Roll no:22KD1A02C1

MICROCHIP EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

A summer Internship-1 Report Submitted in Partial
Fulfillment of the Requirements for the award of Degree of

Bachelor of Technology in

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

by

VEMULA VAMSHI (22KD1A02C1)

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Lendi

Institute of Engineering and Technology(A)
(Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological Gurajada University Vizianagaram)
Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NBA & NAAC with ‘A’Grade
Vizianagaram-535005
2023-2024

i
 Roll no:22KD1A02C1

CERTIFICATE

This report on “MICROCHIP EMBEEDED SYSTEMS” is a bona fide record of the internship

work submitted by VEMULA VAMSHI with Reg. No 22KD1A02C1, in his 4th semester in

partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree of B.Tech in Electrical and Electronics

Engineering during the academic year 2023-24.

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

Dr.K.Subbaramaiah, M Tech, Ph. D
Professor & H.O.D

Department of EEE

EXTERNAL EXAMINER

ii
 Roll no:22KD1A02C1

ACKNOWLEDGENT

I would like to express my deep sense of gratitude to my esteemed institute Lendi Institute of
Engineering and Technology (Autonomous), which has provided me an opportunity to fulfill my
cherished desire.
I am highly indebted to Dr.K.Subbaramaiah, Professor - Head of the Department of
Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Lendi Institute of Engineering and Technology (Autonomous), for
giving me the opportunity to do the internship in college.
I express my sincere thanks to Principal, Dr. V. V Rama Reddy, Lendi Institute of
Engineering and Technology (Autonomous) for his encouragement to me during this Internship,
giving me a chance to explore and learn new technologies in the form of summer Internship-2.
I am grateful for EDUSKILLS and AICTE for providing me this learning opportunity.
Finally, I am indebted to the teaching and non-teaching staff of the Electrical and Electronics
Engineering Department for all their support in completion of my Internship

VEMULA VAMSHI
(22KD1A02C1)

iii
 Roll no:22KD1A02C1

CERTIFICATE

iv
 Roll no:22KD1A02C1

v
 Roll no:22KD1A02C1

vi
 Roll no:22KD1A02C1

INSTITUTE
VISION
Producing globally competent and quality technocrats with human values for the holistic needs of industry
and society.

MISSION
 Creating an outstanding infrastructure and platform for enhancement of skills, knowledge and behavior of
students towards employment and higher studies.
 Providing a healthy environment for research, development and entrepreneurship, to meet the expectations
of industry and society.
 Transforming the graduates to contribute to the socio-economic development and welfare ➢ Of the society
through value based education.
vi
 Roll no:22KD1A02C1

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

VISION

To be a hub for imparting knowledge, skills, and behavior for exemplary contributions in the
field of Electrical and Electronics Engineering.

MISSION
To impart Technical Education through the state -of-the-art infrastructure facilities, laboratories and
instruction.
To inculcate industry oriented learning through industrial visits, internships, projects at Industries,
MOUs, to make student’s technically skills oriented.
Creating conducive environment for higher education, employment an entrepreneurship through
quality education, professional skills and research.
To promote societal commitment among students by inculcating moral and ethical values.

PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)

PEO1:Graduates shall have strong foundation in core and allied Electrical and Electronics
Engineering, in sciences and mathematics, to become globally competent in designing, modeling
and critical problem solving.
PEO2: Graduates shall involve in research activities in the field of electrical and electronics
engineering through life long learning and provide solutions to engineering problems for sustainable
development of society.
PEO3: Graduates shall have good communication skills and socio-ethical values for getting employment
or higher studies by excelling in competitive examinations and be able to work in supportive and
leadership roles.

v
 Roll no:22KD1A02C1

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

PROGRAM OUT COMES (POs)

PO1:EngineeringKnowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics ,science, engineering fundamentals,

and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.
PO2: Problem Analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics,
natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
PO3: Design & Development: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design
system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration for the
public health and safety ,and the cultural, societal, and environmental considerations
PO4:ComplexProblems & Investigations: Use research-based knowledge and research methods
including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information
to provide valid conclusions.
PO5: Modern Tools: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern
engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities with
an understanding of the limitations.
PO6: Engineer & Society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess
societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the
professional engineering practice.
PO7: Environment & Sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering
solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for
sustainable development.
PO8: Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms of
the engineering practice.
PO9:Individual &Team Work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader
vi
 Rollno:22KD1A02C1

PO10: Communication Skills: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write
effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive clear
instructions.
PO11:Project Management &Finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader
in a team, to manage projects and in multi disciplinary environments
PO12:Life Long Learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in
independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.

