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    EDSA UNIT 3

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    EDSA UNIT 3

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    EDSA UNIT 3

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    dueltmpqajgp

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    of 49

    EDSA

    UNIT 3

    DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM LOAD FLOW


    SYLLABUS: Exact line segment model, Modified line model, approximate line segment model, Step
    Voltage Regulators, Line drop compensator, Forward/Backward sweep distribution load flow
    algorithm – Numerical problems

    The modeling of distribution overhead and underground line segments is a critical step in the analysis
    of a distribution feeder. It is important in the line modeling to include the actual phasing of the line
    and the correct spacing between conductors. The method for the computation of the phase
    impedance and phase admittance matrices with no simplifying assumptions are developed. Those
    matrices will be used in the models for overhead and underground line segments.

    Exact Line Segment Model:

    The model of a three-phase, two-phase, or single-phase overhead or underground line is shown in


    Figure 1. When a line segment is two phase (V phase) or single phase, some of the impedance and
    values will be zero. In all cases the phase impedance and phase admittance matrices were 3 × 3. Rows
    and columns of zeros for the missing phases represent two-phase and single-phase lines. Therefore,
    one set of equations can be developed to model all overhead and underground line segments. The
    values of the impedances and admittances in Figure 1 represent the total impedances and
    admittances for the line.

    For the line segment of Figure 1, the equations relating the input (node n) voltages and currents to
    the output (node m) voltages and currents are developed as follows.

    Kirchhoff’s current law applied at node m is represented by

    …….. 6.1
    Fig 1: Three-phase line segment model
    Modified Line Model :
    Figure 6.2 shows the modified line segment model with the shunt admittance neglected. When the
    shunt admittance is neglected, the generalized matrices become
    a) Three-Wire Delta Line :
    b) Computation of Neutral and Ground Currents :
    the Kron reduction method was used to reduce the primitive impedance matrix to the 3 × 3
    phase impedance matrix. Figure 6.3 shows a three-phase line with grounded neutral that is
    used in the Kron reduction. Note that the direction of the current flowing in the ground is
    shown in Figure 6.3
    Approximate Line Segment Model :

    Many times the only data available for a line segment will be the positive and zero sequence
    impedances. The approximate line model can be developed by applying the “reverse
    impedance transformation” from symmetrical component theory
    Figure 6.4 shows a simple equivalent circuit for the line segment since no mutual coupling has
    to be modeled. It must be understood, however, that the equivalent circuit can only be used
    when transposition of the line segment has been assumed.
    Voltage Regulation :
    The regulation of voltages is an important function on a distribution feeder. As the loads on
    the feeders vary, there must be some means of regulating the voltage so that every customer’s
    voltage remains within an acceptable level. Common methods of regulating the voltage are
    the application of step type voltage regulators, load tap changing (LTC) transformers, and
    shunt capacitors.

    Standard Voltage Ratings :


    Step-Voltage Regulators :
    A step-voltage regulator consists of an autotransformer and a LTC mechanism. The voltage
    change is obtained by changing the taps of the series winding of the autotransformer. The
    position of the tap is determined by
    a) Single-Phase Step-Voltage Regulators :
    Because the series impedance and shunt admittance values of step-voltage regulators are
    so small, they will be neglected in the following equivalent circuits. It should be pointed
    out, however, that if it is desired to include the impedance and admittance, they can be
    incorporated into the following equivalent circuits in the same way they were originally
    modeled in the autotransformer equivalent circuit.

