IIT JEE

BEST STUDY
NOTES
JE
ES
an
ka
lp
SAVE YOUR TIME!

NO NEED OF
TAKING FULL NOTES
JE

NOW!
ES
an
ka

JUST PRINTOUT THESE

lp

AND USE THEM IN

YOUR LECTURES :-)
INDIA’S FIRST NOTES WITH MOST
IMPORTANT SUBTOPICS MARKED
ACCORDING TO JEE MAINS
JE

SAMPLE PROBLEMS FOR

ES

UNDERSTANDING WHICH ARE

HIGHLY EXPECTED IN JEE MAINS
an

EXAM
ka
lp
 lp
ka
an
ES
JE
 7
INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
7.1. INDEFINITE INTEGRATION AS REVERSE OF DIFFERENTIATION
If f and F are functions of x such that F (x) = f (x), then F (x) = f (x)  (F (x) + C) = f (x)
f (x) dx = F (x) + C and the function F(x) is called as primitive of f (x) w.r.t. “x”.

Here “C ” is constant of integration; f (x) is called the integrand and F(x) + C is called its indefinite
integral with respect to x.

d
so if (f(x)) = g (x)
dx
then g(x) dx = f (x) + c

d
e.g., (sin x ) = cos x cos x dx = sin x + c
JE

dx

d  x n 1  x n1
  = x n  x n dx 
 c
dx  n 1  n 1
ES

7.1.1. STANDARD RESULTS

x n1 1
an

  x n dx   c, n  1   dx  ln | x |  c , where x  0
n 1 x

ax
 e x
dx  e  c x   a x dx   c ; a  1, a  0
ka
ln a

 
 sin x dx   cos x  c  cos x dx  sin x  c
lp

   cosec 2 x dx   cot x  c
 sec 2 x dx  tan x  c
  sec x tan xdx  sec x  c   cosec x cot x dx  –cosec x  c
1 1
  1 x 2 dx = sin–1 x + c  1 x 2 dx = tan–1 x + c

1
 | x| x2 1
dx = sec–1 x + c

7.1.2. PROPERTIES OF INDEFINITE INTEGRATION

  [ f1 ( x)  f 2 ( x)] dx   f1 ( x) dx   f 2 ( x)dx
  kf ( x) dx  k  f ( x)dx , k is a constant.

- 7.1 -
 Indefinite Integrals

Sample Problem-1:

Evaluate:  3 sin x  cos x dx . 

Solution:  3 sin x  cos x dx 
= 3  sin x dx   cos dx

=  3 cos x  sin x  c

  
= 2 cos x.cos  sin x.sin   c
 6 6

 
= 2cos  x    c
 6

 
If in illustration 1, we write 3 sin x  cos x as 2cos  x   , then what will be integral?
 3
JE

Sample Problem-2:
2
Evaluate:  sec (3x  5)dx
ES

2
Solution: We know that  sec x dx  tan x  c

2 1
an

so  sec (3x  5) dx  tan(3x  5)  c

3

OBJECTIVE QUESTION-7.1:
ka

1. Which one of the following is TRUE.

dx dx
(a) x .  x
 x ln | x |  C (b) x .  x
 x ln | x |  Cx
lp

1 1
(c)
cos x 
. cos x dx  tan x  C (d)
cos x 
. cos x dx  x  C

dx
Hint (b): x . x  x (ln | x |  C ) = x ln | x | + Cx

2. Let g (x) be an antiderivative for f (x). Then ln (1 + (g(x))2) is an antiderivative for

2 f ( x) g ( x ) 2 f ( x) g ( x ) 2 f ( x)
(a) 2 (b) 2 (c) 2 (d) none
1   f ( x)  1   g ( x)  1   f ( x) 

Hint (b): Given f(x)dx = g(x)  g(x) = f (x)

d 2 g ( x) g '( x ) 2 f ( x) g ( x)
now
dx

ln(1  g 2 ( x) =  2
1  g ( x)
=
1  g 2 ( x)

- 7.2 -
Indefinite Integrals

3. A differentiable function satisfies 3f 2(x) f '(x) = 2x. Given f (2) = 1 then the value of f (3) is

(a) 3 (b) 3 (c) 6 (d) 2

24 6
Hint (b): Integrating both sides we gets f 3(x) = x2 + C ; f (2) = 1  C = – 3

f 3(x) = x2 – 3  f 3(3) = 6  f (3) = 3

6

4. Which of the following statements could be true if, f  (x) = x1/3.

9 7/3 9 7/3 3 4/3 3

I. f (x) = x +9 II. f  (x) = x 2 III. f (x) = x + 6 IV. f (x)= x4/3  4
28 28 4 4
(a) I only (b) III only (c) II & IV only (d) I & III only
Hint (d): f (x) = x1/3  f (x) = 3/4 x4/3 + C1 .....(1)

3 7 7/3 7
f (x) = . x  C1x  C2 = x 7/3  C1 x  C2  I if C1 = 0
4 3 4
JE

( x  2)
5.  ( x  1)2 dx is equal to
1 1
ES

(a) ln |x + 1| – C (b) ln |x + 1| – C
( x  1) ( x  1) 2

1
(c) ln |x + 1| + ( x  1)  C (d) none of these
an

x2 x 1 1
Hint (a): 2
 2

( x  1) ( x  1) ( x  1) 2
ka

2 x1  5 x 1
6.  10 x
dx is equal to
lp

x x
1 1
2   
5  1  2 C log 2 x 1 log 5x 1
(a) 1 5 1 (b)  C
log   log   log 2 log 5
5 2

x 2
1 1
1  5  1  2 
 C
(c) 2 1 5 1 (d) none of these
log   log  
 5 2

- 7.3 -
 Indefinite Integrals

x x
2 x1  5 x 1 1 1 1
Hint (a):  2    
10 x  5 5 2 

(1  x )3
7.  x
dx is equal to

2 6 5/2 1 7/2 3/2 6 5/2 2 7/2

(a) 2 x  2 x  x  x  C (b) 2 x  2 x  x  x  C
5 7 5 7

6 5/2 1 7/2
(c) 2 x  2 x x  x  x  C (d) none of these
5 7

x n 1
Hint (b): use  x n dx  C
x 1

8. sec2x cosec2x dx equals

(a) tan x + cot x + C (b) cot x – tan x + C (c) tan x – cot x + C (d) none of these
JE

Hint (c): sec2x. cosec2x = sec2x + cosec2x

3 cos3x
9.  sin xdx  A cos x   C , then A is
ES

12
(a) 3/4 (b) –3/4 (c) 1/4 (d) none of these

3sin x  sin 3 x
Hint (b): sin3x =
an

cos 2 x  cos 2
10.  cos x  cos 
dx is
ka

(a) (sin x + cos ) + C (b) 2(sin x + cos ) + C

(c) (sin x + x cos ) + C (d) none of these
lp

cos 2 x  cos 2 (2 cos 2 x  1)  (2cos 2   1)

Hint (b):  cos x  cos 
dx  
(cos x  cos )
dx = 2(cos x + cos )dx

7.2. INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION

It is not always possible to find the integral of a complicated function only by observation, so we need
some methods of integration and integration by substitution is one of them. This methods has 3 parts:
(i) Direct substitution
(ii) Standard substitution
(iii) Indirect substitution

7.2.1. Direct substitution

If  f ( x)dx  g ( x)  c , then in I =  f (h( x))h( x)dx ,

- 7.4 -
Indefinite Integrals

We put h(x) = t
 h( x) dx  dt

So I =  f (t )dt  g (t )  c  g (h( x))  c

Sample Problem-3:

Evaluate:  cot x dx .
cos x dx
Solution: I =  cot x dx =  sin x
Put sin x = t
 cos x dx = dt
dt
So I =  t
= ln | t | c
JE

= ln | sin x |  c

Sample Problem-4:
ES

dx
Evaluate: 2 x ( x  1)
.

