Fall 2024-25

School of Mechanical Engineering

BMEE202L Mechanics of Solids
Module 1
Simple Stresses and Strains
By
Dr. T. Christo Michael
Associate Professor
External Material
Forces

Any
Component
Design

Shape &
Size

2
 Overview
In this fundamental course of Mechanics of Solids, the
concepts discusses are
 Axially loaded member – Bar
 Beam
 Torsion
 Buckling in column
 Internally pressurized vessels
 Principal stresses and strains – Bi-axial state of stress

3
Outline
 Pre-requisites
 Stress - Types
 Strain - Types
 Stress-strain curves
 Hooke’s Law
 Simple and compound bars under axial load
 Stress and strain
 Thermal Stress
 Poisson’s ratio
 Volumetric strain
 Elastic constants
 Strain energy
Pre-requisite:
Engineering Mechanics
 Equilibrium
 FBD
 Properties of Surfaces
 Centroid
 Second moment of area (Moment
of inertia of area)
Introduction- Strength and Stress
 The designer allows the maximum stresses in a
component to be less than the component’s
strength at critical locations
 Strengths are the magnitudes of stresses
 Strength is a property of a material or of a
mechanical element
 The strength of an element depends on the
choice, the treatment, and the processing of the
material
 The magnitudes of load-induced stresses depend
on its geometry and are independent of the
material and its processing
 strength is an inherent property of a part, a
property built into the part because of the use of a
particular material and process
6
Introduction-Analysis and Design
Let us analyse and design the
structure shown which supports a 30
kN load.
Boom AB - 30 x 50-mm (rectangular
cross section)
Rod BC - 20-mm-diameter

7
8
For a two-force member the lines of action
of the resultants of the forces acting at each
of the two points are equal and opposite
and pass through both points.

9
10
Internal Force
Since 50-kN forces must be
applied at D to both portions of the
rod to keep them in equilibrium,
we conclude that an internal force
of 50 kN is produced in rod BC
when a 30-kN load is applied at B.

 The internal force FBC actually

represents the resultant of
elementary forces distributed over the
entire area A of the cross section.

 the average intensity of these

distributed forces is equal to the force
per unit area.

11
Normal Stress
The force per unit area, or intensity of the forces distributed over a
given section, is called the stress.

 It represents, the average

value of the stress over the
cross section
 The stress distribution is
assumed to be uniform

12
Normal Stress – Tensile and Compressive

Unit MPa or N/mm2

Tensile Stress Compressive Stress

13
Stress at a Point
∆𝐹 𝑑𝐹
𝜎 = lim =
∆𝐴→0 ∆𝐴 𝑑𝐴

𝑑𝐹 = 𝜎𝑑𝐴

𝑃= 𝑑𝐹 = 𝜎𝑑𝐴

14
Stress Distribution in Bar

When we assume that the

internal forces are uniformly
distributed across the section, it
follows from elementary statics,
that the resultant P of the
internal forces must be applied
at the centroid C of the section.
𝑃= 𝑑𝐹 = 𝜎𝑑𝐴
15
Why deformation?
 The analysis of deformations help us in the determination of
stresses.
 It is not always possible to determine the forces in the members
of a structure by applying only the principles of statics.
 By analyzing the deformations, it will be possible for us to
compute forces that are statically indeterminate.
 The distribution of stresses in a given member is statically
indeterminate, even when the force in that member is known.
 To determine the actual distribution of stresses within a member,
it is thus necessary to analyze the deformations that take place in
that member.

16
Normal Strain

Deformation per unit length

𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛, 𝜖 =
𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
17
If we plot the stress ζ = P/A against the strain ε = δ/L, we obtain a
curve that is
 characteristic of the properties of the material
 does not depend upon the dimensions of the particular specimen
used
This curve is called a stress-strain diagram.

18
Stress-Strain Diagram
The diagram representing the relation between stress and strain in a
given material is an important characteristic of the material.

