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14 views

slides5_8

Seven

Uploaded by

winter 456 yt youtuber
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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5.

8 Second-Order Linear Homogeneous Recurrence


Relations with Constant Coefficients

5.8 Second-Order Linear Homogeneous Recurrence Relations with Constant Coefficients


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Second-order linear homogeneous recurrence relations
Definition
A second-order linear homogeneous recurrence relation with
constant coefficients is a recurrence relation of the form

ak = Aak−1 + Bak−2

for all integers k greater than some fixed integer, where A and B are fixed
real numbers with B 6= 0.

5.8 Second-Order Linear Homogeneous Recurrence Relations with Constant Coefficients


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Second-order linear homogeneous recurrence relations
Definition
A second-order linear homogeneous recurrence relation with
constant coefficients is a recurrence relation of the form

ak = Aak−1 + Bak−2

for all integers k greater than some fixed integer, where A and B are fixed
real numbers with B 6= 0.

Examples
Which of the following examples are second-order linear homogeneous
recurrence relations?
1 ak = 3ak−1 + 4ak−2 .
2 ak = 3ak−1 + 4ak−3 .
3 ak = 4ak−2 . (What about ak = 3ak−1 ?)
4 2
ak = 3ak−1 + 4ak−2 .
5.8 Second-Order Linear Homogeneous Recurrence Relations with Constant Coefficients
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Finding explicit formulas for second-order relations

Fact
We are looking for an explicit formula of the form an = t n for some
number t.

5.8 Second-Order Linear Homogeneous Recurrence Relations with Constant Coefficients


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Finding explicit formulas for second-order relations

Fact
We are looking for an explicit formula of the form an = t n for some
number t.

Theorem
A sequence an = t n satisfies the second-order linear homogeneous
recurrence relation ak = Aak−1 + Bak−2 iff

t 2 − At − B = 0.

We say that t 2 − At − B = 0 is the characteristic equation of the


relation.

5.8 Second-Order Linear Homogeneous Recurrence Relations with Constant Coefficients


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Example

Fact
If the equation t 2 − At − B = 0 has two distinct roots r and s, then an
explicit formula for an is given by

an = Cr n + Ds n ,

where C and D are the numbers whose values are determined by the
values a0 and a1 .

Example
Find all sequences that satisfy relation ak = ak−1 + 2ak−2 for all integers
k ≥ 2 and have the form 1, t, t 2 , . . . , where t is nonzero. Then, find a
sequence that also satisfies the initial conditions a0 = 1 and a1 = 8.

5.8 Second-Order Linear Homogeneous Recurrence Relations with Constant Coefficients


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Fibonacci’s sequence revisited

Example
Find all the sequences that satisfy an = an−1 + an−2 and have the form
1, t, t 2 , . . . . Then, find an explicit solution for the Fibonacci sequence that
satisfies a0 = a1 = 1.

5.8 Second-Order Linear Homogeneous Recurrence Relations with Constant Coefficients


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Example

Fact
If the equation t 2 − At − B = 0 has only one root r , then an explicit
formula for an is given by

an = Cr n + Dnr n ,

where C and D are the numbers whose values are determined by the
values a0 and a1 .

Example
Find all sequences that satisfy relation ak = 4ak−1 − 4ak−2 for all integers
k ≥ 2 and have the form 1, t, t 2 , . . . , where t is nonzero. Then, find a
sequence that also satisfies the initial conditions a0 = 1 and a1 = 8.

5.8 Second-Order Linear Homogeneous Recurrence Relations with Constant Coefficients


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