Solution: Put x = t2  dx = 2t dt
an
dx 2t dt
So I = 2 x ( x  1)
=  2t (t2
 1)

dt
= 1 t = tan–1 t + c
ka
2

= tan
1
 x c
lp

7.2.2. Standard Substitution

In some standard integrand or a part of it, we have standard substitution. List of standard substitution
is as follows :
Integrand Substitution

x2 + a2 or x2  a2 x = a tan 

x2 – a2 or x2  a2 x = a sec 

a2 – x2 or a2  x2 x = a sin  or x = a cos 

ax and ax x = a cos 2

n

x  x2  a2  expression inside the bracket = t

- 7.5 -
 Indefinite Integrals

2x 2x a 2  x2
, , x = a tan 
a 2  x2 a 2  x2 a2  x 2
2x2 – 1 x = cos 

1
(n  N, n  1) xa
1
1
1
1 t
(x  a) n
( x  b) n xb

Sample Problem-5:

dx
Evaluate:  ( x  3) 15/16
( x  4)17/16 .

dx
Solution: I =  ( x  3) 15/16
( x  4)17/16

dx
=  x3 15/16

( x  4) 2
JE

 
 x4

x3  ( x  4)  ( x  3) 
Put t    dx  dt
x4  ( x  4) 2 
ES

dx dt
 ( x  4) 2 =
7
1 dt 1 15/16
an

So I =
7 t 15/16 =
7 
t dt

16 1/16
= t c
7
ka

1/16
16  x  3 
=   c
7  x4
lp

Sample Problem-6:

dx
 5/3
Evaluate:
x  x2  4  .

dx
Solution: I =  5/3

 x  x2  4 
Put x  x 2  4  t

 x 
 1   dx  dt  x  x 2  4  t  x2  4  t  x
 x2  4 
2 2
t2  4  t2  4  t 4  16  8t 2  16t 2  t2  4 
 x 2
 x – 4 =  2t   4 = =  
2t   4t 2  2t 

- 7.6 -
Indefinite Integrals

 t2  4  1 1 5/3
so I =   2t 2  t 5/3 dt =  t dt  2  t 11/3 dt
  2

1 t 2/3 t 8/3 3
= 2  c = t 8/3 [1  t 2 ]  c
2 2 / 3 8 / 3 4


2
Where t  x  x  4 
7.2.3. Indirect Substitution
If integrand f(x) can be rewritten as product of two functions. f(x) = f1(x) f2(x), where f2(x) is a
function of integral of f1(x), then put integral of f1(x) = t.

Sample Problem-7:

x
Evaluate:  dx .
4  x3
JE

x x dx
Solution: I =  4  x3
dx =  4  x3
ES

2 3/2
Here integral of x x and 4 – x3 = 4 – (x3/2)2
3

2
Put x3/2 = t  x dx  dt
3
an

2 dt
So I  
3 4  t2
ka

2 1  x 3/2 
= 3 sin  2   c
 
lp

Sample Problem-8:

Evaluate:  (cos x  sin x)(3  4sin 2 x) dx .

Solution: I =  (cos x  sin x)(3  4sin 2 x) dx
Here integration of cos x – sin x = sin x + cos x

and 3 + 4 sin 2x = 3 + 4((sin x + cos x)2 – 1)

Put sin x + cos x = 1

= (cos x – sin x)dx = dt

2
So I =  (3  4(t  1) dt

t 2
= [4t  3]  c
3

- 7.7 -
 Indefinite Integrals

 sin x  cos x  2
=   [4(sin x  cos x )  3]
 3 

 sin x  cos x 
=   (1  4sin 2 x)  c
 3 

OBJECTIVE QUESTION-7.2:

x2
1. Consider f(x) = ; g(t) = f(t)dt.. If g(1) = 0 then g(x) equals
1  x3

1 3
1  1  x3  1  1  x3  1  1  x3 
(a) ln(1  x ) (b) 3 ln  2  (c) 2 ln  3  (d) 3 ln  3 
3      

dt
Hint (b): Put 1 + x3 = t  x2dx =
3
JE

ln (6 x 2 )
2. Evaluate the integral :  x
dx

1 1 1 1
(a) [ln(6 x 2 )]3 + C (b) [ln(6 x 2 )]2 + C (c) [ln(6 x 2 )] + C (d) [ln(6 x 2 )]4 + C
ES
8 4 2 16
Hint (b): Put ln(6x2) = t

2
ln ( x 1)
3. Primitive of f (x) = x ·2 w.r.t. x is
an

2 1)
2ln( x
2
1)
( x 2  1)2ln( x
(a) +C (b) +C
2( x 2  1) ln 2  1

( x 2  1)ln 21 ( x 2  1)ln 2

ka

(c) +C (d) +C
2(ln 2  1) 2(ln 2  1)

2
1) dt
Hint (c): I =  x 2 ln ( x dx let x2 + 1 = t ; x dx =
lp

2
1 ln t 1 ln 2 1 t ln 2 1 1 ( x 2  1)ln 2 1
Hence I =
2 
2 dt =
2
t dt = ·
2 ln 2  1 
+C= ·
2 ln 2  1
+C

1  x 
4. Let f (x) = ln   then its primitive w.r.t. x is
x  ex 

1 x 1 1 2 ex
(a) e – ln x + C (b) ln x – ex + C (c) ln x – x + C (d) +C
2 2 2 2x
1 x 1
Hint (c):  x ln e x dx =  x (ln x  ln e x ) dx
ln x  x  1 1  1
=  x
dx =  ln x dx 
 x x 
x dx 
  (put ln x = u ;
x
dx  du )

1
=  u dx – 1dx =
2
(ln x)2 – x + C

- 7.8 -
Indefinite Integrals

2
5.  sec  (sec   tan )2 d 

(sec   tan )
(a) [2  tan  (sec   tan )]  C
2
(sec  tan )
(b) [2  4 tan  (sec   tan )]  C
3
(sec   tan )
(c) [2  tan  (sec   tan )]  C
3
3(sec   tan )
(d) [2  tan  (sec   tan )]  C
2
Hint (c): put sec  + tan  = t

x  x 
6. If  1  sin dx = A sin    , then value of A is:
2 4 4
1
JE

(a) 2 2 (b) 2 (c) (d) 4 2

2

x  x x  x 
Hint (d): 1  sin   cos  sin   2 cos   
2  4 4 4 4
ES

x 
Now put  t
4 4

( x 2  1) dx
an

7.  4 2 x2  1 1 
= ln | f (x) | + C then f (x) is
( x  3x  1) tan 
 x 
 
ka

 1  1  1  1  1 
(a) ln  x   (b) tan–1  x   (c) cot–1  x   (d) ln  tan  x  
 x  x  x   x 
lp

1  1 
1  1  2  dx
x2  x 
Hint (b):  2 1  1  1
dx =
  1
2  1  1
dx
 x  2  3  tan  x     x    1 tan  x  
 x   x  x  x
  

sin  ln (2  2 x) 
8. The value of the integral  x 1
dx is

 2   2   2 
(a) – cos ln (2x + 2) + C (b) ln  sin  + C (c) cos   +C (d) sin   +C
 x 1  x 1   x 1 
2
Hint (a): ln 2(1 + x) = t ; (1  x) dx =dt

- 7.9 -
 Indefinite Integrals

1
9.  x log x dx =
(a) log |log x | + A (b) (log x)2 + A (c) (log x)–1 + A (d) none of these
Hint (a): Substitute log x = t.

ln | x |
10.  x 1  ln | x |
dx equals :

2 2
(a) 1  ln x (lnx 2) + c (b) 1  ln x (lnx+ 2) + c
3 3
1
(c) 1  ln x (lnx 2) + c (d) 2 1  ln x (3 lnx 2) + c
3
Hint (a): Substitute 1 + ln |x| = t
7.3. INTEGRATION BY PARTS
If integrand can be expressed as product of two functions, then we use the following formula.
JE

 f ( x) f
1 2 ( x) dx  f1 ( x)  f 2 ( x)   f1( x)  f 2 ( x) dx) dx , where f1(x) and f2(x) are known as first and

second function respectively.