PROGRAMSPECIFICOUTCOMES (PSOs)

PSO1: Capable of design, develop, test, verify and implement electrical and electronics engineering
systems and products.
PSO2:Succeed in national and international competitive examinations for successful higher studies and
employment
 vii
Roll no:22KD1A02C1

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

COURSE OUTCOMES
S.No Description

CO1 Construct the company profile by compiling the brief history, management
structure, products / services offered, key achievements and market
performance of internship organization.

CO2 Determine the challenges and future potential of internship organization in

particular and the sector in general.

CO3 Test the theoretical learning in practical situations by accomplishing the

tasks assigned during the internship period.

CO4 Apply various soft skills such as time management, positive attitude and
communication skills during performance of the tasks assigned in internship
organization.

CO5 Analyze the functioning of internship organization to assess its Strengths,

Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) and recommend changes for
improvement in processes.
 1
Roll no:22KD1A02C1

CONTENTS

S.NO TITLE

1. Introduction to Microchip Embedded Systems

Microchip Architecture
2.

Embedded System Design

3.

Programming Microchip Embedded Systems

4.

Syntax and structure of C

5.

6. Embedded System Software

7. Microchip Peripherals and Interfaces

8. Applications of Microchip Embedded Systems

9. Internet of Things
10. Security and Safety Considerations

11. Future Trends and Developments

 Roll no: 22KD1A02C1
INTRODUCTION
Introduction to MICROCHIP EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
Embedded systems overview An Electronic/Electro mechanical system which is designed to perform a
specific function and is a combination of both hardware and firmware (Software) Embedded systems are
found in a variety of common electronic devices such as consumer electronics ex. Cell phones, pagers,
digital cameras, VCD players, portable Video games, calculators, etc., Embedded systems are found in a
variety of common electronic devices, such as: (a)consumer electronics -- cell phones, pagers, digital
cameras, camcorders, videocassette recorders, portable video games, calculators, and personal digital
assistants; (b) home appliances-- microwave ovens, answering machines, thermostat, home security,
washing machines, and lighting systems; (c) office automation -- fax machines, copiers, printers, and
scanners; (d) business equipment -- cash registers, curbside check-in, alarm systems, card readers, product
scanners, and automated teller machines; (e) automobiles --transmission control, cruise control, fuel
injection, anti-lock brakes, and active suspension Classifications of Embedded systems:

➢ Based on Performance and Functional Requirements

Real-Time Embedded Systems
• Soft Real Time Embedded Systems
• Hard Real-Time Embedded Systems
2. Stand Alone Embedded Systems
3. Networked Embedded Systems

4. Mobile Embedded Systems ➢

Based on Performance and micro-controller
1. Small Scale Embedded Systems
2. Medium Scale Embedded Systems
3. Sophisticated Embedded Systems
Purpose of Embedded Systems: Each Embedded Systems is designed to serve the purpose of any one or a
combination of the following tasks.

✓ Data Collection/Storage/Representation

✓ Data Communication
✓ Data (Signal) Processing

✓ Monitoring

✓ Control
✓ Application Specific User Interface Advantages of Embedded System:

❖ Simple to deliver higher creation.

❖ Less costs for per bit of resultant.

❖ It has not many interconnections.

❖ It has Better steady and Higher speed.

❖ It has Higher dependable

 Roll no: 22KD1A02C1
❖ It has Low force utilization and better exactness in outcome.

❖ It assists with developing item quality.

❖ To run pre-arranged program for client application.

Disadvantages of Embedded System:

❖ Hard to keep up.

❖ Hard to take a back-up of implanted documents.

❖ You need to reset all setting, due to happen any issue in the framework.
❖ Investigating is Harder.

❖ Harder to move information from one framework to another framework.

❖ Constraints for equipment, because of make it for explicit undertaking.

❖ Less force supply sturdiness.

