f(c)

f(b)

f(a) 𝑓𝑓 𝑏𝑏 − 𝑓𝑓(𝑎𝑎)
𝑓𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑐 =
𝑏𝑏 − 𝑎𝑎

a c b

Name ___________________________________________

UNIT 5:
ANALYTICAL
APPLICATIONS OF
DIFFERENTIATION
NOTES
1
2
3
 EX#2: Let/ be the function given by f(x) = x 2 + 2x - 3. Find the number c that satisfies the
conclusion of Rolle's Theorem for f on [-3, 1].

\) f/(x)=�x+J JJ f(-3) = f(1) =O

J(x+l) =O �) f (I) - f ( - 3) - J X + �
X=-I \ -(-.3) -
J) + is Contf nuou.s when x = - I
+ d;fferentia.b)e 5) :.. C -=- - I
(pol�Y\omioJ)
EX #3: A sports car speedometer registers 50 miles per hour as it
passes a patrol car stationed at a mileage marker. Four minutes
later, the car passes another patrolman at a marker that is
five miles from the first. The driver notes that the
speedometer registers 55 miles per hour. Can the highway
patrol use the Mean Value Theorem to prove that the driver was
exceeding the speed limit of 70 miles per hour at some time between the two mileage
markers?
t =- � == _L tour
•
A
• -=,
s(t) B ,1.
�o 15
t:.o t ::. /tS v��= S(-½)- S(o2 5
+s--o
_.1_
Let
i -t = elapsed time} IS
" hwrs a.fter ca..r
pQSses the ftrst Yo.v;j = 15 m i/nrs
pa.tro \ co..r:
S(-t) = d ,stance, ntil3 Yes, blJ MvT en.r wo.s trb.veli"9
fr<'"' f, rs t Marker at timeJt. a± 0'15 MP."f-h rli/\, least DY\ee Or"
M LJ"tttS

-+·
EX #4: Let h(x) = 5 -�,Xfind all values of c in the open r : : . : : :
interval (1, 4) guaranteed by the Mean Value
Theorem.
-·-6
•. -)- . ···i······ ! · -- ··Fh(xJ·--
I
I
I
t
- ---•l••-•-•► •
I
I
I
I
I
I
l
•
-••♦•••••�••••••►••••••• • • ••

h (4) - h(11
N

'' '' ''

�
I I I •

;:: ··4
4-1 )(;!. - .) .... :-----:····(41.tJ) .....
_!±_
I J t I I

x;,.
I -- -: -- : -----:-----�------�-----�-----
.
---2
I , I I t

' '
x.1;:;;
' ' ' + '

4-
X-::: ± c:1 2 , 4 : 6

• •• C == J 8at1sf1es MV/ DY\

-- -:------�- ---!--·--�------�--- -�------
• I I I f
l I • I

- -2
I I I I

-- -·;------�-----:-----�------�----- -----
. . .
l<X<4. '
' f I •

j t • I

4
© Jean Adams Flamingo Math, LLC
 M.V.T. allows us to identify exactly where graphs rise or fall:
positive increasing
Functions with derivatives are functions.
negative decreasing

EX#S: Find all values between the x-intercepts for which Rolle's Theorem holds for the roots of
f (x) = 4x 2 - x 4• Verify with your calculator.

1) -f(x) is
eontif\oous � 3) +ex)= 8x- 4x
3

diff.rentia.ble., ever8where
e
-Lfx( x�-�)=O ,r crdicu.l
X=-O, f;f', -5 num�
Graph,·ca..\l�:
<- ;>

Conc\usiof\:
For the i ntervaJ -J < x< :1.)