Remarks :
ES

(i) We do not put constant of integration in 1st integral, we put this only once in the end.
(ii) Order of f 1 (x) and f 2 (x) is normally decided by the rule ILATE, where I  Inverse,
L  Logarithms, A  Algebraic, T  Trigonometric and E  Exponential.
an

Sample Problem-9:
2
Evaluate: x sin x dx .
ka

2
Solution: x sin x dx
lp
2
= x  sin x dx   (2 x  sin x dx) dx
2
=  x cos x  2[ x  cos x dx   (1 cos x dx )dx
= – x2 cos x + 2x sin x – 2 cos x + c

Sample Problem-10:

1
 2x  2 
Evaluate:  sin   dx .
2
 4 x  8 x  13 

1
 2x  2 
Solution: I =  sin  2
 dx
 4 x  8 x  13 

 2x  2   2x  2 
1
Here sin   = sin 1  
4 x 2
 8 x  13  (2 x  2) 2  9 
   

- 7.10 -
Indefinite Integrals

Put 2x + 2 = 3 tan 
3 2
dx = sec  d 
2

2x  2 3tan 
Also 2 = = sin 
(2 x  2)  9 3sec 

3
 sec 2  d 
2
So I =

3 3
=    sec2    (1 sec 2  d )d  = [ tan   ln(cos )]  c
2 2

3  2 x  3 1  2 x  2   3 
= 2  3 tan  3   ln  2
  c
    4 x  8 x  13  
7.3.1. Special use of Integration by PARTS
JE

(i)  f ( x)dx   ( f ( x)).1 dx

Now integrate taking f(x) as 1st function and 1 as 2nd function.
f ( x) f ( x) g ( x)
 g ( x) dx   . dx
ES

(ii) n
g ( x) g ( x1 ) n

f ( x) g ( x)
Now integrate taking g ( x) as 1st function and g ( x ) n as 2nd function.
1
an

(iii) If integrand is of the form ex f(x), then rewrite f(x) as sum of two functions in which one is
derivative of other.
x x
ka

e f ( x )dx = e ( g ( x )  g ( x)) dx = ex g(x) + c

Sample Problem-11:
lp

Evaluate:  ln x dx .
1
Solution: I =  ln x dx =  (ln x .1) dx = ln x. x –  x .x dx
= x ln x – x + c = x(ln x –1) + c

Sample Problem-12:

x2
Evaluate:  .
( x sin x  cos x ) 2

x2  x cos x 
Solution: I =  =  x.sec x  ( x sin x  cos x)  dx
( x sin x  cos x ) 2 2


 x sec x
=  tan x  c
x sin x  cos x

- 7.11 -
 Indefinite Integrals

Sample Problem-13:
2
 x 1  x
Evaluate:   2  e dx .
 x 1
2
 x 1  x2  2x  1
Solution: I =  2  =
 x 1 ( x 2  1) 2

1  2 x 
= 2
 2 
( x  1)  ( x  1) 

1 2 x
Here derivative of 2 is ( x 2  1)2
x 1
2
x  x 1 
ex
So  e  2  dx = c
 x 1 ( x 2  1)

7.4. INTEGRATION BY PARTIAL FRACTIONS

JE

f ( x)
When integrand is a rational function i.e. of the form g ( x ) , where f(x) and g(x) are the polynomials

functions of x, we use the method of partial fraction.

ES

1 1 1
For example we can rewrite (3x  1)(3x  2) and 3(3x  1)  3(3 x  2) .

If degree of f(x) is less then degree of g(x) and g(x) = ( x  a1 )1 ..........( x 2  b1 x  c1 )1 ......... , then we
an

f ( x) A1 A2 A1
can put g ( x ) =   ........  ........
( x  a1 ) ( x  a1 ) 2
( x  a1 ) 1
ka

B1 x  C1 B x  C2 B  C1
  2 2  ........  2 1 .........
2
( x  b1 x  c1 ) ( x  b1 x  c1 ) 2
( x  b1 x  c1 )1

Here A1, A2 ,........., A 1 ............, B1, B2............ B1 ...........C 1, C2......... C1 ...........are the real
lp

constants and these can be calculated by reducing both sides of the above equation as identity in
polynomial form and then by comparing the coefficients of like powers. The constants can also be
obtained by putting some suitable numerical values of x in both sides of the identity.
If degree of f(x) is more than or equal to degree of g(x), then divide f(x) by g(x) so that the remainder
has degree less than of g(x).

Sample Problem-14:

dx
Evaluate:  ( x  1)( x  2)( x  3) .
1 A B C
Solution: Put ( x  1)( x  2)( x  3) = ( x  1)  ( x  2)  ( x  3)

 1 = A (x – 2) (x – 3) + B (x – 1) (x – 3) + C (x – 1) (x – 2)

- 7.12 -
Indefinite Integrals

1
Put x = 1, we get, A =
2
x = 2, we get, B = – 1
1
x = 3, we get, C =
2

 x2  4x  3 
1 dx dx 1 dx ln  c
So integral =     =  | x2| 
2 x 1 x 2 2 x 3  

Sample Problem-15:

dx
Evaluate:  ( x  2)( x 2
 1) .

1 A Bx  C
Solution: Let ( x  2)( x 2  1) = x  2  ( x 2  1)
JE

 1 = A(x2 + 1) + (Bx + C) (x + 2)
1
Put x = – 2, we get A =
5
ES

Now compare the coefficients of x2 and constant term we get 0 = A + B and 1 = A + 2C

1 2
 B ,C
5 5
an

1 dx 1 x 2 dx
So I =    2
5 x  2 5 x 1
dx   2
5 x 1

1 1 2
ln | x  2 |  ln( x 2  1)  tan 1 x  C
ka

=
5 10 5

Sample Problem-16:
lp

x 4 dx
Evaluate:  ( x  1) ( x  1)2 .
Solution: Here degree of numerator is more than the degree of denominator so first we have to divide it to
reduce it to proper fraction.

x4 2 x2  1
= ( x  1) 
( x  1) ( x  1) 2 ( x  1) ( x  1) 2

2x2  1 A B C
Put 2 =
 
( x  1) ( x  1) ( x  1) ( x  1) ( x  1) 2

 2x2 – 1 = A(x + 1)2 + B(x – 1) (x + 1) + C(x – 1)

1
Put x = 1, we get A =
2

- 7.13 -
 Indefinite Integrals

1
Put x = – 1, we get C = –
2
Comparing the coefficient of x2, we get

3
2=A+B  B=
2

1 dx 3 dx 1 dx
So I =  ( x  1)dx  2  ( x  1)  2  ( x  1)  2  ( x  2) 2

x2 1 3 1
=  x  n | x  1|  n | x  1|  C
2 2 2 2( x  2)

OBJECTIVE QUESTION-7.3 & 7.4:

1. etan x (sec x – sin x)dx is equal to

(a) etan x cos x + C (b) etan x sin x + C (c) –etan x cos x + C (d) etan x sec x + C
JE

Hint (c):
x
2.  xe cos xdx  f ( x )  c, then f (x) equal to
ES

ex ex
(a) – {(1  x) sin x  x cos x}  c (b) {(1  x) sin x  x cos x}  c
2 2

ex
an

(c) {(1  x)sin x  x cos x}  c (d) none of these

2
Hint (a): Integrate by parts, by taking x as Ist function and ex cos x as IInd function.
ka

xe x
3. If  dx  f ( x ) 1  e x  2log g ( x)  C , , then
x
1 e
lp

1  ex 1
(a) f(x) = x – 1 (b) g(x) =
1  ex  1

1  ex  1
(c) g(x) = (d) none of these
1  ex  1

Hint (b): Put 1 + ex = t  x = ln (t – 1) and integrate by parts.

4. sin 2x . log cos x dx is equal to

2 1 
(a) cos x   log cos x   k (b) cos2x . log cos x + k
2 

2 1 
(c) cos x   log cos x   k (d) none of these
2 

- 7.14 -
Indefinite Integrals

Hint (c): Integrate by parts by taking log cos x as Ist function and sin 2x as IInd function.

