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C

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(iv) Here, the result of inc) will change every
time the value of'y get changed inside
if
PART- IV
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS
ey
the function definition.
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(5 MARKs)
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() Hence, the side effect of inc () function
is changing the data of the external
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What are called Parameters and write a note

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variable 'y. on [PTA-2]
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4. Differentiate pure and impure function. (i) Parameter without Type
(ii) Parameter with Type
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on
Ans. [PTA-3,6]
Ans. Parameters (and arguments) : Parameters
S. No. Pure Impure are the variables in a function definition and
C

C
() The return value of The return value arguments are the values which are passed to a
the pure functions of the impure function definition.
solely depends functions does () Parameter without Type : Let us see an
on its arguments not solely depend example of a function, definition:
onfider
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)
(requires: b>=0
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passed. on its arguments
(returns: a to the power of b)
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passed.
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If you call the pure let rec poW a b:=
(ii) If you call the
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if b=0 then 1
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functions with impure functions
same else a pow a (b -1)
the set of with the same set
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In the above function definition variable
arguments, you will of arguments,
always get the same you might get the
B is the parameter and the value which is
C

C
passed to the variable 'B is the argument.
return values. different return The precondition (requires) and
values. postcondition (returns) of the function is
(iii) They do not have They have given.
any side effects. side effects. Note we have not mentioned any types:
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For example, (data types). Some language compiler
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solves this type (data type) inference

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random(), Date().
problem algorithmically, but some require
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|They may modify

(iv) They do not modify
ntic
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id
the type to be mentioned.
the arguments the arguments
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which are passed to which are passed In the above function definition if
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them to them expression can return l in the then branch,
by the typing rule the entire if expression
C

C
5. What happens if you modify a variable outside has type int.
the function? Give an example.
Since the if expression has type int', the
Ans. One of the most popular groups of side effects is function's return type also be int. 'b' is
modifying the variable outside of function. compared to 0 with the equality operator,
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so b' is also a type of int: Since 'a is

For example :
let y: = 0 lential multiplied with another expresion using
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(int)inc (int) x the operator, 'a' must be an int.

(ii) Parameter with Type : Now let us write

fid

y:=y+ X;
return (y) fid? the same function definition with types
on

for some reasOn:

Here, the result of inc () will change every (requires: b> 0 )
C

time if the value of'y get changed inside the (returns: a to the power of b)
function definition. Hence, the side efect of inc let rec pow (a: int) (b: int): int:=
() function is changing the data of the external if b=0 then 1
variable 'y. else a pow b (a-1)
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C

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When we write the type annotations for (iv) The above function square is a pure function
'a' and 'b' the parentheses are mandatory. because it will not give different results for
Generally we can leave out these Same input.
annotations, because it's simpler to let the There are various theoretical advantages of
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compiler infer them. having pure functions. One advantage is
that if a function is pure, then if it is called
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There are times we may want to explicitly

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several times with the same arguments,
write down types. This is useful on
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the compiler only needs to actually call the

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times when you get a type error from function once. Lt's see an example
the compiler that doesn't make sense. let i: = 0;
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Explicitly annotating the types can help
with debugging such an error message. ifi <strlen (s) then
C

C
-- Do
something which doesn't affect s
2. Identify in the following program [PTA-5] ++i
let rec gcd a b:= (vi) If it is compiled, strlen (s) is called each
time and strlen needs to iterate over the
ifb<>0then gcd b (a mod b) else return a whole of 's. If the compiler is smart enough
ide
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i) Name of the function to work out that strlen is a pure function
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Identify the statement which tells it is a and that 's is not updated in the loop, then
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ii)
it can remove the redundant extra calls to
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recursive function
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fid

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ii) Name of the argument variable strlen and make the loop to execute only
iv) Statement which invoke the function
one time.
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recursively (vii) From these what we can understand, strlen
is a pure function because the function
C

C
v) Statement which terminates the recursion
takes one variable as a parameter, and
Ans. (i) gcd accesses it to find its length. This function
(ii) let rec gcd
reads external memory but does not
(ii) a, b Ttial change it, and the value returned derives
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gcdb (a mod b) from the external memory accessed.
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(iv)
return a Impure functions :
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(V)
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) The variables used inside the function may
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3. Explain with example Pure and impure cause side effects though the functions
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functions. which are not passed with any arguments.
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Ans. Pure functions : In such cases the function is called impure
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() Pure functions are functions which will function.
give exact result when the same arguments
C

C
(ii) When a function depends on variables or
are passed. functions outside of its definition block,
you can never be sure that the function
(i) For example the mathematical function sin
(0) always results 0. This means that every will behave the same every time its called.
time you call the function with the same For example the mathematical function
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random() will give different outputs for the

arguments, you will always get the same

same function call.
result.
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let Random number

