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Module 1: Single Variable Calculus

Differentiation- Extrema on an Interval-Rolle’s
Theorem and the Mean Value Theorem-Increasing
and Decreasing functions and First derivative test-
Second derivative test-Maxima and Minima-
Concavity. Integration-Average function value -
Area between curves - Volumes of solids of
revolution.

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Text Book and Reference Book

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 Maxima and Minima
Finding maxima and minima is useful because there are
lots of things in life that we want to maximize or minimize
- profit, cost, risk, time, distance etc.

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 How ?
• By finding out where the derivative of a function equals
zero, we can determine the maximum and minimum points
of that function.

• Because maxima and minima are peaks and valleys, places

where a function levels off briefly. And wherever a curve is
level, its slope (derivative) equals zero.

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Find the absolute maximum and
absolute minimum value

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Important points:
1. Interval must be closed and finite
2. Function must be continuous

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Even a single point of discontinuity can keep a function
from having either a maximum or minimum value on a
closed interval.

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 Critical Points
An interior point c of the domain D of a function is a called
as a critical point if (c) is zero or undefined.

Steps to find Absolute Extrema:

1. Evaluate f at all critical points and endpoints.
2. Take the largest and smallest of these values.

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 Problems
Problem 1:

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Problem 2:

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Problem 3:

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 3-Important Theorems

Intermediate Value Theorem

Rolle’s Theorem

Mean Value theorem

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Intermediate Value Property

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 Intermediate Value Theorem, location of roots
• If a function is continuous on an interval and if
and (or vice-versa), then there is some
third point with so that .
• This result is used to give a simple way to locate the
roots(zeroes) of functions.
• There is a lot of guessing, or trial-and-error, involved here,
but that is fair.

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Rolle’s Theorem

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Mean Value Theorem or Lagrange
Theorem

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 Problems

Solution:

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Solution:

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3. Sow that the function , has
exactly one real solution.
Solution:

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4.

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 Find the value that satisfies Mean Value
Theorem

1.
Solution:

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2.
Solution:

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3.
Solution:

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Check which of the following satisfies
Mean Value Theorem

1.
2.

3.

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 First and second derivative test for
Local Extrema

First derivative test Second derivative test

1. Monotonic 1. Concavity
2. First derivative test for 2. Second derivative test
Monotonic for Concavity
3. First derivative test for 3. Second derivative test
Local Extrema for Local Extrema

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 First derivative test

Monotonic

First derivative test for Monotonic

First derivative test for Local Extrema

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 Monotonic
A function that is increasing or decreasing on an interval is
said to be monotonic on the interval.
The below result is a consequence of Mean Value Theorem,
which can be called as First derivative test for Monotonic

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Solution:

The critical points are These critical points subdivide the

domain of to create non-overlapping open intervals
and on which is either positive or
negative.

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It is monotonic on three separate intervals

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First derivative test for Local Extrema

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First Derivative Test for Local Extrema

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 Practice Problems
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

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 Second derivative test

Concavity

Second derivative test for Concavity

Second derivative test for Local Extrema

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 Concavity
Turning or bending behavior of the curve

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Second Derivative Test for Local Extrema

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 Point of Inflection
A point where the graph has a tangent line and where
the concavity changes is a point of inflection.

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Note:
• At a point of inflection , either or

• But if then c need not be a point of inflection.

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Not a point of inflection

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 Sketching a curve
• The first derivative tells us where a function is
increasing, where it is decreasing, and whether a local
maximum or local minimum occurs at a critical point.
• The second derivative gives us information about how
the graph of a differentiable function bends or turns.
• With this knowledge about the first and second
derivatives, we can now draw an accurate graph of a
function .
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 Procedure for Graphing
1. Find the derivatives y' and y" .
2. Find the critical points of , if any, and identify the function's
behavior at each one.
3. Find where the curve is increasing and where it is decreasing.
4. Find the local maximum and local minimum.
5. Find the points of inflection, if any occur, and determine the
concavity of the curve.
6. Plot key points, such as the intercepts and the points found in Steps
2-4, and sketch the curve together.

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 Problems
Problem 1:

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Concave up

(0, 10) Concave up

(2, -6)

Concave down

(3, -7)

Concave up

Rough sketch of the graph

Exact sketch of the graph

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Problem 2:
Solution:

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 Interval

Sign of

Behavior of Increasing Decreasing Increasing

Interval

Sign of

Behavior of Concave down Concave down Concave up

Interval

Increasing Decreasing Decreasing Increasing

Behavior of
Concave down Concave down Concave up Concave up

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 Interval

Increasing Decreasing Decreasing Increasing

Behavior of
Concave down Concave down Concave up Concave up

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Problem 3: where
Solution:

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 Interval

Sign of

Behavior of Increasing Decreasing

Interval

Sign of

Behavior of Concave down

Interval

Increasing Decreasing
Behavior of
Concave down Concave down

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 Interval

Increasing Decreasing
Behavior of
Concave down Concave down

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 Optimization Problems
1. Given a sphere, find the dimension of an inscribed cone, such that
the cone will occupy the maximum amount of volume within the
sphere.

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2. You have been asked to design a one-liter can shaped like a right
circular cylinder. What dimensions will use the least material?

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 Topics

Average value of the function

Mean value theorem for definite integral
Finding the area under the curve
Even function and odd function
Area between the curves
Volume generated by the rotation of a
curve(s)
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 Integration
• The idea behind the integral is that we can effectively
compute area or volume by breaking them into small pieces
and then summing the contributions from each piece.
• When more and more, smaller and smaller pieces are taken
in the summation process.
• Finally, if the number of terms contributing to the sum
approaches infinity and we take the limit of these sums in
the way described as a definite integral.
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Upper Sum Lower Sum

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Integration-Average function value

The Definite Integral

The rectangles approximate the region between the graph of the function 𝑦 = ƒ(𝑥) and the 𝑥-axis
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 Integration Definition

Average value of the function

Average Value of = Value of the integration dived by the length of the interval

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The symbol for the number J in the definition of the definite integral is
1. Find the average value of on

(Average Value)

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Mean value theorem for definite integral

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Area between the curves

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Area of the region between the curves

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 Problems
1. Find the area below and above
over the interval

+ =

x1 = 0.1566 ; x2 = 2.30677 ; x3 = 5.53663

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2. Find the area below and above
over the interval

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First we find the intersection point(s) of the curve.

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3. Find the area below and above
.

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First we find the intersection point(s) of the curve.

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Find the area of the region bounded above by the curve
, below by the curve , on the left by
and on the right by .
Find the area of the region enclosed by the parabola
and the line
Find the area of the region in the first quadrant that is bounded above
by and below by the -axis and the line
Integration with Respect to y

Formula:
Find the area of the region enclosed by and
with integrating with respect to y.
 Try these problems:

Pbm 1: Find the area of the region bounded below by the line y = 2 -
x and
above by the curve y = . (i) What difficulty do you face?
(ii) Solve the pbm 1 w.r.t to dy. (Ans : 0.285)

Pbm 2: Find the area enclosed by the line y = x-1 and the parabola
= 2x+6.(Ans : 18)