5. x log (1 + x2)dx = (x). log (1 + x2) + (x) + C, then

1  x2 1  x2 1  x2
(a) ( x )  (b)  ( x)  (c) ( x)   (d) none of these
2 2 2
Hint (a): Put 1 + x2 = t and integrate log t by parts.

 2x 
6. sin–1   dx is equal to
 1  x2 
(a) x tan–1x – ln |sec (tan–1x)| + C (b) x tan–1x + ln |sec (tan–1x)| + C
(c) x tan–1x – ln |cos(tan–1x)| + C (d) none of these
Hint (d): Put x = tan  dx = sec2x d.

tan 1 x
7. e (1  x  x 2 ) dx (cot–1x) is equal to
JE

1 1 x tan 1 x tan 1 x
tan
(a) e tan x
C (b) e C (c)  xe C (d) xe C

tan 1 x  1  tan 1 x  x 
Hint (c): I = e (1  x  x 2 )  2  dx   e  1   dx
 1 x   1  x2 
ES

x 2 tan x   
8. e   cot 2  x   dx is equal to
 1  tan x  4 
an

   
(a) ex tan   x   C (b) ex tan  x    C
4   4

 3 
ka

(c) ex tan   x   C (d) none of these

 4 

x 2 tan x         
Hint (b): I = e   tan 2  x    dx  e x  tan  x    sec 2  x    dx

lp

 1  tan x  4    4  4 

 1 2
9.  x log 1  x  dx  f ( x)log( x  1)  g ( x) x  Ax  C , then

1 2
(a) f (x) = x (b) g(x) = log x (c) A = 1 (d) none of these
2
Hint (d): Integrate by parts.

10. If Im, n = cosmx sin nx dx, then 7 I4, 3 – 4I3, 2 is equal to

(a) constant (b) –cos2x + C (c) –cos4x cos 3x+ C (d) cos 7x – cos 4x + C
Hint (c): Integrate by Parts.

- 7.15 -
 Indefinite Integrals

7.5. ALGEBRAIC INTEGRALS

Using the technique of standard substitution and integration by parts, we can derive the following
formula :

dx 1 x dx 1 xa
 a 2 2
 tan 1  c  x 2 2
 ln c
x a a a 2a x  a

dx x dx
   sin 1 c    ln  x  x 2  a 2   c
a x2 2 a x a2 2 

dx
   ln  x  x 2  a 2   c
x a2  2 

x 2 a2 x
  a 2  x 2 dx  a  x 2  sin 1  c
2 2 a

x 2 a2
  x 2  a 2 dx 
2
x  a 2  ln x  x 2  a 2
2
 
JE

x 2 a2
  x 2  a 2 dx 
2
x  a 2  ln x  x 2  a 2
2
 
ES

7.5.1. Integral of the form

dx dx
 ax  bx  c ,
2  2
ax  bx  c
,  ax 2  bx  c dx
an

2
 b  4ac  b 2 b
a
Here in each case write ax + bx + c =  x   
2
put x   t and use the standard
 2 a  4 a 2 a
formulae.
ka

Sample Problem-17:

dx

lp
Evaluate: 2 .
x  4x  6
Solution: – x2 + 4x + 6 = – (x2 – 4x + 4) + 10 = 10 – (x – 2)2
dx
I=  10  ( x  2) 2 Put x – 2 = t  dx = dt

dt 1 t
I=  10  t 2 = sin
10
c

1  x  2 
= sin  c
 10 

Sample Problem-18:

Evaluate:  3 x 2  6 x  10 dx .

- 7.16 -
Indefinite Integrals

Solution: 3 x2 – 6x + 10 = 3(x – 1)2 + 7

Put x – 1 = t
 dx = dt
7
I = 3 t2  dt
3

t 7 7 7
= 3  t 2   ln t  t 2    c
 2 3 6 3 

where t = x – 1
7.5.2. Integrals of the Form
( ax  b)dx ( ax  b)dx
 2
cx  ex  f ,  cx 2
 ex  f ,  (ax  b) cx 2  ex  f dx

Here write ax + b = A(2cx + e) + B

Find A and B by comparing, the coefficients of x and constant term.
JE

Sample Problem-19:

(3x  5) dx

ES
Evaluate: .
x2  4x  3
Solution: Write 3x + 5 = A(2x + 4) + B
3
 A= , B=–1
an

3 2x  4 dx
So I =  
2 2
x  4x  3 2
x  4x  3
ka

In 1st integral put x2 + 4x + 3 = t

 (2x + 4)dx = dt
3 dt dx
lp

I= 
2 t

( x  2) 2  1

2 2
= 3 x  4 x  3  ln ( x  2)  x  4 x  3  c

7.5.3. Integrals of the Form

(ax 2  bx  c) dx (ax 2  bx  c) dx
 (ex 2  fx  g )
,  (ex2  fx  g ) ,  (ax2  bx  c) (ex 2  fx  g ) dx
Here put ax2 + bx + c = A(ex2 – fx + g) + B(2ex + f) + c find the values of A, B and C by comparing
the coefficients of x2, x and constant term.

Sample Problem-20:

( x 2  4 x  7)
Evaluate:  x2  x  1
.

- 7.17 -
 Indefinite Integrals

Solution: Let x2 + 4x + 7 = A(x2 + x + 1) + B(2x + 1) + C

Comparing the coefficients of x2, x and constant term, we get
A = 1, A + 2B = 4, A + B + C = 7

3 9
 A = 1, B = ,C=
2 2

3 (2 x  1) dx 9 dx
So I =  x 2  x  1 dx    
2 x  x 1 2
2 2
x  x 1

2 2
 1  3
2
Now x + x + 1 =  x    
 2   2 

 1
 x 2 3  1 
 x 2  x  1  ln  x   x 2  x  1 
I =  2  8  2 
JE

 

9  1 
3 x 2  x  1  ln  x   x 2  x  1   c
2  2 
ES

7.5.4. Integrals of the Form

dx 1
 (ax  b) 2
ex  fx  g . Here ax  b  .
t
an

Sample Problem-21:

dx
 ( x  2)
ka

Evaluate: .
x2  4x  8

1  dt
Solution: Put x  2   dx  2
lp

t t
Now x2 + 4x + 8 = (x + 2)2 + 4

dt dt
So I =  = 
1 1  4t 2
t 2 4
t

1 dt 1 2 1
=  =  2 ln t  t  4  c
2 1
t2 
4

1 1 1 1
=  2 ln x  2  ( x  2) 2  4  c

- 7.18 -
Indefinite Integrals

7.5.5. Integrals of the Form

(ax  b) dx
 (cx  e) ex 2  fx  g . Here put (ax + b) = A(cx + e) + B, find the values of A and B by comparing
the coefficients of x and constant term.

Sample Problem-22:

(4 x  7)
Evaluate:  ( x  2) x2  4x  8
.

Solution: Let 4x + 7 = A(x + 2) + B

 A = 4, B = – 1
dx dx
So I = 4 
2
x  4x  8 ( x  2) x 2  4 x  8

1 1 1 1
 2
= 4ln x  2  x  4 x  8  ln  
 c
JE
2
2 x2 ( x  2) 4

7.5.6. Integrals of the Form

( ax 2  bc  c )dx
ES

 (ex  f ) gx 2  hx  i
. Here put ax2 + bx + c = A(ex + f) (2gx + h) + B(ex + 1) + C, find the

values of A, B and C by comparing the coefficients of x2, x and constant term.

an
Sample Problem-23:

2 x 2  7 x  11
Evaluate:  ( x  2) x2  4x  8
.
ka

Solution: Put 2x2 + 7x + 11 = A(x + 2) (2x + 4) + B(x + 2) + C

Compare the coefficient of x2, x and constant term, we get
A = 1, 7 = 8 A + B, C + 2B + 8A = 11  B = – 1, C = 5
lp

2x  4 dx dx
So I =  2
x  4x  8
  2
x  4x  8
5  ( x  2) x2  4x  8

2 2 5 1 1 1
= 2 x  4 x  8  ln ( x  2)  x  4 x  8  2 ln ( x  2)  ( x  2) 2  4  c

7.5.7. Integrals of the Form

x dx
 (ax 2
 b) (cx 2  e)
, here put cx2 + e = t2.

