ASTANA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY

The Higher School of Arts and Design

PAPER
Quantum computers

Student: Aiym Yeldossova

Group: Graphic Design

Astana
2023
CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………… 3

CHAPTER 1. Description of quantum computers according to research of

different scientists…………………………………………………………….. 4
1.1. Quantum
computers…………………………………………………………………….
1.2. Explanation of quantum working
5
processes…………………………………………….

CHAPTER 2. The advantages of quantum computers………………………………………. 6

2.1. The principle of superposition………………………………………………………….

2.2. Problem solving through quantum computing………………………………………….
2.3. The difference quantum computer from ordinary computers………………………….. 7

CHAPTER 3. Race for the most powerful quantum computer……………………………… 8

3.1. Leading players………………………………………………………………………….

3.2. The reasons why every country/company is trying to study quantum computers……… 9

CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………………. 10

REFERENCES……………………………………………………………………………….. 11

2
INTRODUCTION
Computers that are familiar to us store information in binary code, and the smallest
storage unit is a bit. It can take exactly one of two values: 0 or 1. When solving a
problem, the PC performs many consecutive operations with bits, and in the case of
complex problems, this process takes a lot of time.

The idea of quantum computing was first suggested in 1980 by the Soviet
mathematician Yuri Manin, and a year later this relay was picked up by Richard
Feynman, proposing a methodology for such computation based on a completely
fantastic idea to use Hugh Everett’s idea of the Multiverse in other words, to do
calculation using photons from parallel universes. The very idea of quantum
computing was considered unscientific science fiction until 1994, when American
scientist Peter Shore described a specific quantum algorithm for partitioning into
prime factors (factorization) of large numbers. In 1998, the first 2-qubit quantum
computer was created at Berkeley University of California under the direction of Dr
Isaac Chuang.

By all accounts, a full quantum computer is a long way off. To date, only single
experimental systems have been implemented, performing a fixed algorithm puttersof
small complexity. So what quantum computers are?

3
CHAPTER 1. Description of quantum computers according to
research of different scientists
1.1 Quantum computers
A quantum computer is a computing device that relies on the laws of quantum
mechanics to run a central processor. This computer is fundamentally different from
the traditional PC, working on the basis of silicon chips. This device does not use
classical algorithms for computation, but processes of quantum nature - quantum
algorithms using the effects of quantum mechanics, such as quantum parallelism and
quantum entanglement.

The basis for this type of computation is qubit, a system in which the number of
particles is similar to pulse, and phase variable (energy state) is a coordinate. Phase
qubit was first implemented in the laboratory of Delft University and has since been
actively studied.

Figure 1. Quantum computer

1.2 Explanation of quantum computing processes

4
Unlike a regular bit that can only have values 1 and 0, a quantum bit (qubit) can be in
the superposition of these states, that is, simultaneously in the values 1 and 0. In
practice qubit can exist in a variety of combinations of these values, which will
eventually allow the creation of super-fast computers. Qubits will become the
building blocks of future quantum computers, capable of solving problems that are
almost impossible for classical digital computers. To perform computations on a
quantum computer, it is necessary to bring several qubits into the interaction, and in
such a way that they form a single quantum system. Then this system must be
allowed to evolve according to the laws of quantum mechanics and after a certain
amount of time to find out in what state it came.

As the number of combined qubits increases, the computational power of such a

quantum system increases exponentially. Theoretically, this allows a quantum
computer to handle tasks that would take a normal digital computer millions of years.
For example, the so-called Shore algorithm has long been known to allow for the
rapid distribution of large numbers into prime factors (the problem required to crack
modern ciphers). Conventional computers solve this problem with too many divisors,
so modern computers can process long numbers for years.

5
CHAPTER 2. The advantages of quantum computers
2.1 The principle of superposition
The superposition principle, in which a basic unit of information can exist in more
than one state at a time, allows a quantum computer to store and process much more
data at the same time than any other. Large amounts of data can be controlled
simultaneously by a concept known as quantum parallelism. With the ability to
compute and analyze different data states simultaneously rather than one at a time,
quantum systems can produce results at very high rates.

The superposition principle, in which a basic unit of information can exist in more
than one state at a time, allows a quantum computer to store and process much more
data at the same time than any other.

2.2 Problem solving through quantum computing

Quantum systems could be used to solve the travelling salesman problem, a problem
that requires finding the shortest route between multiple cities before returning home.
And the solution of this task would allow to better organize navigation and planning
of routes around the world, which would reduce and facilitate the movement of
people and goods.

Moreover, the quantum computer is able to process vast amounts of financial,

pharmaceutical, or climatological data to find optimal solutions to problems in these
industries.