«i) -f (x) :: .:2O Rolle's �eo<m o.pp 1,c:s for

-..XJ( :x: - 4)= o 'X= -� x=- o and x= J:i.
X=o) JJ -J...
EX #6: Determine whether g (x) = sin 2x + 2x satisfies the hypotheses of the Mean Value
Theorem on the interval [ 0, n]. If so, find all numbers c in (a, b) such that
1
.9(b) - .9(a) = .9 (c) (b - a)
Ii
\) Si/\e ard pol� nomials are. continut,us a."d differentroJ1'e ..
�) 9(0)= 0
3(1r)=J1T
3) 3 '(x) = J cos J>t -t cl-
9(-rr) - gco) = 3 /Cx)
-tr- 0 u\
tJ • •• C -- J[
Lt 't �
31T
) UI\
o1lf - 0 = J. {CJJS JX+ 1)
.,,-- 0 o<( � �-rr to
� - J ( Cos ;l.x+l) scrrisf � � YT
c.os c:lx-t-1 = I
5
© Jean Adams Flamingo Math, LLC
6
7
8
Topic 5.5: Using the Candidates Test to Determine Absolute (Global) Extrema

9
10
11
4. Using a GREEN colored pencil, sketch a tangent line, if possible, at the following points and
determine their sign.
A. At pointb ,f'(b)is ne@°'-trve. . Describe the change in the behavior ofthe
graph off at this value. con co. ve. down -\n Concave L) p

B. At point d, t' cd) is t 10de-fl n e d . Describe the change in the behavior of the
graph off at this value. f 3oeS from ;nc reas I r13 io ctecceo.s ,·a_g

C. At point e, f' (e)is --� e"'-'(t .c..______. Describe the change in the behavior of the
C....ll')

Conca.v� up to C,Dneo,ve down

--"'

graph off at this value.

D. Of these three points which two are points of inflection? ____.X b'-------'{1(1
=_....
'-"-- 0<=.-----'d
:....c..._____._X_-_e...cc....-_

5. If a function f has a relative extremum at a point, then the derivative at the point is either
zero or undefined. Is the converse of the statement also true? Q0
a,_t X= e f/Cx)_=_o�,-b-,vt--p-0_1 _n_t-''e�
What point(s) justifies your answer?

1 s. not on e,xtremvt of f
Definitions: Increasing and Decreasing Functions

□ A function f is increasing on an interval if for any two numbers x1 and x2 in the interval,
x1 < x2 implies f(xi ) < f(x2 ).

□ A function f is decreasing on an interval if for any two numbers x1 and x2 in the interval,
x1 < x2 implies f(x1 ) > f(x2 ).

EX #2: The graph of y = f (x), shown at right, is defined on [-3, 7]. List the open intervals over
which the function is increasing, decreasing, or constant.

-J<x<-1
4 y
A. f(x) is increasing on
� � y=f(x)

/2_

B. f (x) is decreasing on J.<x<.7 . -�- X

-.1<x<�
2 2 \6
'- 4
C. f(x) is constant on -2
- \
NOTE: A function is said to be MONOTONIC on an interval ifits first derivative
{which need not be continuous) does not change sign.

© Jean Adams Flamingo Math, LLC 12

How can we find the values of x on the graph of a function where it is increasing, decreasing, or
constant? Some important ideas come to mind here. If f(x) is a continuous function, then the
derivative can only change signs at a critical value. And, if f (x) is a discontinuous function, then the
derivative could change signs at a critical value or at a discontinuity.

How to Find Intervals of Increase and Decrease

Let f be a continuous function on the closed interval [ a, b]. To find the intervals on which f is
increasing or decreasing:

1. Find the critical values off, including discontinuities, in the interval (a, b).
2. Create a number line chart using these critical numbers.
3. Choose x-values in between the critical numbers to test the sign off' on your sign chart.

NOTE: Your sign chart is NOT A VALID JUSTIFICATION. You MUST write a clear and concise
statement communicating your mathematical language related to sign changes of
the derivative. DO NOT USE PRONOUNS!

For example,
"The function g is increasing on the interval (-2, 5) since g'(x) > O."

Topic 5.3: Determining Intervals on Which a Function Is Increasing or Decreasing

EX #3: Find the open intervals on which f(x) = ¾x 3 - x2 - 4x + 2 is increasing and or decreasing.
Justify.