❖ Restricted assets for memory. ❖ To require higher improvement endeavors for planning an installed
framework. ❖ Need to long an ideal opportunity to advertise

Characteristics of Embedded systems:

Embedded systems possess certain specific characteristics and these are unique to each Embedded system.
Application and domain specific
Reactive and Real Time
Operates in harsh environments
Distributed
Small Size and weight
Power concerns Single-functioned
Complex functionality
Tightly-constrained
Safety-critical 2
 Roll no: 22KD1A02C1

Major Application Areas of Embedded Systems:

❑ Consumer Electronics: Camcorders, Cameras etc.

❑ Household Appliances: Television, DVD players, washing machine, Fridge, Microwave Oven etc.

❑ Home Automation and Security Systems: Air conditioners, sprinklers, Intruder detection alarms, Closed
Circuit Television Cameras, Fire alarms etc.
❑ Automotive Industry: Anti-lock breaking systems (ABS), Engine Control, Ignition Systems, Automatic
Navigation Systems etc.

❑ Telecom: Cellular Telephones, Telephone switches, Handset Multimedia Applications etc.

❑ Computer Peripherals: Printers, Scanners, Fax machines etc. ❑ Computer Networking Systems:
Network Routers, Switches, Hubs, Firewalls etc.

❑ Health Care: Different Kinds of Scanners, EEG, ECG Machines etc.

❑ Measurement & Instrumentation: Digital multi meters, Digital CROs, Logic Analyzers PLC systems
etc.

❑ Banking & Retail: Automatic Teller Machines (ATM) and Currency counters, Point of Sales (POS)

❑ Card Readers: Barcode, Smart Card Readers, Hand held Devices etc.
 Roll no: 22KD1A02C1

2.Microchip Architecture
Processor Cores:
➢ PIC (Peripheral Interface Controller) Cores:

- 8-bit and 16-bit cores

- RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computing) architecture

- Harvard architecture

- 35 instructions

- 2-4 clock cycles per instruction

- 8-bit and 16-bit data buses

- 64-256 bytes of program memory

- 16-64 bytes of data memory

AVR (Atmel AVR) Cores:

- 8-bit and 32-bit cores

- RISC architecture

- Harvard architecture

- 100-150 instructions

- 1-2 clock cycles per instruction

- 8-bit and 32-bit data buses

- 1-16 KB of program memory

- 32-160 bytes of data memory

ARM (Advanced RISC Machines) Cores:

- 32-bit and 64-bit cores

- RISC architecture

- Von Neumann architecture

- 100-500 instructions

- 1-5 clock cycles per instruction

- 32-bit and 64-bit data buses

4
 Roll no: 22KD1A02C1
- 1-32 KB of program memory

- 8-64 KB of data memory

Key Features:

- High performance and efficiency

- Low power consumption

- Small code size

- Large community and ecosystem support

- Wide range of applications (microcontrollers, SoCs, etc.)

Comparison:

- PIC: Simple, low-power, and low-cost; suitable for basic control applications

- AVR: Balanced performance and power consumption; suitable for general-purpose microcontrollers

- ARM: High-performance and feature-rich; suitable for complex applications (smartphones, laptops, etc.)

Microchip Architecture:
Microchip Architecture Memory Organization:

Harvard Architecture:

- Separate data and program memory spaces

- Data memory:

- RAM (Random Access Memory)

- EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory)

- Program memory:

- Flash memory

- ROM (Read-Only Memory)

- Advantages:

- Improved performance

- Increased code density

- Better data protection

 Roll no: 22KD1A02C1
Von Neumann Architecture:

- Combined data and program memory space

- Memory is used for both data and program storage - Instructions and data are stored in the same memory

space

- Advantages:

- Simplified memory management

- Easier programming

- Reduced memory requirements

Modified Harvard Architecture:

- Combination of Harvard and Von Neumann architectures

- Separate data and program memory spaces

- Program memory can be accessed as data

- Advantages:

- Improved performance

- Increased flexibility

- Better code density

Memory Organization Techniques:

- Memory segmentation

- Memory paging

- Cache memory

- Virtual memory

Memory Types:

- RAM (Random Access Memory)

- ROM (Read-Only Memory)

- EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory)

