code:3710214 Date: 23 Jan 2024

Subject Name:Mathematical foundations of Computer Science
Time:10:30 AM TO 01:00 PM Total Marks: 70
Instructions:
1. Attempt all questions.
2. Make suitable assumptions wherever necessary.
3. Figures to the right indicate full marks.

Q.1 (a) The length of time, in minutes, that a customer queues in a Post Office is a 07
random variable T ,with probability density function
2
𝑓(𝑡) = {𝑐(81 − 𝑡 ) 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 9
0 𝑂𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
Where c is a constant,
1. Find the value of c.
2. Find cumulative distribution function F(t).
(b) The probability is 0.02 that an item produced by a factory is defective. A 07
shipment of 10,000 items is sent to its warehouse. Find the sum of the expected
number of defective items and the standard deviation.
Q.2 (a) A random variable x has the following probability distribution. 07
X=x -2 -1 0 1 2 3
P(x) 0.1 k 0.2 2k 0.3 k

Find the value of k & calculate mean and variance of x.

(b) Random samples of 400 men and 600 women were asked whether they would 07
like to have a flyover near their residence. 200 men and 325 women were in
favour of the proposal. Test the hypothesis that proportions of men and women
in favour of the proposal are same at 5% level.
OR
(b) The guaranteed average life of a certain type of electric light bulbs is 1000 hours 07
with a standard deviation of 125 hours.It is proposed to sample the output so as
to assure that 90% of the bulbs do not fall short of the guaranteed average by
more than 2.5%. What should be the minimum size of the sample? (The area
under standard normal curve from to is 0.4)
Q.3 (a) Out of 800 families with 5 children each, how many would you expect to have 07
(i) 3 boys
(ii) 5 girls
(iii) Either 2 or 3 boys
Assume equal probabilities for boys and girls.
(b) Define following terms: 07
1. Walk
2. Eular Path
3. Hamilton Path
4. Sub Graph
5. Circuit
6. Complete Graph
7. Planer Graph
OR

1
Q.3 (a) The probability of a man hitting a target is 1/3. 07
(i) If he fires 5 times, What is the probability of his hitting the targer at
least twice?
(ii) How many times must he fire so that the probability of his hitting the
target at least once is more than 90%?
(b) Define Vertex coloring and Region coloring. Determine whether the following 07
graphs are isomorphic. If yes, justify your answer.

Q.4 (a) From the following resuits, obtain the two regression equations and estimate the 07
yield when the rainfall is 29 cm and the rainfall, when the yield is 600 kg:
Yield in kg Rainfall in cm
Mean 508.4 26.7
Standard Deviation 36.8 4.6
The coefficient of correlation between yield and rainfall is 0.52.
(b) Describe each layers of OSI model in computer networks. 07
OR
Q.4 (a) The following data represents rainfall(x) and yield of paddy per hectare (y) in a 07
particular area. Find the linear regression of x on y.
x 113 102 95 120 140 130 125
y 1.8 1.5 1.3 1.9 1.1 2.0 1.7
(b) Describe how mathematics is significant to machine learning. 07
Q.5 (a) Explain Spiral model and Prototype model of software engineering and which 07
model among these two is better? Justify your answer.
(b) Discuss the use of probability distribution in computer vision. 07
OR
Q.5 (a) Discuss the use of probability distribution in Bioinformatics. 07
(b) What is Operating system? Explain any three types of operating system in details. 07

*************

2
 Seat No.: ________ Enrolment No.___________

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

ME - SEMESTER– 1 EXAMINATION – SUMMER - 2023

Subject Code:3710214 Date:13 Jul 2023

Subject Name: Mathematical foundations of Computer Science
Time:02:30 PM TO 05:00 PM Total Marks: 70
Instructions:
1. Attempt all questions.
2. Make suitable assumptions wherever necessary.
3. Figures to the right indicate full marks.