19
Stress-Strain Diagram for Ductile Material

Low Carbon Steel

• Proportional limit
• Yield point- upper and
lower yield point
• Ultimate point
• Fracture point

20
Stress-Strain Diagram for Ductile Material
 The onset of yield is not
Aluminium characterized by a horizontal portion
of the stress-strain curve
 Instead, the stress keeps
increasing— although not linearly—
until the ultimate strength is reached
 Necking then begins, leading
eventually to rupture
 The yield strength is at 0.2% offset,
(a line parallel to the initial straight-
line portion of the stress-strain
diagram)
21
Stress-Strain Diagram for Brittle Material
 Rupture occurs without any
noticeable prior change in the
rate of elongation
 There is no difference between
the ultimate strength and the
breaking strength
 The strain at the time of rupture
is much smaller for brittle than
for ductile materials
 No necking

22
 Ductility
 It is a measure of the degree of plastic deformation that has
been sustained at fracture.
 Ductility may be expressed quantitatively as either percent
elongation (%EL) or percent reduction in area (%RA).

23
Hooke’s Law - Modulus of Elasticity
 When a member is loaded within elastic limit, the stress is
proportional to strain.
 The constant of proportionality is known as Modulus of elasticity
or Young’s Modulus.
 Young’s Modulus is the measure of stiffness of the material.

Strain
Stress Young’s Modulus

24
Change in Length

25
Change in Length

26
27
 Analysis of Axially loaded members
 Bars of uniform cross section
 Bars of varying cross sections (Stepped bars)
 Principle of superposition
 Bars of composite sections

28
Bars of Uniform Cross Section
Problem 1
A tensile test was conducted on a mild steel bar. The following data was
obtained from the test:
(i) Diameter of the steel bar = 3 cm
(ii) Gauge length of the bar = 20 cm
(iii) Load at elastic limit = 250 kN
(iv) Extension at a load of 150 kN = 0.21 mm
(v) Maximum load = 380 kN
(vi) Total extension = 60 mm
(vii) Diameter of the rod at the failure = 2.25 cm
Determine:
(a) E = 202 GPa
(a) The Young’s modulus
(b) The stress at elastic limit (b) ζel = 353.7 MPa

(c) The percentage elongation and (c) % elongation = 30 %

(d) The percentage reduction in area (d) % reduction in area = 43.75 %
29
 Bars of Varying Cross Section
φ 5 cm
Problem 2
φ 3 cm
φ 2 cm

35 kN 35 kN

20 cm 25 cm 22 cm

An axial pull of 35000 N is acting on a bar consisting of three

lengths as shown in figure. If the Young’s modulus = 2.1 x 105
N/mm2, determine:
(i) Stress in each section and
(ii) Total extension of the bar.
30
Problem 3
A member formed by connecting a steel bar to an aluminium bar is
shown in figure. Assuming the bars are prevented from buckling
sideways, calculate the magnitude of force P that will cause the total
length of the member to decrease 0.25 mm. The values of elastic
modulus for steel and aluminium are 2.1 x 105 N/mm2 and 7 x 104
N/mm2 respectively. P
5 cm x 5 cm
Steel bar
30 cm

10 cm x 10 cm
38 cm

Aluminium bar

31
Problem 4
φ 6 cm φ 6 cm

160 kN 160 kN

40 cm

The bar shown in figure is subjected to an tensile load of 160 kN. If the
stress in the middle portion is limited to 150 N/mm2, determine the
diameter of the middle portion. Find also the length of the middle portion if
the total elongation of the bar is to be 0.2 mm. Young’s modulus is given
as 2.1 x 105 N/mm2 .

32
 Principle of Superposition
When a number of loads are acting on a body, the resulting
strain, according to principle of superposition, will be the
algebraic sum of strains caused by individual loads.

Problem 5

A brass bar having cross sectional area of 1000 mm2, is subjected to

axial force as shown in figure. Find the total elongation of the bar. Take
E = 1.05 x 105 N/mm2
δL = -0.1142 mm

33
Solution Compressive plane

Force in segment CD Tensile

PCD= 10 kN
(Compressive)

PCD= ?

𝐹=0

𝑃CD − 50 + 80 − 20 = 0

𝑃CD = −10

PCD= 10 kN
(Compressive)
34
Force in segment BC
𝑃BC − 50 + 80 = 0
PBC=?
𝑃BC = −30

PBC=?