- Flash memory
6
 Roll no: 22KD1A02C1
Memory Hierarchy:

- Level 1 (L1) cache

- Level 2 (L2) cache

- Main memory

- Secondary storage

Microchip Architecture Input/Output (I/O) Systems:

I/O Systems

- Allow microcontrollers to interact with external devices and systems

- Types of I/O:

- Digital I/O (binary signals)

- Analog I/O (continuous signals)

- Serial I/O (data transmission)

- Parallel I/O (data transfer)

Digital I/O

- GPIO (General-Purpose Input/Output) ports

- Digital input:

- Reading switches and sensors

- Detecting logic levels

- Digital output:

- Driving LEDs and displays - Controlling relays and actuators Analog I/O:

- Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs) - Digital-to-Analog Converters (DACs) - Analog input:

- Reading sensors and transducers

- Measuring voltage and current - Analog output:

- Generating waveforms and signals

- Controlling motors and actuators

Serial I/O
 Roll no: 22KD1A02C1

- UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver-Transmitter)

- SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface)

- I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit)

- Serial communication protocols:

- RS-232

- RS-485

- USB

Parallel I/O

- Parallel data transfer

- Parallel communication protocols:

- PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect)

- ISA (Industry Standard Architecture)

I/O Interface Techniques

- Polling

- Interrupt-driven I/O

- DMA (Direct Memory Access)

- I/O mapping and addressing

I/O Applications

- Data acquisition and control - Communication systems

- User interfaces and displays

- Industrial automation and control

8
 Roll no: 22KD1A02C1

3.Embedded System Design

What is embedded system?
Embedded system design refers to the process of creating and developing embedded systems, which
are specialized computer systems that are designed to perform a specific task or set of tasks. The
design process involves a combination of hardware and software engineering to create a system that
meets specific requirements and constraints.

The embedded system design process typically involves the following stages:

1. System specification: Defining the system's requirements and constraints.

2. Hardware design: Creating the physical components, such as circuits and microcontrollers.

3. Software design: Developing the programs and algorithms that run on the hardware.

4. Integration: Combining hardware and software components to achieve the desired functionality.

5. Testing and debugging: Verifying that the system works correctly and fixing any errors.

6. Validation: Ensuring the system meets the required specifications and standards.

7. Deployment: Releasing the system for use in its intended application.

Embedded system design involves a range of activities, including:

- Microcontroller selection and programming

- Circuit design and simulation

- PCB layout and design

- Software development and programming

 Roll no: 22KD1A02C1
- System integration and testing

- Debugging and troubleshooting

- Performance optimization and tuning

The design process also involves considerations such as:

- Power consumption and energy efficiency

- Size and form factor constraints

- Cost and budget constraints

- Reliability and fault tolerance

- Security and safety considerations

- User interface and experience

Power Management and Energy Efficiency:

Power management and energy efficiency are critical aspects of Embedded System Design, particularly in
battery-powered or energy-harvesting systems. The goal is to minimize power consumption while
maintaining performance and functionality. Here are some strategies for power management and energy
efficiency in Embedded System Design:

1. Power-aware design: Consider power consumption during system design, selecting components and
architectures that minimize power usage.
2. Low-power microcontrollers: Choose microcontrollers with low power consumption, such as those with
sleep modes or dynamic voltage scaling.

3. Power gating: Turn off power to components or subsystems when not in use.

4. Clock gating: Stop clock signals to components or subsystems when not in use.

5. Voltage scaling: Reduce voltage levels to minimize power consumption.

6. Dynamic voltage and frequency scaling: Adjust voltage and frequency based on system workload.
7. Power-efficient communication: Use low-power communication protocols and techniques, such as
Bluetooth Low Energy or Zigbee.

8. Energy harvesting: Use environmental energy sources, like solar or vibration, to power the systm.

9. Battery management: Optimize battery usage, charging, and monitoring.

10. Power management ICs: Utilize specialized power management ICs to control power consumption.

11. System optimization: Optimize system software and firmware to minimize power consumption.
1
12. Sleep odes: Implement sleep modes or low-power states for components or subsystems. 0
 Roll no: 22KD1A02C1
13. Wake-up mechanisms: Use efficient wake-up mechanisms, such as interrupts or timers, to transition
from sleep to active states.