(ii) A function can be a pure function provided
fiden
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let a := random()
it should not have any external variable
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fid

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which will alter the behaviour of that if a > 10 then

return: a
on

variable.
Let us see an example else

Cor
C

let square x
return: 10
(iii) Here the function Random is impure as it
return: x* x
is not sure what will be the result when we
call the function.
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C

C
4. Explain with an example interface and (iv) The person who drives the car doesn't care
implementation. about the internal working. To increase
the speed of the car he just presses the
Ans. Interface :
accelerator to get the desired behaviour.
An interface is a set of action that an object
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() Here the accelerator is the interface
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can do. For example when you press a light
between the driver (the calling invoking
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switch, the light goes on, you may not have

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object) and the engine (the called object).
cared how it splashed the light. In Object
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(v) In this case, the function call would be

Oriented Programming language, an
fid

fid

fid
Speed (70): This is the interface. Internally,
Interface is a description of all functions the engine of the car is doing all the things.
that a class must have in order to be a new
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It'swhere fuel, air, pressure, and electricity
interface. come together to create the power to move
C

C
(i) In our example, anything that "ACTS the vehicle.
LIKE" light, should have function (vi) All of these actions are separated from the
definitions like turn on () and a turn_off driver, who just wants to go faster. Thus we
(). The purpose of interfaces is to allow the separate interface from implementation.
computer to enforce the properties of the
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HANDS ON PRACTICE
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class of TYPE T (whatever the interface is)
must have functions called X, Y, Z, etc.
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(iii) A class declaration combines the 1 Write algorithmic function definition to find
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external interface (its local state) with an the minimum among 3 numbers.
fid

fid

fid
implementation of that interface (the code Ans. let min 3 xy
z :=
if x < y then
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thtancarries out the behaviour). An object
is instance created fromn the class. The ifx < z then x else z
C

C
an
interface defines object's visibility to the else
outside world. ify <z then y else z
:
Implementation
(i) Implementation carries out the instructions 2. Write algorithmic recursive function definition
defined in the interface. to find the sum of n natural numbers.
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(ii) How the object is processed and executed is Ans. let rec sum num:
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the implementation. if (num!=0) then return num+sum num-1)
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(iii) A class declaration combines the else
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external interface (its local state) with an return num

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implementation of that interface (the code
PTA QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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that carries out the behaviour).
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For example, let's take the example of 1
MARK
increasing a car's speed.
C

C
1. A
function definition which call itself : (PTA-1]
ENGINE (a) Pure function (b) Impure function
(c) Normal function
(d) Recursive function
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[Ans. (d) Recursive function]
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3 MARKS
en

getSpeed
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1. Write a function that finds the minimum of its

required three arguments. [PTA-4;QY-2019]
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Pull Fuel
speed Ans. let min x y z :=
3

ifx <y then

Yes
ifx < z then x elsez
Son
Return else
ify <z then y else z
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C

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3. Identify Which of the following are Ans. (a) List
constructors and selectors?
(a) NI=number()
[PTA-5] (b) Tuple
(c) Class
Confide
(b) accetnum(nl)
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(dy Tuple
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(c) displaynum(nl)
(e) List
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(d) eval(a/b)
() Class
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(e) x,y= makeslope (m), makeslope(n) PART - IV

fid

fid
() display()
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS
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Ans. (a) Constructors
(b) Selectors (5 MARKs)
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C
(c) Selectors
(d) Selectors
(e) Constructors
ntial 1. How will you facilitate data abstraction.
Explain it with suitable example. [PTA-2, 4]
() Selectors Ans. Data abstraction is supported by defining an
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abstract data type (ADT), which is a collection
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4. What are the different ways to access the of constructors and selectors. To facilitate data
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elements of a list. Give example.

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abstraction, you will need to create two types of
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Ans. (i) The elements of a list can be accessed in functions: Constructors,Selectors

fid

fid
two ways. The first way is via our familiar Constructors :

method of multiple assignment, which

Constructors are functions that build the
on

on
(i)
unpacks a list into its elements and binds abstract data type.
each element to a different name.
C

C
Ist := [10, 20] (ii) Constructors create an object, bundling
together different pieces of information.
X, yi= lst For example, say you have an abstract data
(ii)
(i) In the above example x will becomel0 and type called city.
y will become 20.
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(iv) This city object will hold the city's name,
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(ii) A second method for accessing the and its latitude and longitude.
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elements in a list is by the element selection () To create a city object, you'd use a function
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operator, also expressed using square like city = makecity (name, lat, lon).
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id
brackets. Unlike a list literal, a square
(vi) Here makecity (name, lat, lon) is the
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brackets expression directly following
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on
another expression does not evaluate to a constructor which creates the object city.
list value, but instead selects an element ----- value passed as parameter
C