CD -FtxJ= cJX�- �)l-L.J

J(x o1 - x-J) = o 0
f
+-++
(x-�')(x+I)= o
X= � > X = - I

&

When presented with a continuous function, knowing that the sign of the derivative changes at a
point (c,f(c) ), as well as, knowing how the sign changes will give us insight into the existence of
extrema.

© Jean Adams Flamingo Math, LLC

13
Topic 5.4: Using the First Derivative Test to Determine Relative (Local) Extrema

FIRST DERIVATIVE TEST:

Let c be a critical number of a function f that is continuous on an open interval. If f is
differentiable on the interval, except possibly at c, then/ (c) can be classified as follows:

1. If f'(x) changes from negative to positive at c, then f (c) is a relative minimum off.

2. If f'(x) changes from positive to negative at c, then f(c) is a relative maximum off.

3. If f' (x) does not change signs at c, then f (c) is neither a relative minimum nor a
relative maximum off.

We will explore how to find points of inflection and intervals

Symbol Vocabulary
where a function is concave up or concave down in the next

-
lesson. The following chart will be helpful in summarizing
and using correct vocabulary when justifying conditions: + Positive

Negative

'-
Function Behavior
un '
/' Increasing

'-
f(x) /' Decreasing
f'(x) /' +
V
n
Concave Up
f" (x) + Concave
Down

EX #4: Given f(x) = x4 - 8x2 + 1

A. Find the open intervals on which f(x) is increasing and/or decreasing. Justify. It- j
f'(x)= Ll,x:3- J" X ..f .,___ 0 +-+ + 0 ___ 0 ++-t \f'1
L/-x ( x ;i - 4) =- o
X ::; 0, - d.. 1 ;}.
B. Determine the x-values of any local extrema off(x). Justify.

-f (x'J i()trea.ses where f �x) >o, cm ( -�, O) & (:;>; oo)

� Cx) decreases Where f (x)<O) an� �-J)& (O;;J.)
.,

YY\0.){ <?cc..urs a± � = o Since + /(x) chaf\3es

-R"om posiilve io ne:}a.nve. here. ,,;
mi/\ oc.c�rs x=- - ;J. and x = �, f (x) Chat19e) from ne3a.irv;
© Jean Adams Flamingo Math, LLC 14
15
 EX #7: Find the relative extrema for f(x) = (x 2 4)3• Justify.
1>¾ + o - - '?f'e.,,,+-r- f ,,
-

tt;c) = A(xi
3
- 1.\-T 13(Jx) --
\t 1 7' -f
f/{.,x) = l{ )(
-J_.
JY'tt'\
0 \
rNJ.X
o1
miA a 3i
3� CD -f has re\. max of � or J. �
X). -4 �o at x = o b/C. f/ Ch01'9'€� s,gn
x = -o2, � from past--nve to ne3CA.t1ve..
cri+ico.l * @ + has rel .. Mi" of Oat x=-�
X=-0 ..f/ 0 a."d X=� b/c -f" char:�es s13n
X-=+;) f" dne -from ne,9a.trve -to pos ,iive,
EX #8: Find the x-coordinates of the relative extrema for h(x) = Vx2(x - 2)
x "'�
hti) � _Ax-Y3(�-�)+
3
i('f.
h/ ++o\ -- ' ++
0

� �ex-�> +3x
3 )( 11.3
rel. max occurs at X= o
- 5x-4 rel. m," oC(l)rs Cl± x = 4/5
3x'6
X-= _:L
5 X=O
h/::::o dne.
EX #9: Given g(x) = x;�:
, (i) Find the intervals of increasing/decreasing and (ii) Fnd the
x-coordinates of the relative extrema.
9'(x.)� (_x-,;i)(.;ix) -{x:i -3) ( i) j inc.rea.se.s (- 0o J I) & (31 Q?)
x-� where 9/cx)>O
g-'Ci<)= x.;i-LJx+� 3dec,eo.se.s (l,.l)&(.;l-13)
)�
-( x-� Where 9 ,,(x) < o
a ✓.(x;\·' -- (x- J2)(x-\) r ii) rel. max occ.,urs
0 o..t X.::: .i
( x -� ) �
'

