CHAPTER - 3

CONTROL STUCTURE IN C

Prepared By:
Subject : PPS
Asst. Prof. Rupali Patel
Code : 3110003 (CSE Department, ACET)
 Block Diagram of Computer
Decision making structures require that the programmer specifies one or
more conditions to be evaluated or tested by the program, along with a
statement or statements to be executed if the condition is determined to
be true, and optionally, other statements to be executed if the condition is
determined to be false.
 if statement in C Programs
The if statement facilitates to check a particular condition. If that
condition is true, then a specific block (enclosed under the if) of code
gets executed.

Syntax:
if(condition)
{
//Statement block
}
 if-else Statement
The if statement works pretty good, but if you want to work with more variables
and more data, the if-else statement comes into play.
In the if statement, only one block of code executes after the condition is true.
But in the if-else statement, there are two blocks of code – one for handling the
success and other for the failure condition.

Syntax:
if(condition)
{
//Statement block
}
else
{
//Statement block
}
 nested if-else Statement
It is always legal in C programming to nest if-else statements, which
means you can use one if or else if statement inside another if or else if
statement(s).
 nested if-else Statement (cont..)
Syntax:
if(condition)
{
if(condition)
{
//Statement block
}
else
{
//Statement block
}
}
else
{
//Statement block
}
 Switch Statement
A switch statement allows a variable to be tested for equality against a list of
values. Each value is called a case, and the variable being switched on is
checked for each switch case.

Syntax:
switch(expression)
{
case constant-expression :
statement(s);
break; /* optional */
default : /* Optional */
statement(s);
}
 The ? : Operator
We have covered conditional operator ? : in the previous chapter which can be
used to replace if...else statements. It has the following general form −
Exp1 ? Exp2 : Exp3;

Where Exp1, Exp2, and Exp3 are expressions. Notice the use and placement of
the colon.

The value of a ? expression is determined like this −

Exp1 is evaluated. If it is true, then Exp2 is evaluated and becomes the value of
the entire ? expression.

If Exp1 is false, then Exp3 is evaluated and its value becomes the value of the
expression.
 Looping Statement in C
Looping statement are the statements execute one or more statement repeatedly
several number of times. In C programming language there are three types of
loops; while, for and do-while.

Advantage with looping statement

Reduce length of Code
Take less memory space.
Burden on the developer is reducing.
Time consuming process to execute the program is reduced.

Types of Loops.
There are three type of Loops available in 'C' programming language.
while loop
for loop
do..while
 While loop
In While Loop in C First check the condition if condition is true then control
goes inside the loop body other wise goes outside the body. while loop will be
repeats in clock wise direction.

Syntax:
Assignment;
while(condition)
{
Statements;
......
Increment/decrements (++ or --);
}
 For loop
For Loop in C is a statement which allows code to be repeatedly executed. For
loop contains 3 parts Initialization, Condition and Increment or Decrements.

Syntax:
for(initialization; condition; increment/decrement)
{
Statements;
}
 do-while loop
A do-while Loop in C is similar to a while loop, except that a do-while loop is
execute at least one time.
A do while loop is a control flow statement that executes a block of code at least
once, and then repeatedly executes the block, or not, depending on a given
condition at the end of the block (in while).

Syntax:
do
{
Statements;
........
Increment/decrement (++ or --)
} while(condition);
 break statement
In C programming, break statement is used with conditional if statement.
The break is used in terminating the loop immediately after it is encountered.
it is also used in switch...case statement.

Syntax:
break;
 continue statement
It is sometimes desirable to skip some statements inside the loop. In such cases,
continue statement is used.

Syntax:
continue;

Just like break, continue is also used with conditional if statement.

 goto statement
In C programming, goto statement is used for altering the normal sequence of
program execution by transferring control to some other part of the program.

Syntax:
goto label;
.............
.............
.............
label:
statement;

In this syntax, label is an identifier.