Sample Problem-24:

x dx
Evaluate:  (2 x 2
 3) x 2  1
.

- 7.19 -
 Indefinite Integrals

Solution: Put x2 – 1 = t2
 x dx = t dt
t dt dt 1 dt
So I =  (2t 2
 5)t
=  2t 2
5
=
2 t2  5
2

1 1  2 2 
= 10 tan  5 x  1   c
 

7.5.8. Integrals of the Form

dx 1
 (ax 2
 b) (cx 2  e)
. Here 1st put x =
t
and then the expression inside the square root as y2.

Sample Problem-25:

dx
 (x
JE

Evaluate: 2 .
 5) 2 x 2  3

1
Solution: Put x =
t
ES

dt
 dx =  t 2

dt t dt
an

So I =  1  2
=  (1  5t 2
) 2  3t 2
t2  2  5 2  3
t  t
Put 2 – 3t2 = y2
ka

y dy
 – t dt =
3
lp

1 y dy 1 y  13 / 5
= 5 ln C
So I =  
3  13  5 y 2  y  13 / 5
 y
 3 
7.5.9. Integrals of the Type
m
x ( a  bx n ) p dx( p  0) . Here we have the following cases.

Case I : If p is a natural number, then expand (a + bxn)p by binomial theorem and integrate.
Case II : If p is a negative integer and m and n are rational number, put x = tk, when k is the LCM
of denominators of m and n.

m 1
Case III : If is an integer and p is rational number, put (a + bxn) = tk, when k is the denominator
n
of p.

- 7.20 -
Indefinite Integrals

m 1 a  bx n
Case IV : If is an integer, put  t k , where k is the denominator of p.
n xn

Sample Problem-26:

2 2 1
  
Evaluate: 3
 1  x 3  .
x  
Solution: Here p = – 1, is a negative integer and m and n are rational numbers.
Put x = t3
 dx 3t2 dt
2 3 dt
So I = t (1  t 2 ) 1 3t 2 dt  1 t 2 = 3tan 1 ( x1/3 )  c

Sample Problem-27:

1 1/ 4
JE
1
 
Evaluate:  x 3 1  x3  dx .
 

1 1 1
ES

Solution: Here m =  , n = , p =
3 3 4
m 1
 2 , which is an integer
n
an

So (1 + x1/3) = t4
dx 3
 3x 2/3  4t dt
ka

4 4

I = 12 (t  1)t dt

4 5/4
=  
1  x1/3  [4  9 x1/3 ]  c
lp

15

Sample Problem-28:
11
Evaluate: x (1  x 4 ) 1/2 dx .

1
Solution: Here m = – 11, m = 4, p = 
2

m 1 10 1
 p     3 , which is an integer..
n 4 2

1  x4 2
So put t
x4

- 7.21 -
 Indefinite Integrals

1
2
 1  x4  t

4
 x 5 dx  2t dt

dx 1 2 1
So I =  1/2 =  (t  1) 2 . .2t dt

 1  4 t
x13  1  4 
 x 

1 4 t5 t3 t
=  (t  2t 2  1)dt =
   c
2 10 3 2

1
Where t = 1 .
x4

OBJECTIVE QUESTION-7.5:
JE

px p 2q 1  qxq 1
1. The evaluation of  x2 p2q  2x pq  1 dx is

xp xq xq xp
ES

(a)  C (b) C (c)  C (d) C

x p q  1 x p q  1 x p q  1 x p q  1

px p  2 q1  qx q 1 px p 1  qx  q 1
Hint (c):  ( x p q  1) 2
dx   ( x p  x  q )2
dx
an

taking xq as x2q common from Denominator and take it in Nr ]

1
2 x2  3x  3
ka

2. The value of  ( x 1) ( x 2  2 x  2)

dx is :
0

 
(a) + 2 ln 2  tan1 2 (b)  + ln4 + cot1 2
lp

4 4
(c) 2 ln2  cot1 3 (d) all of these
Hint (d): Numerator = 2 (x2 + 2 x + 2)  (x + 1)

1  x7
3.  x(1  x 7 )
dx equals :

2 2
(a) ln x + ln (1 + x7) + C (b) ln x  ln (1  x7) + C
7 7
2 2
(c) ln x  ln (1 + x7) + C (d) ln x + ln (1  x7) + C
7 7

dx 6
Hint (c): I =  x 1  x7    x 7 dx
1 x

- 7.22 -
Indefinite Integrals

ln | x |
4. x 1  ln | x |
dx equals :

2 2
(a) 1  ln | x | (lnx 2) + C (b) 1  ln | x | (lnx+ 2) + C
3 3

1
(c) 1  ln | x | (lnx 2) +C (d) 2 1  ln | x | (3 lnx 2) + C
3
Hint (a): Start : ln | x | = t

1 t dt

x
dx = dt   1 t

3x4  1
5. Primitive of w.r.t. x is :
( x 4  x  1) 2

x x x 1 x 1
JE

(a) 4 +C (b)  4 + C (c) 4 +C (d)  4 +C

x  x 1 x  x 1 x  x 1 x  x 1

3 x4  1 3 x 2  x 2
Hint (b): 1 2 =
 
ES
2
x 2 x3  1  x
x 3
 1  x 1 
x4  1 B
6. If  2
dx = A ln x +
1  x2
+ C, where C is the constant of integration then :

x x2  1 
an

(a) A = 1 ; B =  1 (b) A =  1; B = 1 (c) A = 1; B = 1 (d) A =  1; B =  1

Hint (c): add and subtract x2 in the numerator
ka

(2 x  1)
7.  ( x2  4x  1)3/2 dx
lp

x3 x
(a) C (b) C
2
( x  4 x  1) 1/2
( x  4 x  1)1/2
2

x2 1
(c) C (d) C
2
( x  4 x  1) 1/2
( x  4 x  1)1/2
2

2x  1 2x  1 2 x 2  x 3
Hint (b):  ( x2  4 x  1)3/2 dx =
 3/2
dx =  3/2
dx
 4 1   4 1 
x3  1   2  1   2 
 x x   x x 

1 4
now put 2
 1  t 2
x x

- 7.23 -
 Indefinite Integrals

x2  2
8.  x4  4 dx is equal to

1 x2  2 1
(a) tan 1 C (b) tan 1 ( x 2  2)  C
2 2x 2

1 2x 1 x2  2
(c) tan 1 2 C (d) tan 1 C
2 x 2 2 2x

 2 
x2  2 1  2 
 x  dx
Hint (d):  x4  4
dx =
  2
2

x   4
 x

2
Now put x – =t
x
JE

dx
9. If x 22
( x 7  6)
= A{ln (p)6 + 9p2 – 2p3 – 18p} + c, then

 x7  6   x7  6 
ES
1 1
(a) A  , p  7  (b) A  , p  7 
9072  x  54432  x 
1
1  x7  1  x7  6 
(c) A  , p  7  (d) A  , p  7 
an

54432  x 6 9072  x 

dx
Hint (b): I    6 
x 29 1  7 
ka

 x 

 6  42 7  6 
Let 1  7   p  8 dx  dp and x   1  p 
lp

 x  x  

1 (1  p)3 1 1  p3  3 p  3 p2
I 
42 (6)3 p
dp 
(42) (216) p  dp

1
 [lnp6 + 9p2 – 2p3 – 18p] + c
54432

( x  x 2/3  x1/ 6 )
10. I  x(1  x1/3 )
dx is equal to

3 2/3 3 2/3
(a)
2
 
x  6 tan 1 x1/6  c (b)
2
x  6 tan 1 ( x1/6 )  c

3 2/3 1 1/6
(c)  x  tan ( x )  c (d) none of these
2

- 7.24 -
Indefinite Integrals

Hint (a): Substituting x = p6, dx = 6p5 dp, we have

6 p 5 ( p 6  p 4  p) 6( p 5  p3  1)  6 
I  6 2
dp  2 dp  6 p3dp   2 
 dp 
p (1  p ) ( p  1)  p 1