14. Energy-efficient memory: Select memory technologies with low power consumption.

15. Thermal management: Consider thermal effects on power consumption and system reliability.

4.Programming Microchip Embedded System

Programming a microchip embedded system involves writing code to control and interact with the
microchip's hardware components, such as sensors, actuators, and communication interfaces. The
programming process typically involves:

1. Choosing a programming language: Select a language supported by the microchip, such as C, C++, or
Assembly.
2. Writing the code: Create algorithms and functions to interact with hardware components and perform
tasks.

3. Compiling and assembling: Convert the code into machine code using a compiler or assembler.
4. Loading and debugging: Load the program into the microchip's memory and test it using debugging tools.

5. Optimizing and refining: Optimize the code for performance, power consumption, and memory usage.

Some popular programming tools and techniques for microchip embedded systems include:
1. Microchip's MPLAB X IDE: A comprehensive development environment for Microchip
microcontrollers.

2. Arduino: A popular platform for programming microcontrollers, especially for beginners.

3. Keil µVision: A development environment for Arm-based microcontrollers.

4. IAR Embedded Workbench: A development environment for various microcontrollers.

5. GNU Compiler Collection (GCC): A widely used compiler for various microcontrollers.

Programming techniques:

1. Bit-banging: Directly manipulating hardware registers to control peripherals.

 Roll no: 22KD1A02C1
2. Interrupt-driven programming: Using interrupts to handle events and tasks.

3. Polling: Continuously checking hardware status to detect changes.

4. State machines: Implementing finite state machines to manage complex behaviors.

5. Modular programming: Organizing code into reusable modules and functions.

By mastering these programming tools and techniques, you can create efficient and effective embedded
systems that interact with the physical world. If you have specific questions or projects related to
programming microchip embedded systems, feel free to ask!

C programming is a popular choice for microcontroller programming due to its efficiency, portability, and
flexibility. Here are some key aspects of C programming for microcontrollers:
1. Variables and Data Types: Use variables to store and manipulate data. Common data types include
integers (int), characters (char), and floating-point numbers (float).
2. Control Structures: Use if-else statements, for loops, and while loops to control the flow of your program
3. Functions: Write reusable code using functions. Declare functions to perform specific tasks, and call them
when needed.

4. Pointers: Use pointers to access and manipulate memory addresses.

5. Interrupts: Handle interrupts generated by microcontroller peripherals or external events.

6. Bit Manipulation: Perform bitwise operations to interact with hardware registers and bits.

7. Memory Management: Manage memory efficiently, as microcontrollers have limited memory.

8. Input/Output Operations: Use C libraries or direct hardware access to perform input/output operations.

9. Timing and Delays: Use timing functions and delays to control the pace of your program.
10. Microcontroller-Specific Features: Use C libraries or direct hardware access to utilize
microcontrollerspecific features like ADC, PWM, and UART.

Some popular C compilers for microcontrollers include:

- GCC (GNU Compiler Collection)

- Keil µVision

- IAR Embedded Workbench

- Microchip's MPLAB XC8

When writing C code for microcontrollers, keep in mind:

- Use a consistent coding style

- Optimize code for performance and memory usage

- Use comments and documentation

1
2
 Roll no: 22KD1A02C1
- Test and debug thoroughly

5. Syntax and Structure of C

The embedded C programming language uses the same syntax and semantics as the C programming
language. The only extension in the Embedded C language from normal C Programming Language is the
I/O Hardware Addressing, fixed- point arithmetic operations, accessing address spaces.

Basic Structure of Embedded C Program:

The embedded C program has a structure similar to C programming. The
five layers are:
1. Comments
2. Pre-processor directives
3. Global declaration
4. Local declaration 5. Main function ()
Main Function Section:
All C programs need to have the main function. So does an embedded C program. Each main function
contains 2 parts. A declaration part and an Execution part. The declaration part is the part where all the
variables are declared. The execution part begins with the curly brackets and ends with the curly close
bracket. Both the declaration and execution part are inside the curly braces.
Variables: variable is a symbolic name used to address a certain memory location. The compiler will
replace all variable names with their corresponding memory addresses. Functions:
Objectives:
In this chapter you will learn to write more complex programs using functions. Both, the built-in standard
functions as well as programmer defined functions, will be discussed.
As a special case, the generation of random numbers will be treated. You will learn how to pass information
to and retrieve information from a function. Attention will also be given to the scope of variables used in
the different functions of your program.
Data type examples:
• Read bits from GPIOA (16 bits, non-numeric)
– uint16_t n; n = GPIOA->IDR; //or: unsigned short n;
• Write TIM2 presale value (16-bit unsigned)
– uint16_t t; TIM2->PSC = t; //or: unsigned short t;
 Roll no: 22KD1A02C1
• Read 32-bit value from ADC (unsigned)
– uint32_t a; a = ADC; //or: unsigned int a;
• System control value range [-1000…+1000]
– int32_t ctrl; ctrl = (x + y) *z; //or: int ctrl;

• Loop counter for 100 program loops (unsigned)

– uint8_t cnt; //or: unsigned char cnt

Variable arrays:
• An array is a set of data, stored in consecutive memory locations, beginning at a named address– Declare
array name and number of data elements, N– Elements are “indexed”, with indices [0 ... N-1]

C control structures:
• Control order in which instructions are executed (program flow)
• Conditional execution
– Execute a set of statements if some condition is met – Select one set of statements to be executed from
several options, depending on one or more conditions
• Iterative execution
– Repeated execution of a set of statements
• A specified number of times, or
• Until some condition is met, or
• While some condition is true

C functions:
• A function is “called” by another program to perform a task
– The function may return a result to the caller
– One or more arguments may be passed to the function/procedure

Pointers:
• Objectives:
In this chapter the basic concepts of pointers are explained. At
the end of this chapter, one should be able to: - declare
and initialize a pointer
- use pointers and pointer operators
- understand the close relationship between pointers and arrays 1
4
 Roll no: 22KD1A02C1
- use pointers to pass arguments by reference to a function - use pointers to functions

Declaration
Like every variable in C, a pointer variable must be declared before it can be used. In its most general
form, a pointer declaration can be written as:
<target datatype> * <name>;
The * in the declaration indicates that the variable is a pointer. For instance, int *ptr; declares the pointer
variable with name ptr that can point to a variable of the type int.

6.Embedded Software System

An embedded software system is a combination of software and hardware that is designed to perform a
specific task or set of tasks. It is a self-contained system that is embedded within a larger device or system,
such as a consumer electronics device, industrial control system, or medical device.

Embedded software systems typically consist of:

1. Microcontroller or microprocessor: The brain of the system that executes software instructions.
2. Software: The programs and algorithms that run on the microcontroller or microprocessor.
3. Hardware: The physical components that interact with the software, such as sensors, actuators, and
communication interfaces.
4. Real-time operating system (RTOS): Manages resources, prioritizes tasks, and provides a platform for
software execution.

Characteristics of embedded software systems:

1. Real-time operation: Must respond to events and inputs in a predictable and timely manner.
2. Limited resources: Often have limited processing power, memory, and energy.
 Roll no: 22KD1A02C1
3. Specific purpose: Designed to perform a specific task or set of tasks.
4. Integration: Combines hardware and software components to achieve the desired functionality.
5. Reliability: Must operate reliably and fault-tolerantly in various environments.

Examples of embedded software systems:

1. Consumer electronics: TVs, DVD players, cameras, and smartphones.

2. Industrial control systems: Robotics, manufacturing systems, and process control systems.
3. Medical devices: Heart rate monitors, blood glucose meters, and insulin pumps.
4. Automotive systems: Engine control units, navigation systems, and anti-lock braking systems (ABS).
5. Aerospace and defense: Navigation systems, communication equipment, and weapon systems.
7.Microchip Peripherals and Interfaces
What is microchip peripherals?
Microchip peripherals refer to the external components or modules that connect to a microcontroller
(MCU) or microprocessor (MPU) to expand its capabilities and interact with the physical world.
These peripherals can be integrated into the microchip or connected externally through various
interfaces.