Q.1 (a) Answer the following:- 07

1. A man draws 3 balls from an urn containing 5 white and 7 black balls. He gets
Rs. 10 for each white ball and Rs. 5 for each black ball. Find his expectation.
2. In how many ways can a group of eight people be divided into committees,
subject to the constraint that each person must belong to exactly one committee,
and each committee must contain at least two people?
(b) The specifications for a certain kind of ribbon call for a mean breaking strength 07
of 180 pounds. If five pieces of the ribbon(randomly selected from different rolls)
have a mean breaking strength of 169.5 pounds with a standard deviation of 5.7
pounds, test the null hypothesis μ = 180 pounds against the alternative hypothesis
μ < 180 pounds at the 0.01 level of significance. Assume that the population
distribution is normal.
Q.2 (a) Explain regression and classification in details. 07
(b) I. Define the following terms: null-graph, isolated vertex, complete graph, Euler 07
circuit.
II. Define an isomorphism between two graphs. Write the conditions under which
two graphs cannot be isomorphic
OR
(b) Four losses are observed from a Gamma distribution. The observed losses are 07
200, 300, 350 and 450. Find a method of moments estimate for α.
Q.3 (a) I. Show that K5 is nonplanar. 07
II. How many different 8-digit binary sequences are there with six 1s and two 0s?
(b) What is the significance of building a model?Explain the problem of model over- 07
fitting. Howto avoid over-fitting problem?
OR
Q.3 (a) If a person of age 48 years take a loan amount of Rs 142000, classify the 07
probability of person falling in the defaulter class based on the previous
experience.
Age 25 35 45 20 35 52 23 40 60 48 33
Loan 40 60 80 20 120 18 95 62 100 220 150
(thousand)
Defaulter N N N N N N Y Y Y Y Y
(b) Use the following data to find the multiple linear regression 07
y = a0 + a1 x1 + a2x2 using least square method.
Y 5 10 9 0 3 27
X1: 0 2 2.5 1 4 7
X2; 0 1 2 3 6 2
Q.4 (a) Solve the following crime problem with graph theory: 07

1
 4 people named as A B C and D are being investigated. Only one person is telling
the
truth. From the statements of these 4 find out who is the thief.
1) A says “ I ‘m not the thief”
2) B says “ A is the thief”
3) C says “ I ‘m not the thief”
4) D says “ B is the thief”.
(b) What is the role of Modular arithmetic in Computer security? State and prove 07
Fermat’s theorem and it’s application in Computer security
OR
Q.4 (a) Find the value of c and CDF of x if a Random variable X has the PDF f(x) given 07
by
f(x) = cx, x>0
0, x<=0
(b) List and explain the metrics to evaluate Machine Learning Application 07
algorithms
Q.5 (a) Write a short note on mathematics used in computer architecture 07
(b) Write a short note on computer vision. List mathematics used in computer vision. 07
OR
Q.5 (a) Explain application of mathematics in the field of software engineering 07
(b) Write a short note on mathematical tools of Soft Computing. 07

*************

2
 Seat No.: ________ Enrolment No.___________

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

ME - SEMESTER– 1 (NEW) • EXAMINATION – WINTER - 2022

Subject Code: 3710214 Date: 23 Feb 2023

Subject Name: Mathematical foundations of Computer Science
Time:10:30 AM TO 01:00 PM Total Marks: 70
Instructions:
1. Attempt all questions.
2. Make suitable assumptions wherever necessary.
3. Figures to the right indicate full marks.

Q.1 (a) Define the following terms with suitable example. 07

1) Probability Distributions and Probability Mass
2) Cumulative Distribution function
(b) For the case of the thin copper wire, suppose that the number of flaws follows a 07
Poisson distribution with a mean of 2.3 flaws per millimeter. 1) Determine the
probability of exactly two flaws in 1 millimeter of wire. 2) Determine the
probability of 10 flaws in 5 millimeters of wire. 3) Determine the probability of
at least one flaw in 2 millimeters of wire.
Q.2 (a) Suppose that during any hour in a large department store, the average number of 07
shoppers is 448, with a standard deviation of 21 shoppers. What is the
probability that a random sample of 49 different shopping hours will yield a
sample mean between 441 and 446 shoppers? (Take Probability .4901, -.2486
for respective z values -2.33,-0.67)

(b) Each sample of water has a 10% chance of containing a particular organic 07
pollutant. Assume that the samples are independent with regard to the presence
of the pollutant. Find the probability that the next 18 samples,
1) exactly 2 samples contain the pollutant
2) at least 4 samples contain the pollutant
OR
(b) A certain lottery works by picking 6 numbers from 1 to 49. It costs $1.00 to 07
play the lottery, and if you win, you win $2 million after taxes.
1) If you play the lottery once, what are your expected winnings or losses?
2) If you play the lottery every week for 10 years, what are your expected
winnings or losses?
Q.3 (a) What is the significance of building a model? Explain the problem of model 07
over-fitting. How to avoid over-fitting problem?
(b) What is data mining? Explain the role of probability in data mining. 07
Also, explain what is support and confidence in data mining?
OR
Q.3 (a) Write down the steps of PCA algorithm. Explain each step in brief. 07
(b) How mathematical concepts are being used to implement security 07
algorithms? Explain in detail.
Q.4 (a) Explain any three Scheduling algorithm of operating system. 07

1
 (b) Define isomorphism in graph theory. List out several applications of 07
isomorphism. Also prove that the given graphs are isomorphic.