3,. d,a1\9e.s
from (+) -to (-)
3 1 ++ -- 0 +-++
0 !,
\..,(\--
0
rel. mi/\ occurs o..t X= .3
a t- 1 � J. \. 3 t 3/ cha�eJ -from(-) +o(+)
.J tt-0.i- �,l\

© Jean Adams Flamingo Math, LLC 16

17
18
19
20
 = x 2 - 3 + sin(2x - 1)
ii
EX #5: Use a calculator to find how many times the graph of y changes
concavity on the interval [O, 2n].

So lve ( � - Lt sin (Q x - )) =- 0 J X I D < x < �lT)

X-;- l�n1r +lf-t � .
)
x= l�n1T + 57T -+fa
I ;l,
';).

n= o, 1, J,3r ..
X== o .. ,<c,18, ;,...:: J.&ogq, x== .3.9033 ) x= 4 .. 95os, x/ 1.0LJ�

4 -times
EX #6: Using a calculator, find the value(s) of x at which the gr.3.ph of y = e xx 2 changes concavity. ii
T:t-N.sP J f<E ex- CA5

l/
Press MENU; �:5 (twice)
x� -o.5851
X� -3. y I�� -� ;--�

To12tc �.7: !Jiing thi Se�ong 12erivgtive Test to Determine Extrema

Using the Second Derivative to find Extrema of a Function

Similarly, the SECOND DERIVATIVE is the FIRST DERIVATIVE of f'(x), so the same relationships that
exist between f (x) and f' (x) must also exist between f' (x) and f" (x). We can use the SECOND
DERIVATIVE TEST as an alternate method for locating relative extrema.

If x = c is a critical number of f(x), then f' (c) = 0 orf' (c) does not exist. This makes
x = c a "possible" maximum or minimum value of the function f(x).

f" (x) f(x) f'(x)

positive Concave. up ,nu-easi'"j

°
negative conco..ve rJown decre.o.s1 r) 9
neither possible po,ot of possfbte relative.
lf\ffect,on he(e max/m1() here_
© Jean Adams Flamingo Math, LLC 21
 EX #7: Use the second derivative test to find the relative extrema
for each function. Justify.
A. g(x) = x 4
- 8x 3
- 5
;;,
9 /(x) = Lf-x 3_ 6llf x x=c f(c) I" (c)
4x 3 -�'-f x� = o 0 -5 -lefo
lf.X� ( X -�) =. 0 (p - '-/37 posi·hve
X =- 0J X = (o uiti·coJ
numbers

3//(x)= l�x..l -48x Conclusion�.-

\) Local mi{) occ..vrs a± X="
3n( o) = I J(q.l _t.J8(0)
9q(o)� o Clr'd_ is - 431 b/c., �/"(b):>o
3 /I(G,)-; f;;l (Cot- LJ.8 ((o) .9 s concave u P·
1
9'"Ceo) � 1J.f'+ �) No concLUS10() Clbove X= O
Sit1ce 3//(0) = o.
B. f(x) = ½x - sinx on -2rr::; x::; n

+ �1(;<)= Si0x Conc.Jusions:

-f (-J)" �1!-
Si/\{--f.} t) LocQI mins ctr�
� -3.. J.l-84 @ X-= - STr/3 a.nd
f (--m: -{,- - Sil' (-f} z -o. 31.fJ @x= "o/3 s,nc.e
f(lf/3)= -t- SiA(f) .f// (x) > 0 a.nd f' i S C.Ol"Ca
up .
�) Loca.l max value 1 s o.ooui
0.. 34� @) X-;: -TrJ3 SiAce
-P /fx) <O o."d f is Clf\cave,
© Jean Adams Flamingo Math, LLC 22
23
EX #9: In the table at right, selected values for
g(x), g' (x) and g" (x) are shown. The X g(x) g' (x) g" (x)
function y = g(x) is a twice-differentiable
function and continuous on -4 5'.; x 5'.; 5. -4 0 -6 -1

