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RES Unit-1 My Material

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6 views22 pages

RES Unit-1 My Material

Uploaded by

uranus80085
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Renewable Sources - prospects,

Renewable energy sources have promising prospects, including:

1. Solar Energy:
- Increasing adoption and decreasing costs
- Advancements in technology and energy storage
- Potential to meet global energy demands
2. Wind Energy:
- Established technology with ongoing innovations
- Cost competitiveness with fossil fuels
- Growing offshore wind farm installations
3. Hydrokinetic Energy:
- Tidal and wave energy technologies emerging
- Potential to harness predictable and reliable energy
- Coastal and oceanic energy harvesting
4. Geothermal Energy:
- Expanding applications in heating and cooling
- Enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) development
- Potential for widespread adoption
5. Biomass and Bioenergy:
- Advancements in biotechnology and feedstock development
- Growing demand for sustainable fuels and chemicals
- Potential for carbon capture and utilization
6. Hydrogen Energy:
- Emerging applications in transportation and power generation
- Potential for carbon-neutral energy storage and transmission
- Growing investment in hydrogen infrastructure

These prospects promise a transition towards a low-carbon economy, energy security, and sustainable
development. However, challenges and barriers need to be addressed through continued innovation, policy
support, and investment.
Solar cell - Equivalent circuit & characteristics

Figure Below is Equivalent Circuit of Solar Cell to increase PV Voltage solar cells are
connected in series. In order to increase current they are connected in parallel. A solar
panel of 48 V voltage rating has been used for the simulation purpose. 72 cells are
connected together in series to form a module to produce 48 V. Each 48 V solar panel
is connected to each stage of multi-level inverter. Table 1 shows the parameters for one
cell in 48V module. Normally the solar irradiance value under Standard Test Condition
(STC) is 1000 W/m2 , 25 o C.

(Please use this diagram for instead of following diagram)


Solar cell - Equivalent circuit & characteristics

A solar cell can be represented by an equivalent circuit that includes:

1. Light-generated current source (Iph)


2. Diode (D) representing the p-n junction
3. Series resistance (Rs) representing losses in the cell
4. Shunt resistance (Rsh) representing leakage current

The equivalent circuit is:

Iph - D - Rs - Rsh

Characteristics:

1. I-V Curve: Current (I) vs. Voltage (V)


- Short-circuit current (Isc): current at zero voltage
- Open-circuit voltage (Voc): voltage at zero current
- Maximum power point (MPP): optimal operating point
2. Efficiency (η): ratio of output power to input solar power
3. Fill Factor (FF): ratio of MPP power to ideal power
4. Current-Voltage (I-V) characteristics:
- Linear region: proportional to light intensity
- Saturation region: limited by series resistance
- Reverse bias region: negligible current
5. Power-Voltage (P-V) characteristics:
- Maximum power point (MPP) tracking

Understanding the equivalent circuit and characteristics is crucial for designing and
optimizing solar cells, panels, and systems to maximize energy harvesting.

Write a short note on sizing of PV system and its storage

Sizing a Photo voltaic (PV) system and its storage involves calculating the appropriate
capacity to meet energy demands. Considerations include:
PV System Sizing:
- Peak sun hours (PSH)
- Energy usage and load profile
- Roof size and orientation
- Panel efficiency and wattage
- Storage Sizing (Battery Bank):
- Backup duration required
- Depth of discharge (DOD)
- Battery type and efficiency
- System voltage and capacity

A properly sized PV system and storage ensure:

- Maximum energy harvesting


- Reliable backup power
- Optimal system performance
- Cost-effectiveness

Solar Energy Collectors: Flat plate Collectors, concentrating collectors


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