OR
Q.4 (a) Write short notes on how mathematics is useful in computer vision. 07
(b) Define planer graph. List out the properties of Planar Graphs. Prove that 07
complete graph K4 is planar.

Q.5 (a) Explain Permutations with Repetition with the help of example. If there are 4 07
chocolate chips, 2 oatmeal, and 2 double chocolate cookies in a box, in how
many different orders is it possible to eat all of these cookies?
(b) Suppose that a day’s production of 850 manufactured parts contains 50 parts 07
that do not conform to customer requirements. Two parts are selected at
random, without replacement, from the batch. Let the random variable X equal
the number of nonconforming parts in the sample. What is the cumulative
distribution function of X? Also plot the graph of cumulative distribution
function of X.
OR
Q.5 (a) Explain Combination without Repetition with the help of example. In a bucket 07
there are 10 balls, every ball is numbered from 1 to 10, if somebody pulls out 3
of this balls randomly, how many combination of could he take.
(b) Define Hamilton Circuit and Hamilton Path. Describe the role of Hamilton 07
Circuit in computer science with example in brief.

*************

2
 Seat No.: ________ Enrolment No.___________

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

ME - SEMESTER– 1 (NEW) • EXAMINATION – SUMMER - 2022

Subject Code:3710214 Date: 26 Jul 2022

Subject Name:Mathematical foundations of Computer Science
Time:02:30 PM TO 05:00 PM Total Marks: 70
Instructions:
1. Attempt all questions.
2. Make suitable assumptions wherever necessary.
3. Figures to the right indicate full marks.

Q.1 (a) A manufacturer of watches has determined from experience that 3% of the watches he 03
produces are defective. If a random sample of 300 watches is examined, what is the
probability that, the proportion defective between 0.02 and 0.035.
(b) Define Isomorphic graph. Are the two graphs given in the figure, is isomorphic? 04

(c) Suppose that X is a discrete random variable with the following probability mass 07
function: where 0 ≤ θ ≤ 1 is a parameter. The following 10 independent observations

were taken from such a distribution: (3,0,2,1,3,2,1,0,2,1). What is the maximum

likelihood estimate of θ.
Q.2 (a) What is Chromatic number? Compute the chromatic number (vertex colouring 07
number) of the following graph. Justify your answer!

Graph G Graph H
(b) Assume a random variable X denotes the no of neurons in an experiment on a human 07
brain. If the random variable X takes the values 1, 2, 3 and 4 such that
2P(X=1)=3P(X=2)=P(X=3)=5P(X=4), find the probability distribution function and
cumulative distribution function of X.
OR
(b) A box contains 4 white and 6 black balls. A man draws 2 balls and is given Rs. 140 for 07
every white ball and Rs.70 for every black ball. What is his expectation?
Q.3 (a) A random variable X has the following probability function : 07

X 0 1 2 3 4
P(x) k 3k 5k 7k 9k

Find :1) The value of k 2) P(X<3) and P(0<X<4) 3) The distribution function of x.
1
 (b) Explain regression and classification in details. 07
OR
Q.3 (a) Use the following data to find the multiple linear regression 07

(b) Explain significance of Mathematics in Machine learning. 07

Q.4 (a) If two proportions 10% of machine produced by a company A are defective and 5% of 07
machine produced by a company B are defective. A random sample of 250 machines
are taken from company A and has the random sample of 300 machines from company
B. what is the probability that the difference in sample proportion is <=0.02?
(b) What is data mining? Explain the role of probability in data mining. Also, explain 07
what is support and confidence in data mining?
OR
Q.4 (a) Explain principal component analysis in brief. 03
(b) Define Hamiltonian path, Hamiltonian cycle and Hamiltonian graph. Show that given 04
graph G has no Hamiltonian cycle but the graph has a Hamiltonian path and draw it.

(c) List and explain the metrics to evaluate Machine Learning Application algorithms 07
Q.5 (a) Write a short note on mathematical tools of Soft Computing. 07
(b) What is the role of Modular arithmetic in Computer security? State and prove 07
Fermat’s theorem and it’s application in Computer security
OR
Q.5 (a) Explain the problem of over fitting model assessment in details. 07
(b) Explain application of mathematics in the field of software engineering. 07

*************