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Review Questions and Problems

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Review Questions and Problems

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manjeetsrichandan4
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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c01.

qxd 7/30/10 8:15 PM Page 43

Chapter 1 Review Questions and Problems 43

a program of the iteration that gives a printout of the 7. Maximum A. What is the largest possible a in
first approximations y0, y1, . . . , yN as well as their Example 1 in the text?
graphs on common axes. Try your program on two 8. Lipschitz condition. Show that for a linear ODE
initial value problems of your own choice. y r ⫹ p(x)y ⫽ r(x) with continuous p and r in
(b) Apply the iteration to y r ⫽ x ⫹ y, y(0) ⫽ 0. Also ƒ x ⫺ x 0 ƒ ⬉ a a Lipschitz condition holds. This is
solve the problem exactly. remarkable because it means that for a linear ODE the
(c) Apply the iteration to y r ⫽ 2y 2, y(0) ⫽ 1. Also continuity of f (x, y) guarantees not only the existence
solve the problem exactly. but also the uniqueness of the solution of an initial
(d) Find all solutions of y r ⫽ 2 1y, y(1) ⫽ 0. Which value problem. (Of course, this also follows directly
of them does Picard’s iteration approximate? from (4) in Sec. 1.5.)
(e) Experiment with the conjecture that Picard’s 9. Common points. Can two solution curves of the same
iteration converges to the solution of the problem for ODE have a common point in a rectangle in which the
any initial choice of y in the integrand in (7) (leaving assumptions of the present theorems are satisfied?
y0 outside the integral as it is). Begin with a simple ODE 10. Three possible cases. Find all initial conditions such
and see what happens. When you are reasonably sure, that (x 2 ⫺ x)y r ⫽ (2x ⫺ 1)y has no solution, precisely
take a slightly more complicated ODE and give it a try. one solution, and more than one solution.

CHAPTER 1 REVIEW QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS


1. Explain the basic concepts ordinary and partial 14. xy r ⫽ y ⫹ x 2
differential equations (ODEs, PDEs), order, general 15. y r ⫹ y ⫽ 1.01 cos 10x
and particular solutions, initial value problems (IVPs).
16. Solve y r ⫽ y ⫺ y 2, y(0) ⫽ 0.2 by Euler’s method
Give examples.
(10 steps, h ⫽ 0.1). Solve exactly and compute the error.
2. What is a linear ODE? Why is it easier to solve than
a nonlinear ODE? 17–21 GENERAL SOLUTION
3. Does every first-order ODE have a solution? A solution Find the general solution. Indicate which method in this
formula? Give examples. chapter you are using. Show the details of your work.
4. What is a direction field? A numeric method for first- 17. y r ⫹ 2.5y ⫽ 1.6x
order ODEs?
18. y r ⫺ 0.4y ⫽ 29 sin x
5. What is an exact ODE? Is f (x) dx ⫹ g(y) dy ⫽ 0
19. 25yy r ⫺ 4x ⫽ 0
always exact?
20. y r ⫽ ay ⫹ by 2 (a ⫽ 0)
6. Explain the idea of an integrating factor. Give two
examples. 21. (3xey ⫹ 2y) dx ⫹ (x 2ey ⫹ x) dy ⫽ 0
7. What other solution methods did we consider in this
22–26 INITIAL VALUE PROBLEM (IVP)
chapter?
8. Can an ODE sometimes be solved by several methods? Solve the IVP. Indicate the method used. Show the details
Give three examples. of your work.
22. y r ⫹ 4xy ⫽ e⫺2x , y(0) ⫽ ⫺4.3
2

9. What does modeling mean? Can a CAS solve a model


given by a first-order ODE? Can a CAS set up a model? 23. y r ⫽ 21 ⫺ y 2, y(0) ⫽ 1> 12
10. Give problems from mechanics, heat conduction, and 24. y r ⫹ 12 y ⫽ y 3, y(0) ⫽ 13
population dynamics that can be modeled by first-order 25. 3 sec y dx ⫹ 13 sec x dy ⫽ 0, y(0) ⫽ 0
ODEs. 26. x sinh y dy ⫽ cosh y dx, y(3) ⫽ 0
11–16 DIRECTION FIELD: NUMERIC SOLUTION
Graph a direction field (by a CAS or by hand) and sketch 27–30 MODELING, APPLICATIONS
some solution curves. Solve the ODE exactly and compare.
27. Exponential growth. If the growth rate of a culture
In Prob. 16 use Euler’s method.
of bacteria is proportional to the number of bacteria
11. y r ⫹ 2y ⫽ 0 present and after 1 day is 1.25 times the original
12. y r ⫽ 1 ⫺ y 2 number, within what interval of time will the number
13. y r ⫽ y ⫺ 4y 2 of bacteria (a) double, (b) triple?

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