Common microchip peripherals:

1. Sensors: Temperature, humidity, pressure, light, motion, and proximity sensors.
2. Actuators: LEDs, motors, relays, and solenoids.
3. Communication interfaces: UART, SPI, I2C, I2S, Ethernet, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth.
4. Memory and storage: RAM, ROM, EEPROM, and flash memory.
5. Timers and counters: For generating timing signals, counting events, and measuring frequencies.
6. Analog-to-digital converters (ADCs): For converting analog signals to digital data.
7. Digital-to-analog converters (DACs): For converting digital data to analog signals.
8. Power management: Voltage regulators, power amplifiers, and battery management systems.
1
9. User interface: Keyboards, displays, and touchscreens.
6
 Roll no: 22KD1A02C1
10. Other peripherals: GPS, accelerometers, gyroscopes, and magnetometers.
These peripherals enable microchips to interact with the environment, perform specific tasks, and provide
valuable data for processing and analysis. By combining microchips with various peripherals, you can
create innovative and functional embedded systems.

Some examples of microchip peripherals in action:

- A temperature sensor peripheral in a thermostat
- A motor control peripheral in a robot
- A communication interface peripheral in a wireless sensor node
- A memory peripheral in a data logger
- A user interface peripheral in a smartwatch

8.Applications of
Microchip Embedded Systems
Microchip embedded systems have numerous applications across various industries, including:

1. Consumer Electronics: Smart TVs, set-top boxes, DVD players, cameras, and smartphones.
2. Industrial Control Systems: Robotics, manufacturing systems, process control systems, and
automation.
3. Medical Devices: Heart rate monitors, blood glucose meters, insulin pumps, and portable defibrillators.
4. Automotive Systems: Engine control units, navigation systems, anti-lock braking systems (ABS), and
traction control systems (TCS).
5. Aerospace and Defense: Navigation systems, communication equipment, weapon systems, and
surveillance systems.
6. Internet of Things (IoT) Devices: Smart home devices, wearables, sensors, and actuators.
7. Communication Systems: Modems, routers, switches, and network interface cards (NICs).
8. Computing and Peripherals: Keyboards, mice, printers, and scanners.
9. Gaming Consoles: Game controllers, gamepads, and gaming systems.
 Roll no: 22KD1A02C1
10. Smart Energy and Utilities: Smart meters, energy management systems, and renewable energy
systems.
11. Agricultural Systems: Precision agriculture, farm automation, and livestock monitoring.
12. Medical Implants: Pacemakers, cochlear implants, and neurostimulators.
13. Security Systems: Access control systems, intrusion detection systems, and surveillance cameras.
14. Environmental Monitoring: Air quality monitoring, water quality monitoring, and weather monitoring.
15. Transportation Systems: Traffic management systems, parking management systems, and navigation
systems.

Microchip embedded systems enable these applications by providing:

- Efficient processing and control

- Low power consumption
- Small form factor
- High reliability
- Real-time operation
- Connectivity and communication
- User interface and experienc
9. Internet of things
Wi-Fi has played a foundational role in delivering IoT innovation, providing pervasive connectivity to
connect a wide variety of “things” to each other, to the internet, and to 19.5 billion Wi-Fi devices in use
around the world.

What is IoT?
The Internet of Things (IoT) describes the network of physical objects— “things”—that are embedded
with sensors, software, and other technologies for the purpose of connecting and exchanging data with
other devices and systems over the internet. These devices range from ordinary household objects to
sophisticated industrial tools. With more than 7 billion connected IoT devices today, experts are expecting
this number to grow to 10 billion by 2020 and 22 billion by 2025. Oracle has a network of device partners.

Why is Internet of Things (IoT) so important?

Over the past few years, IoT has become one of the most important technologies of the 21st century. Now
that we can connect everyday objects—kitchen appliances, cars, thermostats, baby monitors—to the
internet via embedded devices, seamless communication is possible between people, processes, and things.
By means of low-cost computing, the cloud, big data, analytics, and mobile technologies, physical things
can share and collect data with minimal human intervention. In this hyperconnected world, digital systems
can record, monitor, and adjust each interaction between connected things. The physical world
meets the digital world—and they cooperate.
1
8
 Roll no: 22KD1A02C1
What technologies have made IoT possible?
While the idea of IoT has been in existence for a long time, a collection of recent advances in a number of
different technologies has made it practical.
Access to low-cost, low-power sensor technology. Affordable and reliable sensors are making IoT
technology possible for more manufacturers.
Connectivity. A host of network protocols for the internet has made it easy to connect sensors to the cloud
and to other “things” for efficient data transfer.