6 p4 3
=  6 tan 1 p  x 2/3  6 tan 1 ( x1/6 )  c
4 2

7.6. TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS :

7.6.1. Integrals of the Form :

 f (sin x, cos x) 
  g (sin x,cos x) dx   R(sin x, cos x)dx , where f and g both are polynomials in sin x and cos x.
x
2 tan
x 2
Here we can convert them in algebraic by putting tan  t after writing sin x = and
2 x
1  tan 2
JE

x
1  tan 2
cos x = 2
ES

2 x .
1  tan
2

Some time instead of putting the above substitution we go for below procedure.
an

(i) If R(– sin x, cos x) = – R(sin x, cos x), put cos x = t

(ii) If R(sin x, – cos x) = R(sin x, cos x) put tan x = t
(iii) If R(–sin x, cos x) = R(sin x, cos x) put tan x = t
ka

Sample Problem-29:

dx
 sin x(2cos
lp

Evaluate: 2 .
x  1)

1
Solution: Here R(sin x, cos x) =
sin x(2cos 2 x  1)
1
R(sin x, cos x) = = R – (sin x, cos x)
 sin x (2cos 2 x  1)
So we put cos = t  – sin x dx = dt

sin dx dt
I=  (1  cos 2
x)(2cos 2 x  1)
=  (t 2
 1)(2t 2  1)

dt dt
= t 2
1
2 
2t 2  1

1 cos x  1 1 2 cos x  1
= 2 ln cos x  1  ln C
2 2 cos x  1

- 7.25 -
 Indefinite Integrals

Sample Problem-30:

cos x dx
Evaluate:  sin 2
x(sin x  cos x )
.

cos x dx
Solution: Here R(sin x, cos x) = 2
sin x(sin x  cos x )
R(– sin x, – cos x) = R(sin x, cos x)
So put tan x = t  sec2 x dx = dt

cos x sec 2 x dx dt
I=  sec 2 x sin 2 x(sin x  cos x)
= t 2
(1  t )

1 A B C
Let 2
  2
t (1  t ) t t (1  t )

or 1 = At(1 + t) + B(1 + t) + ct2

JE

Put t = 0, we get B = 1, put t = –1, we get C = 1

compare the coefficients of t2, we get 0 = A + C  A = – 1

dt dt dt
So I =   t   t   1 t
ES

1  tan x
= ln  cot x  c
tan x
an

7.6.2. Integrals of the Form :

 p sin x  q cos x  r 
  a sin x  b cos x  c  dx ,
ka

here put p sin x + q cos x + r = A(a sin x + b cos x + c) + B(a cos x – b sin x) + C values of A, B
and C can be obtained by comparing the coefficients of sin x, cos x and constant term by this
lp

technique. The given integral becomes sum of 3 integrals in which 1st two are very easy in 3rd we
x
can put tan t .
2

Sample Problem-31:

(5sin x  6) dx
Evaluate:  sin x  2cos x  3 .
Solution: Let 5 sin x + 6 = A(sin x + 2 cos x + 3) + B(cos x – 2 sin x) + C
Equating the coefficients of sin x, cos x and constant term, we get

A  2 B = 5

2 A+ B = 0  
A = 1, B = –2, C = 3
3A+ C = 6 

- 7.26 -
Indefinite Integrals

(cos x  2sin x) dx dx
I=  dx  2 sin x  2cos x  3  3 sin x  cos x  3 x  2ln | sin x  2cos x  3 | 3 1

x x
Put tan  t  sec 2 dx  2dt
2 2

 x
 1  tan 
2dt 2dt 1  t  1 
1 2 C
So 1  t 2 =  2 = tan    C = tan  2

 2t  5 (t  1)  4  2   
 
7.6.3. Integrals of the Form :

p pq2
 sin x cos q x dc , Where p and q are rational number such that is a negative integer, then
2
put tan x = t or cot x = t.

Sample Problem-32:
JE

7/5
Evaluate:  sin x cos3/5 dx .

7 3
Solution: Here p =  , q = 
5 5
ES

pq2
 2
2
cos 3/5 x
I=  sin 7/5 cos 3/5 x dx =  dx
an

sin 3/5 x sin 2 x

3/5
=  (cot x) cos ec 2 x dx
Put cot x = t  cosec2 x = – dt
ka

3/5 5 2/5

So I =  t dt =  (cot x )  c
2
lp

7.7. SUCCESSIVE REDUCTION IN INTEGRATION

Sometimes the integrand is a function of x as well as on n(n N), then we use this method.

Sample Problem-33:
If In = tann x dx, then prove that (n – 1) (In + In–2) = tann–1 x.

Solution: Here In =  tan

n
x dx  tan n  2 x tan 2 x dx

= tann–2 x (sec2 x – 1) dx
=  tann–2 x sec2 xdx – tann–2 x dx
= tann–2 x sec2 x dx – In–2

tan n 1 x
I n  I n 2 
n 1
Hence (n – 1) (In + In–2) = tann–1x.

- 7.27 -
 Indefinite Integrals

Sample Problem-34:

dx 1  x dx 
Prove that  (1  x 2 n
  2 n 1
 (2n  3)  2 n 1 
, n  N . Hence, compute
) 2( n  1)  (1  x ) (1  x ) 

1
the value of  (1  x ) 2 2
dx .

dx 1 n
Solution: If In =  (1  x ) 2 n =
(1  x 2 ) n
.x –  (1  x ) 2 n 1
.2 x.x dx

x x2  1 1 x
= 2 n
 2n  (1  x2 )n1 dx =  2n [I – I ]
(1  x ) (1  x 2 )n n n+1

x
= 2n In+1 = (2n – 1) In +
(1  x 2 ) n
replace n  n – 1
JE

x
2(n – 1) In = (2n – 3) In–1 +
(1  x 2 ) n1

1  x dx 
ES

In =  2(n  1)  (1  x 2 n 1
 (2n  3)  2 n 1 
,n N
) (1  x ) 
Now, put n = 2

dx 1 x 
an

 (1  x ) 2 2
  2
 tan 1 x   c
2 1  x 

OBJECTIVE QUESTION-7.6 & 7.7:

ka

cos3 x  cos5 x
1.  sin 2 x  sin 4 x
dx
lp

(a) sinx  6 tan1 (sinx) + c (b) sin x  2 sin1 x + c

(c) sinx  2 (sinx)1  6 tan1 (sin x) + c (d) sinx  2 (sinx)1 + 5 tan1 (sinx) + c

(1 t 2 ) (2  t 2 ) ( y  1) ( y  2) 2(1  2 y )
Hint (c): sin x = t ; I =  t 2 (1 t 2 )
dt =  y (1 y ) dy = 1 + y ( y  1) ; y = t
2

 1 1   2 6 
= 1 + 6  3 y  y 1  =  1  2   dt
   t 1 t 2 

dx  x
2.  5  4cos x =  tan1  m tan  + C then :
 2
(a)  = 2/3 (b) m = 3 (c)  = 1/3 (d) m = 2/3

dx dx sec 2 ( x / 2)
Hint (a):  5  4cos x
 
9cos 2 ( x / 2)  sin 2 ( x / 2)

9  tan 2 ( x / 2)
dx 
Now put tan x/2 = t

- 7.28 -
Indefinite Integrals

x2
3.  ( x sin x  cos x) 2
dx is

sin x  x cos x sin x  x cos x x sin x  cos x

(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
x sin x  cos x x sin x  cos x x sin x  cos x
d
Hint (a): ( x sin x  cos x )  x cos x
dx
x 2 dx x
I=  2
.
( x sin x  cos x ) cos x
dx

Now integrate by parts.