C
(name, lat, lon)
from the value of the preceding expression,
lst[0]
10 make city()
Ist[1]
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20
Identify Which of the following are List, Tuple
nt

5. city

ent
en

and class ?
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lat |lon
arr [1, 2, 34]
fid

fid

(a)
(b) arr (1, 2, 34) Constructor
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(c) student [rno, name, mark] Selectors :

(d) day= ('sun, 'mon, tue, 'wed') (i) Selectors are functions that retrieve
(e) x= (2,5, 6.5, [5, 6], 8.2] information from the data type.
(f) employee [eno, ename, esal, eaddress] (ii) Selectors extract individual pieces of
information from the object.
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C

C
(iii) To extract the information of a city object, Pair:
you would used functions like (vi) Any way of bundling two values together
getname(city) into one can be considered as a pair. Lists
getlat(city) are a common method to do so. Therefore
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getlon(city) List can be called as Pairs.
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These are the selectors because these
nt

functions extract the information of the 3. How will you access the multi-item? Explain

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city object. with example.
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fid

fid
----> value passed as parameter city -----value passed as parameter
city city ----->value passedas parameter
Ans. (i) The structure construct (In O0OP languages
it's called class construct) is used to
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on
getname()
getlat () getlon () represent multi-part objects where each
part is named (givena name). Consider the
C

C
following pseudo code:
2. What is a List? Why List can be called as Pairs. classs Person:
Explain with suitable example. [PTA-6]
Ans. List :
fiden
creation()
firstName:="" nfident
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(i) List is constructed by placing expressions
lastNamne:=
within square brackets separated by
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en
commas. Such an expression is called a list id:=""
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literal, List can store multiple values. Each email :=

fid

fid
value can be of any type and can even be The new data type Person is pictorially
another list. represented as
on

on
Example for List is [10, 20].
Person class name (multi part data representation)
The elements of a list can be accessed in
C

C
(ii)
two ways. The first way is via our familiar
method of multiple assignment, which function belonging to the new datatype
creation (O|
unpacks a list into its elements and binds
each element to a different name.
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Ist := [10, 20] first Name
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X, y:= lst
nt

last Name variable (field) beloging to the new

afide
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(ii) In the above example x will becomel0 and datatype
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y will become 20. A second method for id

id
accessing the elements in a list is by the email
f

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element selection operator, also expressed
on

on
using square brackets. Let main() contains
C

C
(iv) Unlike a list literal, a square-brackets pl:=Person() statement creates
expression directly following anether the
object
expression does not evaluate to a list value, firstName:= "Padmashri" setting a field called
but instead selects an element from the first Name with
value of the preceding expression. value Padmashri
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lst[0] lastName:="Baskar" setting a field called

ntial
nt

10 lastName with value

lst[1] Baskar
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id :="994-222-1234" setting a field called

fid

20
id value 994-222
(v) In both the example mentioned above
on

1234
mathematically we can represent list similar
to a set. email="[email protected]"setting a filed called
C

Ist[(0, 10), (1, 20)]- where email with value

compsci@gmail.
(0, 10) (1, 20)
Com

Index position| Value Index position| Value output of firstName: Padmashri

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C
(i) The class (structure) construct defines the 2. Which of the following provides modularity?
form for multi-part objects that represent a (a) Datatypes (b) Subroutines
person. (c) Classes (d) Abstraction
(ii) Person is referred to as a class or a type, [Ans. (d) Abstraction]
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while pl is referred to as an object or an
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instance. 3. Which of the following is a type for objects
nt

whose behavior is defined by a set of value and

en
(iv) Here class Person as a cookie cutter, and
a set of operations?
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pl as a particular cookie. Using the cookie

fid

fid
cutter you can make many cookies. Same (a) User-defined datatype
way using class created many objects of that (b) Derived datatype
on

on
type. (c) Built-in datatype (d) Abstract datatype
(v) A class defines a data abstraction by
C

C
[Ans. (d) Abstract datatype]
grouping related data items. A class is not
just data, it has functionsdefined within it. 4. ADT behavior is defined by
We say such functions are subordinate to (i) Set of Variables (ii) Set of Value
the class because their job is to do things (iii) Set of Functions (iv) Set of Operations
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with the data of the class.
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(a) i, ii (b) ii, iii
nt

PTA QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS (c) ii, iv (d) i, iii

en
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|Ans. (c) ii, iv]