Cloud computing platforms. The increase in the availability of cloud platforms enables both businesses
and consumers to access the infrastructure they need to scale up without actually having to manage it all.

Machine learning and analytics. With advances in machine learning and analytics, along with access to
varied and vast amounts of data stored in the cloud, businesses can gather insights faster and more easily.
The emergence of these allied technologies continues to push the boundaries of IoT and the data produced
by IoT also feeds these technologies.

Conversational artificial intelligence (AI). Advances in neural networks have brought natural-language
processing (NLP) to IoT devices (such as digital personal assistants Alexa, Cortana, and Siri) and made
them appealing, affordable, and viable for home use.

10.Security and Safety Considerations

Security and safety considerations for microchip embedded systems are crucial to ensure the integrity,
confidentiality, and availability of the system and its data. Here are some key considerations:

Security:
1. Authentication: Ensure only authorized access to the system.
2. Encryption: Protect data with encryption algorithms.
3. Secure Boot: Ensure the system boots with a secure and trusted firmware.
4. Access Control: Limit access to sensitive data and functions.
5. Intrusion Detection: Monitor for potential security breaches.
6. Secure Communication: Protect communication channels with encryption and authentication.
7. Regular Updates: Regularly update software and firmware to address security vulnerabilities.

Safety:
1. Error Handling: Implement robust error handling mechanisms.
2. Fault Tolerance: Design the system to continue operating in case of faults.
3. Redundancy: Implement redundant systems or components.
 Roll no: 22KD1A02C1
4. Safety-Critical Components: Use safety-critical components that meet strict safety standards.
5. EMI/EMC: Ensure electromagnetic compatibility and electromagnetic interference.
6. Thermal Management: Ensure proper thermal management to prevent overheating.
7. Compliance: Comply with relevant safety standards and regulations.

Additional considerations:
1. Secure Development: Implement secure development practices.
2. Penetration Testing: Perform regular penetration testing.
3. Code Reviews: Conduct regular code reviews.
4. Security Audits: Perform regular security audits.
5. Incident Response: Establish an incident response plan.

11.Future Trends and Developments

Microchip embedded systems are constantly evolving, and here are some future trends and developments
to expect:
1. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) integration: Embedded systems will leverage
AI and ML for predictive maintenance, automation, and decision-making.

2
0
 Roll no: 22KD1A02C1
2. Internet of Things (IoT) connectivity: Embedded systems will increasingly connect to the IoT, enabling
smart devices and applications.

3. Edge Computing: Embedded systems will process data closer to the source, reducing latency and
improving real-time processing.

4. Security and Trust: Enhanced security features and protocols will be developed to address growing
concerns.

5. Low Power and Energy Harvesting: Embedded systems will focus on reducing power consumption
and harnessing energy from environmental sources.

6. Autonomous Systems: Embedded systems will enable autonomous vehicles, robots, and devices.

7. Advanced Materials and Manufacturing: New materials and manufacturing techniques will lead to
smaller, faster, and more efficient embedded systems.

8. Neuromorphic Computing: Embedded systems will adopt neuromorphic computing for adaptive and
dynamic processing.

9. Heterogeneous Processing: Embedded systems will combine different processing technologies for
optimal performance and efficiency.

Conclusion
As the saying goes “Necessity is the mother of all inventions”, a need for software which would control
process and devices was recognized. The design approach used here has given satisfactory results and the
microcontroller is sufficient for measuring the required parameters. The power consumption has been kept
as low as possible and the measurements made by the device are quite reliable. Accordingly, a highly
interactive user-friendly module based embedded technology with microcontrollers was developed to
solve the problem. The module which is developed will make the job of process easier. The user module
has resulted in reducing work of human also makes more comfortable. The module is, therefore
functioning as a very good tool. Incorporating the future enhancements specified earlier would make the
software a perfect tool, which would help the user. This project gives a detailed mechanism about the robot
that continuously monitors, intimates the respective personnel and extinguishes the fire. In the industry if
any fire accident occurs, there is a need of person to monitor continuously and rectify it. In this process if
any time delay takes place irreparable loss occurs since it is a cotton industry.
Roll no: 22KD1A02C1

2
2