4. If In = (ln x)n dx, then In + nIn –1

(ln x) n
(a) (b) x (ln x)n –1 (c) x (ln x)n (d) none of these
x

x( n)(ln x) n 1
JE

Hint (c): In = x (ln x)n –  dx = x (ln x)n – n In –1

x

2sin x
5.  (3  sin 2 x) dx is equal to
ES

1 2  sin x  cos x 1  sin x  cos x 

(a) ln  tan 1  c
2 2  sin x  cos x 2  2 
an

1 2  sin x  cos x 1  sin x  cos x 

(b) ln  tan 1  c
2 2  sin x  cos x 2  2 

1 2  sin x  cos x 1  sin x  cos x 

tan 1 
ka

(c) ln  c
4 2  sin x  cos x 2  2 
(d) none of these
lp

sin x  cos x  sin x  cos x

Hint (c): I =  3  sin 2 x
  3  sin 2 x
dx
I1 I2

Now put t1 = sin x – cos x in I1 and t2 = sin x + cos x in I2.

cos 4 x  1
6.  cot x  tan x dx is equal to
1 1 1 1
(a) ln | sec 2 x |  cos 2 2 x  c (b) ln | sec 2 x |  cos2 2 x  c
2 4 2 4
1 1 1 1
(c) ln | cos 2 x |  cos2 2 x  c (d) ln | cos 2 x |  cos2 2 x  c
2 4 2 4

cos 4 x  1 (cos2 2 x  1)sin 2 x

Hint (c):  cot x  tan x
dx   cos 2 x
dx

Now put cos2 x = t  dt = –2 sin2xdx

- 7.29 -
 Indefinite Integrals

3sin x  2cos x
7. If  3cos x  2sin x dx  ax  b ln |2 sin x + 3 cos x| + C, then
12 15 7 6 12 15 7 6
(a) a   ,b  (b) a   ,b  (c) a  ,b   (d) a   ,b  
13 39 13 13 13 39 13 13
Hint (c): Diff. both sides, we get

3sin x  2cos x b(2cos x  3sin x)

a
3cos x  2sin x (2sin x  3cos x )
Now compare like terms on both side.

dx
8. If I =  sec x  cosec x ' , then I equals
1 1 
(a)  cos x  sin x  log(cosec x  cos x)   C
2 2 

1 1 
JE

(b)  sin x  cos x  log | cosec x  cot x |   C

2 2 

1  1 
(c)  sin x  cos x  log | cosec x  cot x |   C
ES
2 2 
1 1
(d) [sin x  cos x ]  log | cosec( x   / 4)  cot( x   / 4) | C
2 2

(sin x  cos x) 2  1
an

sin x cos x
Hint (d): 
sin x  cos x sin x  cos x

sin 2 x
 (3  4cos x) dx, then I equls
ka

9. If I = 3

3cos x  8 3  8cos x
(a) C (b) C
(3  4cos x ) 2 16(3  4cos x) 2
lp

3  cos x 3  8cos x
(c) C (d) C
(3  4cos x) 2 16(3  4cos x) 2

Hint (b): Put 3 + 4 cos x = t

3  2cos x
10.  (2  3cos x) 2
dx is equal to

 sin x   2cos x   2cos x   2sin x 

(a)  C (b)  C (c)    C (d)  C
 3cos x  2   3sin x  2   3cos x  2   3sin x  2 
Hint (a): Multiplying Nr and Dr by cosec2x

- 7.30 -
Indefinite Integrals

MISCELLANEOUS SAMPLE PROBLEMS

Sample Problem-35:

4e x  6e  x
Evaluate  9e x  4e  x
dx.

Solution: Method : To evaluate

P ( x)
I=  Q( x )
dx ,

If P(x) = AQ(x) +BQ(x) ...(i)

where A and B are constants, then

AQ( x )  BQ( x )
I=  Q( x)
dx
JE

Q( x)

= A dx  B  Q( x)
dx

= Ax + B log | Q(x) | + C
ES

From (i), by comparing coefficients of same type of terms, one gets constants A and B.
In the present problem

(4e x  6e  x )
 dx
an

I=
9e x  4e  x
Denominator Q(x) = 9ex – 4e–x
Numerator P(x) = 4ex + 6e–x
ka

As Q(x) = 9ex + 4e–x, we take

4ex + 6e–x = A(9e x – 4e–x) + B (9ex + 4e–x)
lp

By comparing the coefficients of ex and e–x, we get

4 = 9A + 9B
6 = –4A + 4B

19 35
A=  , B
36 36

A(9e x  4e  x )  B(9e x  4e  x )
I=  9e x  4e  x
dx

9e x  4e  x

= A dx  B  9e x  4e  x
dx

= Ax + B log | 9ex – 4e–x | + C

19 35
=  x log | 9e x  4e  x |  C
36 36

- 7.31 -
 Indefinite Integrals

Sample Problem-36:

cos 3 x  cos 5 x
Evaluate I =  sin 2 x  sin 4 x
dx .

cos 3 x (1  cos 2 x )
Solution: I =  sin 2 x (1  sin 2 x)
dx

Since power of cos x is odd, put sin x = t ; then cos x dx = dt

(1  t 2 )(1  1  t 2 )
I =  t 2 (1  t 2 )
dt

(1  t 2 )( 2  t 2 )
=  t 2 (1  t 2 ) dt
For partial fractions, integrand is a function of even powers of t.

(1  t 2 )(2  t 2 ) (1  z )(2  z )
JE

 =
t 2 (1  t 2 ) z (1  z )

2  4z
=1+
z (1  z )
ES

2 6
=1+ 
z 1 z
2 6
=1+ 2

t 1 t 2
an

 2 6 
 I =  1   dt
2
 t 1 t 2 
ka

2
=t– – 6 tan–1 t + C = sin x –2 cosec x – 6 tan–1 (sin x) + C.
t
lp

Sample Problem-37:

Evaluate 1 x 2 dx : x>0
 1 x 2 1  3x 2  x 4

Solution: I = 1 x 2 dx
 1 x 2 1  3x 2  x 4

(1  x 2 ) dx
=  x  1  x x 1
x
 3 x2
x2

1
(  1) dx
x2
=   1  x ( x  1x ) 2  5
x

- 7.32 -
Indefinite Integrals

Put x – 1/x = t ;  1 
1  2 dx  dt
 x 

dt
I = 
t t2 5
Put t 2 + 5 = z 2 : z > 0 ; 2t dt = 2z dz
dz
I =  2
z 5

1 z 5
=  ln C
2 5 z 5

 2 1 
 x   3   5
1 x 2
=   
ln C .
2 5  2 1 
 x   3   5
JE
2
 x 

Sample Problem-38:
ES

Evaluate  cosec 2 x.ln(cos x  cos 2 x ) dx : sin x > 0

  cos 2 x  sin 2 x 
an

Solution: I =  cosec 2 x. ln sin x cot x    dx

  sin x 
 
2 2
=  cosec x . ln [sin x . (cot x  cot x  1 )] dx
ka

=  cosec 2 x. ln sin x dx   cosec 2 x. ln[cot x  cot 2 x  1 ] dx

= I1 + I2
lp

I1 =  cosec 2 x. ln sin x dx (integrate by parts)

= (– cot x). ln sin x –  (–cot x).cot x dx

= –cot x. ln sin x +  (cosec 2 x 1) dx

= –cot x.ln sin x – cot x – x

I2 =  cosec 2 x. ln[cot x  cot 2 x  1 ] dx

Put cot x= t ; – cosec2 x dx = dt
I 2 =  ln[t  t 2  1 ] dt (integrate by parts)

t
1
t 2 1
=  t.ln (t  t 2  1 )  t.  dt
t  t 2 1

- 7.33 -
 Indefinite Integrals

t
=  t.ln (t  t 2  1 )   dt
t 2 1

=  t.ln (t  t 2  1 )  t 2  1  C
=  cot x . ln (cot x  cot 2 x  1 )  cot 2 x  1  C

Sample Problem-39:

sin x
Evaluate : I =  sin 3 x  cos 3 x dx .

