CHAPTER 6

Data Types and Operators

Data types: Used to identify nature and type of data stored in a variable.
Fundamental data types:

Memory
Data type Type of value Eg:
(bytes)

void null or empty data 0

char character values 1 ‘A’, ‘\n’

Integral
int integer values 4 84, -4 datatypes

Numerical
float real values 4 datatypes
Floating
Real values(more point
double 8 datatypes
precision than float)

Float data has a precision of 7 digits and double data has a precision of 15 digits

Type modifiers

• Used to change the size, range or precision of a data type

• Type modifiers in C++ are long, short, signed and unsigned

Variables: Names given to memory locations.

Eg: int Num=18;

1001 i. Variable name : The name of the variable. (Num)

18 ii. Memory address(L-value):The memory address.(1001)
Num iii. Content(R-value) :The value stored in the variable.(18)

Operators: Symbols that indicate an operation. Eg: +, <, *, &&

In the expression a+b, + is the operator and a and b are the operands.

Classification of operators

1. Based on number of operands:

Category No. of operands Example

Unary 1 Unary +, unary -, ++,--
Binary 2 +, &&,<
 Ternary 3 ?:

2. Based on nature of operation

(a) Arithmetic operators : Used for arithmetic operations such as addition(+), subtraction(-),
multiplication(*), division(/) and modulus (%).

x y x+y x-y x*y x/y x%y

7 3 10 4 21 2 1(remainder)

(b) Relational operators:

Used for comparing numeric data, resulting in either true (1) or false (0). The relational
operators are <(less than), >(greater than), <=(less than or equal to), >=(greater than or
equal to, ==(equal to), !=(not equal to).

x y x<y x>y x<=y x>=y x==y x!=y

7 3 0 1 0 1 0 1

(c) Logical operators:

Used to combine logical values, resulting in true or false. The logical operators are &&(AND),
|| (OR) and ! (NOT)

E1 E2 E1&&E2 E1||E2
0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1
1 0 0 1
1 1 1 1

Eg: (2>5) && (4<6) results in 0

(2>5) || (4<6) results in 1

!(2>5) results in 1

Input / Output operators:

• The get from (extraction) operator (>>) is used for input. Eg: cin>>a;

• The put to (insertion) operator (<<) is used for output. Eg: cout<<a;

Assignment operator (=)

• Used to store a value in a variable. Eg: a=5;

Difference between = and == operators.

= ==
Assignment operator Relational operator
Assigns value to a variable Compares values
Arithmetic assignment operators (C++ short hands)
The operators which combine arithmetic and assignment operators. They are +=, -=, *=, /=, %=
eg: a=a+5 can be given as a+=5 a=a/10 can be given as a/=10

Increment (++) and Decrement (--) operators

++ is used to increment the value in a variable by 1.
-- is used to decrement the value in a variable by 1.
a++ (post increment form) and ++a (pre increment form) are same as a=a+1 or a+=1
a-- (post decrement form) and --a (pre decrement form) are same as a=a-1 or a-=1
(A post-form denotes use, then change method and a pre-form denotes change, then use
method)

n=--m;

sizeof operator
It is a unary compile time operator that returns the amount of memory space(in bytes)
allocated for the operand. Eg: sizeof (int) --> gives the value 4 , sizeof(3.2) --> gives the value 8
Precedence of operators

It is the order in which the operations are performed in an expression. The order of execution is ( ),
++, --, !, Unary +, Unary -, sizeof, *, /,%, +, - etc

Expressions: Combination of operators and operands.

(a) Arithmetic expressions: contains arithmetic operators. Eg: m + n * y

(i) Integer expressions: contains integer operands, Result is integer.

(ii) Floating point(Real) expressions: contains real operands. Result is float

value.

(iii) Constant expressions: contains constant values. (eg: 5+7/3)

(b) Relational expressions: contains relational operators. Result is either true or false. Eg:
x >y

(c) Logical expressions :contains logical operators. Result is either true or false. Eg: a<b &&
c>d

Type conversion
• Conversion of the data type of an operand to another.
Two types of conversion:
1. Implicit (Type promotion): This is done by the compiler and the conversion is from
lower data_type to higher.
 Eg: 5/2.0 => 2.5 (Here, int datatype of 5 is converted to float by compiler. Thus the result of
the float expression is also float)
2. Explicit (Type casting): This is done by the programmer explicitly and conversion can
be to any data_type.

Eg: 5/(int)2.0 => 2 (Here, programmer uses type casting (int) to convert the float data type
of 2.0 to int. Thus the result of this integer expression is also an integer.)

Statements: Smallest executable unit of a program. C++ statement ends with semicolon
(;)

1. Declaration statement: Specifies the type of data that will be stored in a variable.

Syntax: datatype var_name;

eg: float avg;

Variable Initialisation:

(a) Supplying the initial value to a variable at the time of declaration.

eg: int n =5 ; or int n(5);
(b) Supplying the initial value to a variable during execution (dynamic initialisation).
eg: float sum=a+b;

const – The Access Modifier

The keyword const is used to create symbolic constants whose value can never be
during program execution.

Eg: const float pi = 3.14;

2. Assignment statements: It stores a value to a variable. Eg: a=15;

3. Input statements: Specifies an input operation. Eg: cin>>score;

4. Output statement: Specifies output operation. Eg: cout<<score;

The multiple use of input/output operators in a single statement is called cascading of

I/O operators.
Eg: cin>>x>>y>>z;
cout<<”Sum=”<<S;

Structure of a C++ Program

#include <headerfile> ---------------- > line 1

using namespace identifier; -------- > line 2
int main() ----> line 3
{
statements;
 return 0;
}
Line 1: Preprocessor directive :
Instructs the compiler to perform an action before actual compilation. Starts with the
symbol #.
eg: #include<iostream> --instruction to link the header file iostream.
Line 2: namespace statement:
Tells the compiler to use namespace std in this program. std is the standard namespace in
which a lot of objects, including cin and cout are defined.
Line 3: Function header:
main() is the essential function for every C++ program. A C++ program execution starts and
ends within the main() function.

A sample program
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
cout<<"Hello, Welcome to C++";
return 0;
}

Guidelines for coding

• Use suitable naming convention for identifiers
• Use clear and simple expressions
• Use comments wherever needed
• Give proper indentation

Comments
Lines in code that are added to describe the program. They provide for internal
documentation.
There are two ways to write comments in C++:
• Single line comment: The characters // (two slashes) is used to write single line comments.
• Multiline comments: Anything written within /* and */ is treated as comment

Write a C++ program to input two numbers and find their sum.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int num1, num2, sum;
cout<<"Enter two numbers: ";
cin>>num1>>num2;
sum=num1+num2;
cout<<"Sum of the entered numbers = "<<sum;
return 0;
}