−𝑃BC − 20 − 10 = 0
𝑃BC = −30

PBC=30 kN (Compressive)

PBC=30 kN
(Compressive) 35
Force in segment AB

PAB= 50 kN (Tensile)
E = 1.05 x 105 N/mm2
A = 1000 mm2

Change in length of the bar

𝛿𝐿 = 𝛿𝐿AB + 𝛿𝐿BC + 𝛿𝐿CD

600 1000 1200

1
𝛿𝐿 = 𝑃 𝐿 − 𝑃BC 𝐿BC − 𝑃CD 𝐿CD
𝐴𝐸 AB AB
50x103 30x103 10x103

δL = -0.1143 mm Reduction in length

36
Problem 6
GATE 2004, IES 1995, 1997, 1998
The figure below shows a steel rod of 25 mm2 cross sectional area. It is
loaded at four points, K, L, M and N.

Assume Esteel = 200 GPa. The total change in length of the rod due to
loading is:

37
Problem 7 (Statically Indeterminate Bar)
A bar AB of length L and uniform cross section is attached to rigid
supports at A and B before being loaded. What are the stresses in
portions AC and BC due to the application of a load P at point C ?

38
 Using Equilibrium

Using compatibility or kinematic condition

Using load-displacement relationship

FBD

39
Problem 8
Determine the reactions at A and B for the steel bar and loading
shown in Fig, assuming a close fit at both supports before the loads
are applied.

RA = 323 kN

RB = 577 kN

40
Problem 9
Both portions of the rod ABC are made
of an aluminum for which E = 70 GPa.
i. Knowing that the magnitude of P is 4
kN, determine (a) the value of Q so
that the deflection at A is zero, (b)
the corresponding deflection of B.
ii. Knowing that the magnitude of P = 6
kN and Q = 42 kN, determine the
deflection of (a) point A, (b) point B.
(i) (a) Q = 32.8 kN
(b) δB = 0.0728 mm (C)

(ii) (a) δA = 0.01819 mm (T)

(b) δB = 0.0919 mm (C)
41
Bars of Composite Sections
A bar, made up of two or more bars of equal lengths but of different
materials rigidly fixed with each other and behaving as one unit for
extension or compression when subjected to an axial tensile or
compressive loads, is called a composite bar.

42
Problem 10
A steel rod of 3 cm diameter is
enclosed centrally in a hollow copper
tube of external diameter 5 cm and
internal diameter of 4 cm. the
composite bar is then subjected to an
axial pull of 45000 N. if the length of
each bar is equal to 15 cm, determine:
(i) Stress in in the rod and tube, and
(ii) Load carried by each bar.
Take E for steel = 2.1 x 105 N/mm2 and
ζs = 41.77 MPa
for copper = 1.1 x 105 N/mm2 ζc = 21.88 MPa
Ps = 29525.5 N
Pc = 15474.5 N
43
Problem 11
A 1.25 m concrete post is reinforced
with four steel bars, each with a 20
mm diameter. Knowing that Es=200
GPa and Ec=25 GPa, determine the
normal stresses in the steel and in the
1.25 m
concrete when a 650 kN axial centric
force P is applied to the post.

ζs = 106.6 MPa
ζc = 13.3 MPa 200 mm
200 mm

44
Problem 12
A steel rod and two copper rods
together support a load of 370 kN as
shown in figure. The cross sectional
area of steel rod is 2500 mm2 and of
each copper rod is 1600 mm2. Find the
stresses in the rods. Take E for steel =
2 x 105 N/mm2 and for copper = 1 x
105 N/mm2

45
Problem 13
A steel rod 18 mm in diameter passes centrally through a steel tube
of 25 mm internal diameter and 30 mm external diameter. The tube
is 750 mm long and is closed by rigid washers of negligible
thickness which are fastened by nuts threaded on the rod. The nuts
are tightened until the compressive load on the tube is 20 kN.
Calculate the stresses in the tube and the rod.
Find the increase in these stresses when one nut is tightened by
one quarter of a turn relative to the other. There are 4 threads per
10 mm. Take E for steel = 2 x 105 N/mm2.