3 4 0 -2
A. Explain why there must be a value x = c on (-4, 5)
such thatg(c) = 7. 5 8 3 0
q(-4)::-.0 _9(5)= �; S,oc.e 0<7< 8
li0d -f is corrr,nuouS on [- 4; 5], by 1vr iher� must
be o. va.fue x=c. on (-4-,S) where 9Ce)=7.
B. Explain why there must be a value x = don (-4, 5) such that g' (d) = �
- =__]_;since f is co�tinuous on E'+,5J
�/(d) = 9.Cs)-3(4)
5- (- lt) 9
and different,.o.bJe on (-4-,S)j by M VT there
,s o. valu�
ouch that 3/(d) = +.
C. Does g(x) have a local maximum, local minimum or neither at x = 3? Justify.
3/(3)=0 c.r,-+icaJ nutr1ber O.r\d_ 3//(3)=-�. '30_3Cx)
1s COY'cove dowr1 and 9(3) is o.. local max1_01 um
of 4 at x= .3 by JYl'd Derivo.tive Test- for 1::.xfre.mo..
D. Can concavity of g(x) be determined on the interval -4 < x < S? Why or why not?
No1 there i's not enot9 h i()furma:t, on to de1t?(m,11e
CDf\cov·rty �V\ .- _4<X<5. We o(\l '-1 have ef\dpoints ard
X = 3 �o 1()Hfl1fel ma0y po;nt5 are miss 111--9 to
y
esta._� I 1s h CDr1 cavi:fy
SUMMARY OF FIRST AND SECOND DERIVATIVE TESTS
RELATING FUNCTION BEHAVIOR:
f'(x) >0 f'(x) <0 f'(x) =O
Increasing and Decreasing and Relative Minimum
f"(x) >0 Concave Up Concave Up and Concave Up

Increasing and Decreasing and Relative Maximum

f"(x) <0 Concave Down Concave Down and Concave Down

Function is "smooth,
Increasing and Decreasing and
f"(x) =0 Inflection Point Inflection Point
level" and a possible
' inflection point

© Jean Adams Flamingo Math, LLC 24

25
26
27
28
29
 EX #6: The graph of y = f' (x) is shown below, on the interval [-8, 8]. If f (-8) = 5. On the
same set of axes, sketch a possible graph of the function y = f (x).
f{\QX

(- g l 5) . . p6L

+ - 0 -1-

-,
�/

-r -g "-s J'I \, 3 ?'- 8

+u I ..,. ..,
0 0 +- + .f-
f +-+ I
u
+-+ I - - - I
-f -g V -.3 f'\ 1 5V8

EX #7: The function f (x) is defined and differentiable on

the closed interval [-6, 6]. The graph of y = f' (x), y =f'(x):

the derivative of/, consists of three line segments

and a semicircle, shown in the figure at right.
For each question below find the values for y = f(x)
on the interval -6 < x < 6 and justify your reason. 4 6
.
. ..... _, __ . . ... . . '
.'

A. Find the x-coordinate of each critical point for y = f (x). ;{:

;

:... :
.
·······�·'··· ·- ..
. . --4 ...; -:!. ..
...
.}: - ... · ..... · ·····-···· ;··········�---··
'

:';
..
_.,
.
-+fx)=O ; X=-4 Q0d X =- 0 '

B. Find the x-coordinate of each relative extrema of y = f (x) and label as a maximum or minimum.
At ?<� - Lf., ..f'/ changes_ s19n -f'rom ne3a+i'!e to
posd-,ve. J so x:: -4 ,s o. r-ela.+,ve m1·A1mum.