Solution: If the integrand contains odd powers in sinx and cos x, put tan x = t to evaluate I.
1 sin x
I =  cos 3
dx
x (1  tan 3 x )

tan x. sec 2 x
=  dx (put tan x = t)
JE

1  tan 3 x
t
=  1  t 3 dt
ES

1 dt 1 t 1
=  (by partial fractions)
 
3 1 t 3  t 2  t 1 dt
1 1 (2t  1)  3
=  log | t  1 |   2 dt
3 6 t  t 1
an

1 1 1 dt
=  log | t  1 |  log | t 2  t  1 |  
3 6 2 (t  2 ) 2 
1 3
4
ka

1 1 1 2  t  12 
=  log | t  1 |  log | t 2  t  1 |  tan 1  C
3 6 2 3  3 
 2 
1 1 2 1  2 tan x  1 
=  log | 1  tan x |  log | 1  tan x  tan x |  tan 1  C

lp

3 6 3  3 

Sample Problem-40:

If Im,n =  cos m x. cos nx dx , show that (m + n) Im,n = cosm x sin nx + m Im–1, n–1
Solution: Integrating by parts,
sin nx m
I m,n = cosm x cos m 1 x sin x sin nx dx ...(i)
n

n 
But cos (n – 1)x = cos (nx – x)
= cos nx cos x + sin nx sin x
sin x sin nx = cos(n – 1)x – cosnx cosx ...(ii)
From (i) and (ii) :
1 m
I m,n = cosm x. sin nx  cos m 1 x[cos( n  1) x  cos nx cos x ] dx

n n

- 7.34 -
Indefinite Integrals

1 m
I m,n = cosm x sin nx + I – m Im,n
n n m–1,n–1 n
1 m
I m,n = cosm x sin nx + I .
mn m  n m–1, n–1

Sample Problem-41:

Evaluate : I = (x  1  x 2 ) n dx .

Solution: Let x+ 1  x 2 = t ; then,

 x  t
1   dx = dt or dx  dt
 
 1 x 2  1 x 2
dt
 dx = 1 x 2
t
As 1  x 2  x = t
JE

1 1 1 x 2  x
 = 
t 1 x 2  x 1
ES

1 t 2 1
 2 1 x 2 = t + =
t t
t 2  1 dt
Thus I =  t n .
2t t
an

1 n2 2
=
2
t  (t  1) dt

1
= (t n  t n  2 ) dt

ka

1  t n1 t n 1 
= 2  n  1  n  1   C
 
lp

wheret = x + 1 x 2 .

Sample Problem-42:

2 sin 3 ( x 2 ) dx
Evaluate: I =  : cos x > 0
(cos ( x 2 )) cos 3 x  3 cos 2 x  cos x

( 2 sin ( x 2 ) cos ( x 2 )) ( 2 sin 2 ( x 2 )) dx

Solution: I = 
( 2 cos 2 ( x 2 )) cos 3 x  3 cos 2 x  cos x

(1  cos x) sin x dx
 I =  (1  cos x) cos 3 x  3cos 2 x  cos x
[put cos x = t]

- 7.35 -
 Indefinite Integrals

(t  1) dt
=  (1  t ) t 3  3t 2  t

(t 2  1) dt
=  (t  1) 2 t t  3  1t
t 2 (1  1
) dt
t2
=  t (t 2  2t  1) t  1t  3

1
(1  ) dt
t2
=  (t  1  2) (t  1t )  3
t

 1 
Put t  1  3 = z2 : z > 0 ; then  1  2  dt = 2zdz
t  t 
2 zdz
I =  ( z 2  1).z
JE

dz z 1
= 2  z 2 1  log z 1
C

cos x  sec x  3  1
 I = log C .
ES

cos x  sec x  3  1

Sample Problem-43:
an

e x (2  x 2 ) dx
Evaluate  .
(1  x ) 1  x 2
ka

(1  x 2 )  1
Solution: I = ex  dx
(1  x) 1  x 2
lp

 1  x 1 
=  ex   dx
 1  x 2 (1  x ) 1  x 2 

d  1 x  1 x
But   =  (1  x) 3
dx  1  x 2 
 1 x2 (1  x 2 ) 2

1 (1  x ) x
= 
1 x 2 (1  x )(1  x ) 1  x 2

1 x
= 
1 x 2 (1  x) 1  x 2
1 x  x 1
= 
(1  x ) 1  x 2 (1  x) 1  x 2

- 7.36 -
Indefinite Integrals

Hence, integrand is of type ex ( f (x) + f (x))

1 x
 I = ex C .
1 x 2

Sample Problem-44:

(sin x  cos x )dx

Evaluate : I =  (sin x  cos x) sin x cos x  sin 2 x cos 2 x
.

Solution: Let sin x + cos x = t ; then, (cos x – sin x )dx = dt

Also, t2 = (sin x + cos x)2 = 1 + 2 sin x cos x
t 2 1
 sin x cos x =
2
dt
I = 
JE

t 2 1 2
t 2
(1  t 21 )

dt
= 
ES

( t 2 1)(t 2 1)
t 4
t 3 dt
=  2 [Put t4 – 1 = z2 : z > 0]
t 4 t 4 1
an

1 2 z dz
= 2
4 ( z 2  1) z
dz
= 
1 z 2
ka

= –tan–1 z + C
=  tan 1 t 4  1  C
lp

=  tan 1 (1  sin 2 x) 2  1  C

=  tan 1 sin 2 2 x  2 sin 2 x  C .

Sample Problem-45:

dx
Evaluate : I =  1 x2  x  2
.

dx
Solution: I =  1  ( x  12 ) 2  7
4

1 7   7
Put x + = tan  :     ; then dx = sec 2  d
2 2 2 2 2

- 7.37 -
 Indefinite Integrals

7 sec 2  d
I =  2 7
1 sec 
2

7 d
= 
2 cos (cos   7
)
2
 1 1 
=    d
  cos  cos   7 
 2 

d 7
= log | sec   tan  |   a  cos 
; a
2
I = log | sec  + tan  | – I1 ...(i)
d
where I1 =  a  cos 
 1 t 2
Put tan = t ; cos  =
JE

2 1 t 2
2 dt 1
I1 =  1 t 2 1 t 2
a
ES
1 t 2

dt
= 2
a (1  t )  1  t 2
2

2 dt
an

= a 1  a 1
t2
a 1

2 a 1  a  1 
tan 1  t C
ka

= a 1 a 1  a  1 


2  a 1 
= tan 1  tan   C ...(ii)
 2 
lp

a 2 1  a 1
From (i) and (ii), we get I.

Sample Problem-46:

2  3 cos 
Evaluate: I =  d .
sin   2 cos   3

Solution: Write Numerator = l (denominator) + m (derivative of denominator) + n

2 + 3 cos = l (sin  + 2 cos  + 3) + m (cos  – 2 sin ) + n
Comparing constant term and the coefficients of cos  and sin ,
3l + n = 2 2l+m=3 l – 2m = 0
 l = 6/5 m = 3/5 and n = –8/5

- 7.38 -
Indefinite Integrals

6 3 cos  – 2 sin  8 d
 I =  5
d 
5  sin   2 cos   3
d –
5  sin   2 cos   3
6 3 8
=   ln | sin   2 cos   3 | – I 3
5 5 5
d
where I3 =  sin   2 cos   3

d
=       
2 sin   cos    4 cos 2   – 4 sin 2    3 sin 2    3 cos 2  
2 2 2 2 2 2

sec 2 (  / 2) d  
=    : put tan   = t 
2
 tan 2  2 tan  7
2 2
dt dt dt
= 2 t 2  2t  7 = 2 (t  1) 2  8 = 2
(2 2)  (t  1) 2
2
JE

1 (2 2  1)  tan( / 2)
= log e
2 2 (2 2  1)  tan( / 2)
ES
an
ka
lp

- 7.39 -
ADD NOTES HERE :-)

JE
ES
an
ka
lp
ADD NOTES HERE :-)

JE
ES
an
ka
lp
ADD NOTES HERE :-)

JE
ES
an
ka
lp
ADD NOTES HERE :-)

JE
ES
an
ka
lp
ADD NOTES HERE :-)

JE
ES
an
ka
lp
ADD NOTES HERE :-)

JE
ES
an
ka
lp
ADD NOTES HERE :-)

JE
ES
an
ka
lp
ADD NOTES HERE :-)

JE
ES
an
ka
lp
ADD NOTES HERE :-)

JE
ES
an
ka
lp
ADD NOTES HERE :-)

JE
ES
an
ka
lp