46
 Thermal Stresses
 External loads are not the only sources of stresses and strains in
a structure.
 Other sources include thermal effects arising from temperature
changes
 Changes in temperature produce expansion or contraction of
structural materials, resulting in thermal strains and thermal
stresses

For most structural materials,

Thermal strain Change in

Co-efficient of temperature
thermal expansion (°C or °K)
(/°C or /°K)
47
Comparison of Thermal Strains with Load-Induced Strains

Longitudinal strains of an axially loaded bar is given by

Thermal strain of the bar is given by

Equating the strains,

48
Temperature-Displacement Relation

49
Free Expansion Free Expansion Prevented

50
Case 1

51
Problem 14
A steel rod of 3 cm diameter and 5 m long is connected to two grips
and the rod is maintained at a temperature of 95° C. Determine the
stress and pull exerted when the temperature falls to 30° C, if
(i) The ends do not yield, and
(ii) The ends yield by 0.12 cm.
Take E = 2 x 105 MN/m2 and α = 12 x 10-6/°C.

(i) ζ = 156 N/mm2; P = 110.3 kN

(ii) ζ = 108 N/mm2; P = 76.34 kN

52
Problem 15
The A-36 steel rod has a diameter of 50 mm and is lightly attached
to the rigid supports at A and B when T1 = 80°C. If the temperature
becomes T2 = 20°C and an axial force of P = 200 kN is applied to its
center, determine the reactions at A and B. For the given material, E
= 2 x 105 MN/m2 and α = 12 x 10-6/°C.

53
Solution

When the rod is unconstrained at B, it

has a free contraction of

Under force P and FB with

unconstrained at B, the deformation of
the rod are

54
Using the method of super position, Fig. b,

Substitute FB in the eqn. below

55
 The temperature of the entire assembly is
Case 2
raised by an amount ΔT

56
57
Problem 16
A steel rod of 20 mm diameter passes centrally through a copper
tube of 50 mm external diameter and 40 mm internal diameter. The
tube is closed at each end by rigid plates of negligible thickness. The
nuts are tightened lightly home on the projecting parts of the rod. If
the temperature of the assembly is raised by 50° C, calculate the
stresses developed in copper and steel. Take E for steel and copper
as 200 GN/m2 and 100 GN/m2 and α for steel and copper as 12 x
10-6/°C and 18 x 10-6/°C.

(i) ζ for copper = 14.117 N/mm2

(ii) ζ for steel = 31.76 N/mm2

58
Poisson’s Ratio

The elongation produced by an axial

tensile force P in the direction of the
force is accompanied by a contraction
in any transverse direction.
59
The material is assumed to be both homogeneous and
isotropic, i.e., its mechanical properties will be assumed
independent of both position and direction.

The constant, Poisson’s ratio, for a given material is defined

as,

The minus sign in the above equations is to obtain a positive

value for ν, as the axial and lateral strains are having opposite
signs for all engineering materials.

60
Generalized Hooke’s Law

The relations are referred to as the

generalized Hooke’s law for the
multiaxial loading of a homogeneous
isotropic material.

61
Relation Between Bulk Modulus (k), ν and E
Volume of the element in its unstressed state = 1
Volume under the stresses ζx, ζy, ζz

Since the strains εx, εy, εz are much smaller than unity,

Denoting by e the change in volume of our element, we write

Since the element had originally a unit volume, the quantity e

represents the change in volume per unit volume; it is referred
to as the dilatation of the material.
62
 Substituting for εx, εy, εz

A case of special interest is that of a body subjected to a

uniform hydrostatic pressure p. Each of the stress components
is then equal to -p and Equation yields

The constant k is known as the bulk modulus

or modulus of compression of the material.
63
Observations
 A stable material subjected to a hydrostatic pressure can
only decrease in volume, thus the dilatation e is negative.
 The bulk modulus k is a positive quantity
 1 - 2ν > 0 or ν < 1/2
For any engineering material,

64
Volumetric strain of a rectangular bar subjected to an axial
load in one direction

Volumetric strain of a cylindrical rod

65
Summary

66
Problem 17
Determine the value of Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio of a
metallic bar of length 30 cm, breadth 4 cm and depth 4 cm when
the bar is subjected to an axial compressive load of 400 kN. The
decrease in length is given as 0.075 cm and increase in breadth is
0.003 cm.
ν = 0.3
E = 1 x 105 MPa

67
Problem 18 – GATE 2007
A 200x100x50 mm steel block is subjected to a hydrostatic
pressure of 15 MPa. The Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio of
the material are 200 GPa and 0.3 respectively. The change in the
volume of the block in mm3 is
(A) 85
(B) 90
(C) 100
(D) 110