C. Find the open interval(s) over which the function y = f (x) is increasing or decreasing.
Where -P ex) >O J -9 is 10creas1n9 on (- Lf,o) u (o, �)
✓

W'riere +"()()<o) f ,·cs decreas,n3 e,r, (-c,>-Lf)

D. Find the x-coordinate of each point of inflection for y = f (x).

Af x:4 & x=-c::), f/tx) cha.f\�S 019(\ from pos,+,ve to ne_ga-hve.

At X = 0 J-f/r(x) cha'1(Jes s, gn f'rom negative to positive
f .,,(-;)) = o o.n d f'/1'Cit) a n e & . f"(0) dne
E. Find the interval(s) over which the function y = f(x) is concave up or concave down.
+/"(x) >O, f ,s concave up (- 6) -c2) u (o,4)
-t11(x)<o1 -F t·s concave down (-J,o)u(L.J.,<o)
© Jean Adams Flamingo Math, LLC 30
 EX #8: Let h(x) be a function that is continuous on the interval (0, 6]. The function his twice
differentiable except at x = 3, where the derivative of h does not exist. The function
and its derivatives have the properties indicated in the table below. Use the table to
sketch a graph ofy = h(x).

X 0 O<x<2 2 2<x<3 3 3<x<4 5 5<x<6

h(x) 3 Positive 0 Negative -3 Negative 0 Positive

h'(x) -3 Negative -3 Negative DNE Positive 1 Positive

h" (x) -2 Negative 0 Positive ONE Negative 0 Positive

y I
.
'
I
'
'
t 0

--4 --· - - - ,, --·- �- ____ ., - - . .. _j_ - - - ....

o
' 1
t
I
•
I
I
I
•
- ----

' • t I I

--3 --- �-- .. -�-----�----�----�-----

---:9---T----�-----r--- ---
' I I I I

--2 ---:
: : I ; :

• I I

--1 ___ _: -
l

_1 ____ _! _____ _., ____ �---- ... -- -

; : ; ' ; X

·- 1
-- 2

----�----+----� - --
'
--3 -- � ----�- -
•--+. ----�----�-----�-. --+----!-----
' I I 0
I l • I I

--4
'
'
.'
'
. . . '
'
'
'
'
'
'
'

EX #9: The function f is defined and differentiable on the .V

closed interval [-6, 5). The graph of y = f' ( x) the (-6, 9) y=f'{x)
derivative off, is shown in the figure below and has
(2. 7)
horizontal tangent lines at x = -3 and x = 2.

A. Find the x-coordinate(s) of each relative extrema on

-6< x < 5. Identify as a max or min. Justify.
mat: x= -5> )(=4 j .f/ chat"\ges
(-5.0) (4, 0)

513n -from c+) +o c-) X

min: X.:: o, +
., changes
from E-) to (+) (5. -3)
B. Find the x-coordinate of each point of inflection for
y = f (x). Justify. (-3, -6)
f. .,., cha('\9es s, 9n .Prom (-) �o (-+)
a+ X= -3 Qnd -From (-+") +o C-·)
a.t X.=�-
C. Letg(x) = x 3 - f(x). Find g'(-3).
3'(x) = 3 )( i - f /(x)
3 (-3)� 3(-3)� - f/(-3)
9
✓

(-3) �
✓ J1-(-�)
© Jean Adams Flamingo Math, LLC 31
32
33
 Optimization Problems Over an Unbounded Interval
In the last few examples we were guaranteed that the functions had absolute extrema by the Extreme
Value Theorem. Let's explore a few situations for which the domain is neither closed nor bounded.

EX. #4: What are the dimensions of an aluminum can that can hold 40 in3 of soda and that uses
the least amount of aluminum? Assume the can is cylindrical and capped on both ends.

---------

- - - - -' j
S'A>O 3
V-:..t../0 in

EX. #5: Which points on the graph of y = 4 - x 2 are closest to the point (0, 2)?
ii

© Jean Adams Flamingo Math, LLC 34

35
36