THE BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER

Yeldossova Aiym Yeldosskyzy

Astana International University, Astana, Kazakhstan

Scientific adviser - N.A. Alimbekova

Abstract: A computer device is made up of various elements which help in its effective
functioning and processing. There are five basic components of the computer which help in
making this processing of data easier and convenient. So this article is about which parts the
computer consists of and what they are needed for.

Keywords: computer, processor, programs, operating system.

Introduction
The central processing unit (CPU) is the main component of a computer that performs all
computing operations and controls the operation of other components. He is the "brain" of the
computer and is responsible for executing instructions and processing data.

Like us, a computer’s health needs to be taken care of to ensure peak performance and
longevity. Pcs don’t require much sustenance – expect a consistent power supply. They’re made
up of durable and tough components that can become damaged and could lead to many problems
once compromised.Regular servicing and timely upgrades are necessary to maintain your PC in
its prime condition, so you can keep enjoying it without interruption. Electrical items breakdown
eventually after constant use, and this is also true for computer hardware.

Picture 1 – Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Computer memory is used to store data and programs. It includes random access memory
(RAM), which is used for temporary storage of data, and permanent memory, such as a hard disk
or solid-state drive (SSD), which is used for long-term storage of information. Nowadays, almost
all processors possess multiple CPUs to achieve quicker processing speeds, ensuring faster
response times when using software or browsing the web. These special processors are called
multi-core processors, with each CPU designated as 1 processing core.
 Picture 2 – the Motherboard

About functions of motherboard

The motherboard is the main board on which all computer components are located. It
connects all components and provides data transmission and power supply between them. A
complete computer components list always starts with the motherboard , the primary circuit
board that holds all the hardware in place. Every PC has one, from dedicated workstations to
personal notebooks. A robust motherboard offers many slots for installing multiple computer
components (e.g. RAM, graphics card,etc.)

Picture 3 – The software

General information about software and how it works

An operating system is software that controls the operation of a computer and allows the
user to interact with it. It provides an interface for running programs, managing files, and
configuring the system. When handing graphical operations and advanced imagery, the graphical
processing unit is the computer hardware responsible for it. This is required for your computer to
read and reproduce graphical representations and effects, which are almost present in every form
of media today.

Certain top-spec CPU can also have basic GPUs embedded in them, especially premium
laptops that focus on lightweight mobility and use. However, the finest GPUs are primarily used
for video gaming, capable handling immense 3D-graphics loads to maintain smooth frame rates
and lag-fee experience. When gaming, the CPU and GPU work in tandem. The GPU manages
the heavy lifting in terms of the on-screen graphics and fidelity, while the CPU runs the
programming that works behind the scenes, such as data and in-game statistics.
Almost all mainstream computers can be upgraded with more RAM by buying a better
RAM device - or RAM stick - that offers bigger storage capacity, including mini laptops.
Nevertheless, depending on your computing activities, you might not use all RAM, so you need
to understand how much RAM is ideal for your PC according to its primary use (work, gaming,
etc.).

Although a damaged RAM stick might not necessarily intrude our computer from
working properly , it will finder its performance over time, resulting in program crashes,
unexpected decrease in RAM, and failure to boot, among others.

Picture 4 – The software (2)

The input output devises

Input and output devices, such as a keyboard, mouse, monitor, printer, and others, allow
the user to enter and output data. They provide communication between the user and the
computer.
A computer will only respond when a command is given to the device. These commands can be
given using the input unit or the input devices.

Input devices: Mouse, keyboard, scanner, microphone,

joystick, light pen.

Output devices: Printer, monitor, loudspeaker, projector,

plotter, refreshable braille display, sound
card.

Table-1. The input and output devices

 Picture 5 – The input and output devises

The network card allows the computer to connect to the Internet or a local network. It
provides communication between the computer and other devices on the network. As the name
suggests , all the mathematical calculations or arithmetic operations are performed in the
Arithmetic and Logical Unit of the CPU.

It can also perform actions like a comparison of data and decision-making actions. The
ALU comprises circuits using which addition , subtraction , multiplication, division and other
numerical based calculation can be performed. For example: Using a keyboard we can type
things on a Notepad and the computer processes the entered data and then displays the output of
the same of the screen. The data entered can be in the form of numbers, alphabet, images, etc.
We enter the information using an input device , the processing units convert it into computer
understandable languages and then the final output is received by a human-understandable
language.

Picture 6 – The network card

 The sound card is responsible for audio processing and output of audio signals to audio
devices such as speakers or headphones. It allows the computer to play sound and provides
sound quality.

Picture 7 – The sound card

Conclusion
These are just some of the main components of the computer. Depending on the specific
models and types of computers, there may be other components that perform specific functions.
Understanding the major components of your computer helps gauge your expectations of what
your PC is capable of doing . It’s telling that an office notebook is not the right choice for you to
play games with due to it’s unsuitable specs. This notion is true for every computer as they are
all built for different purposes , with distinct specifications .

Refernces:
1. The computer’s system / Educational Origami [Electronic Resource] -What is
a Computer System & Structure | by Gayan Kodithuwakku | Medium
2. Computer hardware - Wikipedia
3. Компьютер — Википедия (archive.org)