1. What is Bytecode in Java?

Bytecode in Java is an intermediate representation of a Java program. When Java source code is
compiled, it is not converted directly to machine code. Instead, it is compiled into bytecode by the
Java compiler. Bytecode is a set of instructions that can be executed by the Java Virtual Machine
(JVM).

Advantages of Bytecode:

• Platform Independence: Bytecode can run on any platform with a JVM.

• Security: The JVM verifies bytecode before execution.

Example:

// Compiling the code below generates bytecode (MyClass.class)

public class MyClass {

public static void main(String[] args) {

System.out.println("Hello, World!");

2. List Any Five Features of Java

1. Platform Independence: Write once, run anywhere due to the use of bytecode and JVM.

2. Object-Oriented: Focuses on objects, classes, inheritance, and polymorphism.

3. Robust: Features like garbage collection and exception handling make Java reliable.

4. Multithreaded: Java supports concurrent execution of multiple threads.

5. Secure: Includes a runtime environment with security features like bytecode verification.

3. Difference Between while Loop and do-while Loop in Java

Feature while Loop do-while Loop

Condition Condition is checked before executing the Condition is checked after executing the
Check loop. loop.

Execution Executes 0 or more times. Executes at least once.

Syntax while(condition) { //code } do { //code } while(condition);

Example:

// While Loop Example

int i = 1;
while (i <= 3) {

System.out.println(i);

i++;

// Do-While Loop Example

int j = 1;

do {

System.out.println(j);

j++;

} while (j <= 3);

4. Types of Constructors in Java

1. Default Constructor: A constructor with no arguments, initializes default values.

2. class Example {

3. Example() {

4. System.out.println("Default Constructor");

5. }

6. }

7. Parameterized Constructor: Accepts arguments to initialize specific values.

8. class Example {

9. Example(int x) {

10. System.out.println("Value: " + x);

11. }

12. }

13. Copy Constructor: Initializes an object by copying data from another object.

14. class Example {

15. int x;

16. Example(Example e) {

17. this.x = e.x;

18. }

19. }
5. Commonly Used Methods of the File Class

1. createNewFile(): Creates a new file.

2. File file = new File("example.txt");

3. file.createNewFile();

4. delete(): Deletes a file.

5. File file = new File("example.txt");

6. file.delete();

7. mkdir(): Creates a new directory.

8. File dir = new File("exampleDir");

9. dir.mkdir();

10. renameTo(): Renames a file or directory.

11. File oldFile = new File("example.txt");

12. File newFile = new File("newExample.txt");

13. oldFile.renameTo(newFile);

6. Java Program to Display Array Elements in Ascending Order

import java.util.Arrays;

import java.util.Scanner;

public class SortArray {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.print("Enter the number of elements: ");

int n = scanner.nextInt();

int[] arr = new int[n];

System.out.println("Enter elements:");

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

arr[i] = scanner.nextInt();

Arrays.sort(arr);
 System.out.println("Sorted Array: " + Arrays.toString(arr));

7. Concept of Inheritance in Java

Inheritance allows one class (child) to acquire the properties and methods of another class (parent).

Example:

class Parent {

void display() {

System.out.println("This is the parent class.");

class Child extends Parent {

void show() {

System.out.println("This is the child class.");

Code Reusability: Inheritance reduces redundancy by reusing existing class properties.

8. Visibility Modifiers in Java

1. private: Accessible only within the same class.

2. default (package-private): Accessible within the same package.

3. protected: Accessible within the same package and subclasses.

4. public: Accessible from any class.

9. Role of final Keyword

1. Final Variable: Value cannot be changed.

2. final int x = 10;

3. Final Method: Cannot be overridden.

4. final void display() {}

5. Final Class: Cannot be extended.

6. final class Example {}

10. Primitive Data Types in Java

1. Integer Types: byte, short, int, long.

3. Character Type: char.

4. Boolean Type: boolean.

11. Multithreading and Thread Lifecycle

Multithreading allows concurrent execution of multiple threads.

Thread Lifecycle:

• New

• Runnable

• Running

• Blocked

• Terminated

Example Using Runnable:

class MyThread implements Runnable {

public void run() {

System.out.println("Thread is running.");

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Thread thread = new Thread(new MyThread());

thread.start();

12. Concept of Arrays

• Declaration: int[] arr;

• Initialization: arr = new int[5];

• Access: arr[0] = 10;

Example:

int[] arr = {1, 2, 3};

System.out.println(arr[0]);

13. File Handling Using File Class

import java.io.IOException;

public class FileHandlingDemo {

public static void main(String[] args) {

try {

// Creating a file

File file = new File("example.txt");

if (file.createNewFile()) {

System.out.println("File created");

// Deleting a file

File deleteFile = new File("delete.txt");

if (deleteFile.delete()) {

System.out.println("File deleted");

// Renaming a file

File oldFile = new File("oldname.txt");

File newFile = new File("newname.txt");

if (oldFile.renameTo(newFile)) {

System.out.println("File renamed");

// Creating a directory

File directory = new File("newFolder");

if (directory.mkdir()) {

System.out.println("Directory created");

} catch (IOException e) {

System.out.println("An error occurred");

}
14. Control Structures: if-else and switch

if-else Example:

if (x > 0) {

System.out.println("Positive");

} else {

System.out.println("Negative");

switch Example:

switch (day) {

case 1: System.out.println("Monday"); break;

default: System.out.println("Other");

15. Purpose of this Keyword

Used to refer to the current class object.

Example:

class Example {

int x;

Example(int x) {

this.x = x;