    1) Type A Step-Voltage Regulator :


    ii ) Type B Step-Voltage Regulator :
    The more common connection for step-voltage regulators is the Type B. Since this
    is the more common connection, the defining voltage and current equations for
    the voltage regulator will be developed only for the Type B connection. The
    detailed and abbreviated equivalent circuits of a Type B step-voltage regulator in
    the “raise” position are shown in Figure 7.9
    iii) Generalized Constants :
    generalized a, b, c, and d constants have been developed for various devices. It
    can now be shown that the generalized a, b, c, and d constants can also be
    applied to the step-voltage regulator. For both Type A and Type B regulators, the
    relationship between the source voltage and current to the load voltage and
    current is of the form:
    iv) Line Drop Compensator :
    b) Three-Phase Step-Voltage Regulators :

    i) Wye-Connected Regulator :
    Three Type B single-phase regulators connected in wye are shown in
    Figure 7.12. In Figure 7.12 the polarities of the windings are shown in
    the “raise” position. When the regulator is in the “lower” position, a
    reversing switch will have reconnected the series winding so that the
    polarity on the series
    to have a three-phase regulator connected in wye where the voltage and
    cur rent are sampled on only one phase and then all three phases are changed
    by the same number of taps.
    ii ) Closed Delta–Connected Regulators :
    As with the wye-connected regulators, the matrices [b] and [c] are zero as long
    as the series impedance and shunt admittance of each regulator are neglected.
    The closed delta connection can be difficult to apply. Note that in both the
    voltage and current equations, a change of the tap position in one regulator will
    affect voltages and currents in two phases. As a result, increasing the tap in one
    regulator will affect the tap position of the second regulator. In most cases, the
    bandwidth setting for the closed delta connection will have to be wider than
    that for wye-connected regulators.
    iii)Open Delta–Connected Regulators:
    FORWARD/BACKWARD SWEEP
    DISTRIBUTION LOAD FLOW ALGORITHM

    Modified “Ladder” Iterative Technique:


    The ladder technique is composed of two parts:
    1. Forward sweep
    2. Backward sweep
    2 MARKS QUESTION & ANSWERS:
    1. Write the Equations of Exact Line Segment Model ?
    Ans:

    The Line Current at node n :

    Voltage Unbalance:
    2. Draw the Exact Line Segment Model ?
    Ans:

    3. Write the Generalized Matrices for Modified Line Segment Model?


    Ans: When the shunt admittance is neglected, the generalized matrices become

    4. Draw the Modified Line Segment Model diagram:


    Ans:

    5. Draw the Approximate Line Segment Model diagram:


    Ans:
    6. The ladder technique is composed of how many parts?
    ANS: 1. Forward sweep 2. Backward sweep

    7. Draw the Flowchart for Forward/ Backward sweep Distribution Load Flow Algorithm
    ( Ladder Technique) ?
    Ans:

    8. Write the Receiving End Voltage Equations for Forward/ Backward sweep
    Distribution Load Flow Algorithm (Ladder Technique)?
    Ans:

    9. Short notes on Standard Voltage Ratings?


    Ans:
    10. Define System Voltage?
    Ans: The root mean square (rms) phasor voltage of a portion of an alternating current electric
    system. Each system voltage pertains to a portion of the system that is bounded by transformers
    or utilization equipment

    11. Define Nominal system voltage?


    Ans: The voltage by which a portion of the system is designated and to which certain operating
    characteristics of the system are related. Each nominal system voltage pertains to a portion of
    the system bounded by transformers or utilization equipment

    12. Define Maximum system voltage?


    Ans: The highest system voltage that occurs under normal operating conditions, and the highest
    system voltage for which equipment and other components are designed for satis factory
    continuous operation without derating of any kind.

    13. Define Service voltage?


    Ans: : The voltage at the point where the electrical system of the supplier and the electrical
    system of the user are connected.

    14. Define Utilization voltage?


    Ans: The voltage at the line terminals of utilization equipment.
    15. Define Nominal utilization voltage?
    Ans: The voltage rating of certain utilization equipment used on the system.

    10 Marks Questions:
    1. Explain Exact Line Segment Model with Neat Diagram and Analysis?
    2. Explain Modified Line Segment Model with Neat Diagram and Analysis?
    3. Explain Approximate Line Segment Model with Neat Diagram and Analysis?
    4. Explain Step Voltage Regulator with Neat Diagram?
    5. Explain Different Types of Step Voltage Regulators with Neat Diagrams?
    6. Explain Line drop compensator with Neat Diagrams?
    7. Explain Forward / Backward sweep distribution Load flow Algorithm ( Ladder
    Technique ) with flowchart?

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