68
Problem 19

A metallic bar 300 mm x 100 mm x 40 mm is subjected to a force

of 5 kN (tensile), 4 kN (tensile) and 6 kN (tensile) along x, y and z
directions respectively. Determine the change in the volume of the
block. Take E = 2 x 105 N/mm2 and ν = 0.25.
dV = 5.65 mm3

69
Problem 20

A metallic bar 250 mm x 100 mm x 50 mm is loaded as shown in

figure. Determine the change in the volume of the block. Take E =
2 x 105 N/mm2 and ν = 0.25.
Also find the change that should be made in the 4 MN load, in
order that there should be no change in the volume of the bar.
dV = 250 mm3
70
Section plane and Stress in Bar

𝐹 = 𝑃 cos 𝜃
𝑉 = 𝑃 sin 𝜃
𝐴0 = 𝐴𝜃 cos 𝜃
𝐴0
𝐴𝜃 =
cos 𝜃
𝐴0 - Area at section perpendicular to the axis
71
 𝐹 = 𝑃 cos 𝜃
𝑉 = 𝑃 sin 𝜃
𝐹 𝑉
𝜎= 𝜏=
𝐴𝜃 𝐴𝜃
𝑃 cos 𝜃 𝑃 sin 𝜃
𝜎= 𝜏=
𝐴0 𝐴0
cos 𝜃 cos 𝜃
𝑃 cos 2 𝜃 𝑃
𝜎= 𝜏= sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
𝐴0 𝐴0
Angle Normal Stress Shear Stress
θ = 0° 𝑃 𝜏=0
𝜎m =
𝐴0
θ = 90° 𝜎=0 𝜏=0

θ = 45° 𝑃 𝑃
𝜎′ = 𝜏m =
2𝐴0 2𝐴0
72
Shear Stress

The actual value τ of the shearing stress varies from zero at

the surface of the member to a maximum value τmax that may
be much larger than the average value τave.
73
Single Shear

Double Shear

74
Bearing Stress

75
Shear Strain and Shear Modulus

𝜸𝒙𝒚 - Shear strain

76
Generalized Hooke’s law for a
homogeneous isotropic material under the
most general stress condition is given by

77
Relation between E, ν and G

Length of the element in x

direction due to the applied
load P is 1 + 𝜀𝑥
Length in y and z directions
are 1 − ν𝜀𝑥
(a)

If the element is oriented as

shown in Fig b, the shear
strain is 𝛾 ′

(b)

78
 If the orientation in Fig b is 45°,
shear stress is maximum and
given by 𝜏m .

In this orientation, according to

Hooke’s law, the shear strain is
also maximum and given by
𝛾 ′ = 𝛾m

Relation between the maximum shearing

strain 𝛾m and normal strain 𝜀𝑥

1 𝜋
𝛽= − 𝛾m
2 2

79
 1 + ν 𝜀𝑥
𝜋 𝛾m 𝛾m =
tan 𝛽 = tan − 1−ν
4 2 1+ 𝜀
2 𝑥
𝜋 𝛾 Since 𝜀𝑥 is very small the denominator
tan − tan m
tan 𝛽 = 4 2 is equal to one.
𝜋 𝛾
1 + tan tan m 𝛾m = 1 + ν 𝜀𝑥
4 2
𝛾 𝜏m 𝜎𝑥
1 − tan m = 1+ν
tan 𝛽 = 2 𝐺 𝐸
𝛾
1 + tan m 𝐸 𝜎𝑥
2 = 1+ν
𝛾 𝐺 𝜏m
1− m
tan 𝛽 = 2 𝜎𝑥 = 𝑃/𝐴 𝜏m = 𝑃/2𝐴
𝛾
1+ m
2 𝐸
𝐸
= 1+ν 𝐺=
2𝐺 2 1+ν
𝛾m For any given material,
1 − ν𝜀𝑥 1−
= 2
1 + 𝜀𝑥 𝛾 𝐸 𝐸
1+ m <𝐺<
2 3 2 80
Relation Between E, ν and k

Relation Between E, ν and G

Relation Between E, k and G

9𝑘𝐺
𝐸=
3𝑘 + 𝐺
G- Rigidity modulus or shear modulus ν- Poisson’s ratio
k- Bulk modulus or volume modulus E- Young’s modulus
81
Problem 21
A bar of cross section 8 mm x 8 mm is subjected to an axial pull of
7000 N. The lateral dimension of the bar is found to be changed to
7.9985 mm x 7.9985 mm. If the modulus of rigidity of the material
is 0.8 x 105 N/mm2, determine the Poisson’s ratio and modulus of
elasticity.