Finally, quantum systems are able to find new encryption methods and easily crack
even the most complex ciphers. For instance, IBM Quantum is already working with
clients to solve such problems. The company helps develop a new generation of
electric vehicles on quantum battery technology with Daimler; technology to reduce
carbon emissions through the discovery of eco-friendly materials with ExxonMobil:
looking for the origins of the universe together with CERN and Google used
Sycamore to model accurately the chemical reaction.

2.3 The difference of quantum computer from ordinary computers

Table 1. The difference between quantum and ordinary computers

6
 Ordinary computer Quantum Computer

Logic 0/1 `a|0> + b|1>,

a^2+b^2=1`

Physics Semiconductor Quantum object

transistor

Storage Voltage levels Polarization, spin, ...

medium

Operation NOT, AND, OR, XOR Vents: CNOT,

on bits Adamara, …

Connectio Semiconductor chip Entanglement

n

Algorithm Standard Special (Shore,

Grover)

Principle Digital, deterministic Analog, probabilistic

7
CHAPTER 3. Race for the most powerful quantum computer
3.1 Leading players
All technologically successful countries are now actively engaged in the development
of quantum technologies. A huge amount of money is invested in this research, and
special programs are being created to support quantum technology.

Table 2. Leading countries/unions in the development of quantum computers

# Name of countries/ unions How much €/$ spent

1. European Union €1 billion

2. Great Britain $400 million

3. USA $360 million

4. China $220 million

5. Canada $100 million

6. Australia $75 million

7. Singapore $44 million

The quantum race involves not only states, but also private companies. In total,
Google, IBM, Intel, and Microsoft have invested about $0.5 billion in the recent
development of quantum computers, created large laboratories and research centers.

Table 3. Leading companies in the production of quantum computers

# Name of company How much $ spent

1 Google $100 million

.

2 IBM $100 million

.

3 Microsoft Research $100 million

.

4 Intel $50 million

8
 .

3.2 The reasons why every country/company is trying to study

quantum computers
The first quantum revolution occurred in the second half of the 20th century and led
to the emergence of lasers, transistors, nuclear weapons, and subsequently - mobile
telephony and the Internet. First Quantum Revolution technologies are used in
computers, mobile phones, tablets, digital cameras, communication systems, LED
lamps, MRI scanners, scanning tunnel microscopes, etc.

The market volume of relevant products in the world is $ 3 trillion per year. At the
same time, the «law of Moore», according to one of the statements, the performance
of processors should be doubled every 18 months, no longer works.

Since the late 20th century, the world has been on the verge of a second quantum
revolution. In the first quantum revolution, technology and instrumentation were
based on collective quantum phenomena.

In the second quantum revolution, technologies will be built on the ability to control
complex quantum systems at the particle level, like atoms and photons. Technologies
based on this high level of control over individual quantum objects are used to
combine quantum technologies.

9
CONCLUSION
So with the help of basic quantum operations it is possible to simulate the work of
ordinary logical elements, from which classical computers are built, thus, the
quantum computer in the future is able to solve any problem solved on a classical
computer, including tasks of cryptanalysis.

Building a «full-fledged» quantum computer capable of solving applied problems is a

fundamental scientific and engineering task. Currently, there are working prototypes
of quantum computers that have about 100 connected qubits (for example, the IBM
Eagle quantum processor, introduced in late 2021, has 127 qubits). For a number of
difficult computational problems, it has already been demonstrated that quantum
superiority is an effective solution to a problem previously considered unattainable by
classical computers.

Figure 2. IBM Eagle IBM Quantum Processor, 2021

However, a stream of promising news should not eclipse a simple fact: quantum
computers have not yet done anything practically useful. Perhaps they will come into
our lives in a matter of years or even decades. And maybe this «quantum noise»
about quantum computers will never bear fruit in the foreseeable future.

10
REFERENCES
1. How quantum computers works / Educational Origami [Electronic resource].
— URL: https://habr.com/ru/articles/480480/
2. Quantum computers by «Indicator» / Educational Origami [Electronic
resource]. — URL: https://indicator.ru/label/kvantovyj-kompyuter
3. Quantum computers and quantum connections / Guide by Tadviser [Electronic
resource]. — URL:
https://www.tadviser.ru/index.php/Статья:Квантовые_компьютеры_и_квант
овая_связь
4. Base of knowledge / Quantum computing [Electronic resource]. — URL:
https://qapp.tech/help/quantum-computer
5. Working processes of quantum computers / RBK Trends [Electronic resource].
— URL: https://trends.rbc.ru/trends/industry/611256109a79470c8b396fbf

11