82
Problem 22

Calculate the modulus of rigidity and bulk modulus of a cylindrical

bar of diameter 30 mm and of length 1.5 m if the longitudinal strain
in a bar during a tensile stress is four times the lateral strain. Find
the change in volume, when the bar is subjected to a hydrostatic
pressure of 100 N/mm2. Take E = 1 x 105.

83
Strain Energy
Strain Energy

P - slowly increasing axial load

85
The work done by the load P as it is slowly applied to the rod must
result in the increase of some energy associated with the
deformation of the rod. This energy is referred to as the strain
energy of the rod.

Linear and Elastic Deformation

where P1 is the value of the load

corresponding to the deformation x1.
86
Strain Energy Density
 The load-deformation diagram for a rod depends upon the
length (L) and the cross-sectional area (A) of the rod.
 The strain energy will also depend upon the dimensions of the
rod.
 In order to eliminate the effect of size from our discussion and
direct our attention to the properties of the material, the strain
energy per unit volume will be considered.

87
Resilience and Modulus of Resilience
 Resilience represents the ability
of a material to absorb energy
within the elastic range.
 Modulus of resilience represents
the energy per unit volume that
the material can absorb without
yielding.
 The capacity of a structure to
withstand an impact load without
being permanently deformed
clearly depends upon the
resilience of the material used.

88
Toughness and Modulus of Toughness
 Toughness refers to the ability of
a material to absorb energy
without fracturing.
 Modulus of toughness
represents the energy per unit
volume required to cause the
material to rupture.
 The toughness of a material is
related to its ductility as well as
to its ultimate strength.
 The capacity of a structure to
withstand an impact load
depends upon the toughness of
the material used.
89
Elastic Strain Energy – Axial/Normal Force

Uniform Bar
Nonprismatic Bar
with varying axial
force

Bar with different cross sections

90
Impact Loading
Maximum Deformation and Maximum Stress due to a
Falling Weight on a Prismatic Bar

If height is large compared to static elongation

91
Suddenly Applied Load
When h is zero

Impact Factor

92
To induce same stress,
when the load is gradually applied

when the load is suddenly applied

To produce same strain,

when the load is gradually applied
𝑃𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙 × 𝐿
𝛿=
𝐴𝐸
when the load is suddenly applied
2𝑃𝑠𝑢𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑛 × 𝐿
𝛿=
𝐴𝐸
93
Problem 23
A tension bar 5 m long is made up of two parts, 3 metre of its
length has a cross-sectional area of 10 cm2 while the remaining
2 metre has a cross-sectional area of 20 cm2 . An axial load of
80 kN is gradually applied. Find the total strain energy
produced in the bar and compare this value with that obtained
in an uniform bar of the same length and having same volume
when under the same load. Take E = 2 x 105 N/mm2

(i) 64 Nm
(ii) 57.14 Nm

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Problem 24
A uniform metal bar has a cross-sectional area of 700 mm2 and
a length of 1.5 m. If the stress at elastic limit is 160 N/mm2,
what will be its proof resilience? Determine also the maximum
value of an applied load, which may be suddenly applied
without exceeding the elastic limit. Calculate the value of the
gradually applied load which will produce the same extension
as that produced by the suddenly applied load above. Take E =
2 x 105 N/mm2
(i) 67.2 Nm
(ii) 56 kN
(iii) 112 kN

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Problem 25
A round, prismatic steel bar (E = 210 GPa) of length L = 2 m and
diameter d = 15 mm hangs vertically from a support at its upper
end. A sliding collar of mass m = 20 kg drops from a height h = 150
mm onto the flange at the lower end of the bar without rebounding.
(a) Calculate the maximum elongation of the bar due to the impact
and determine the corresponding impact factor.
(b) Calculate the maximum tensile stress in the bar due to the
impact load and compare with the static stress.

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