1
MARK
fid

fid

fid
5. The process of providing only the essentials
1. Expansion ADT:
of
and hiding the details is known as
on

on
[PTA-1]
(a) Abstract Data Tuple (a) Functions (b) Abstraction
C

C
(b) All Data Template (c) Encapsulation (d) Pairs
(c) Abstract Data Type |Ans. (b) Abstraction]
(d) Application Data Type
[Ans. (c) Abstract Data Type] 6. Whichofthe followinggives an implementation
independent view?
ADT can be implemented using.
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2.
[PTA-5]
(b) Concrete
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(a) Abstract
(a) singly linked list (b) doubly linked list (c) Datatype
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(c) either A or B (d) neither A nor B (d) Behavior of an object
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[Ans. (a) singly linked list) |Ans. (a) Abstract|

id
How many ways to implement an ADT?
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GovERNMENT EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
on

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(a) Only one (b) Two
1 MARK (c) Three (d) Many
C

C
1. Thedatatype whose representation is unknown |Ans. (d) Many]
is called [HY-2019]
8. Which of the following are implemented using
(a) Built-in datatype (b) Derived datatype & lists?
(c) Concrete datatyype (d) Abstract datatype
l

(a) Singly linked list ADT

|Ans. (d) Abstract datatype|

(b) Doubly Linked list ADT

ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS (c) Stack ADT

(d) Queue ADT

fid

1 MARK (e) All of these [Ans. (e) All of these]

CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER
on

1. Which of the following is a powerful concept 9.Which of the following replicate how we
think
that allows programmers to treat codes as about the world?
C

objects? (a) Queue ADT (b) Data Hiding

(a) Encapsulation (b) Data Abstraction (c) Data Abstraction (d) Stack ADT
(c) Inheritance (d) Polymorphism
|Ans. (c) Data Abstraction]
|Ans. (b) Data Abstraction]
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fi

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C

C
3. Define Enclosed scope with an example.
[PTA-3]
Ans. Output:
fident
Ans. (i) All programming languages permit
ide Red Blue Green
Red Blue
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functions to be nested. A function (method)
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Red
within another function is called nested Scope of Variables :
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en
function.
Variables
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Scope
(ii) A variable which is declared inside a
fid

fid

fid
function which contains another function Color:=Red Global
definition with in it, the inner function
on

on
can also access the variable of the outer b:=Blue Enclosed
C

C
function. This scope is called enclosed G:=Green Local
scope.
PART - IV
(iii) When a compileror interpreter search for a
variable in a program, it first search Local, ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS
and then search Enclosing scopes. Consider
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(5 MARKS)
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the following example
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1. Disp): Entire program Output Explain the types of scopes for variable or
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2. a:=l0 of the LEGB rule with example. [PTA-1]

fid

fid
Disp()
3, Displ(): a:=10 Program Ans. Types of Variable Scope :
Disp 1( ):
print a 10 There are 4 types of Variable Scope, let's discuss
on

on
4. print a
5. Displ) Disp 1(): 10 them one by one:
print a
C

C
6. print a Local Scope :
Disp()
7. Disp() () Local scope refers to variables defined in
current function. Always, a function will
4. Why access control is required?
first look up for a variable name in its local
PTA-1; HY-2019) scope. Only if it does not find it there, the
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Ans. (i) Access control isa security technique that Outer scopes are checked.
regulates who or what can view or use
nt

tide Look at this example

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resources in a computing environment.
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(ii) It is a fundamental concept in security that

1. Disp(): Entire program Output
id

id
minimizes risk to the object. 2. a:=7 of the
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f
Disp( ): Program
on

on
(ii) In other words access control is a selective 3. print a a:=7
print a 7
restriction of access to data. 4. Disp()
C

C
(iv) In oops Access control is implemented Disp ()

through access modifiers.

5. Identify the scope of the variables in the (ii) On execution of the above code the variable
following pseudo code and write its output a displays the value 7, because it is defined

lential
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color:= Red
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and available in the local scope.

mycolor():
nt

Global Scope:
en

b:=Blue
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lue (i)A variable which is declared outside of all

fid

myfavcolor(): the functions in a program is known as

g:=Green Confid global variable.
on

printcolor, b, g (ii) This means, global variable can be accessed

myfavcolor() inside or outside of all the functions in a

printcolor, b program. Consider the following example
mycolor()
print color
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fi

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on

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Entire program Entire program

C
1. a:=10 Output Library files
2. Disp(): of the Built in/module scope associated
a:=10
3.
4.
a:=7
print a
Disp(
a:=7
print a
)
Program
7 nfid Disp()
Disp 1( ):
with the software
Conf
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5. Disp(), Disp 1(): 10 print a
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6. print a print a Disp 1():
nt

print a

en
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(ii) On execution of the above code the variable Disp( )

fid

fid
'a' which is defined inside the function
displays the value 7 for the function call LEGB rule:
on

on
Disp() and then it displays 10, because a is
defined in global scope. The LEGB rule is used to decide the order
C

C
in which the scopes are to be searched
Enclosed Scope :
for scope resolution. The scopes are listed
() All programming languages permit below in terms of hierarchy (highest to
functions to be nested. A function (method) lowest).
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with in another function is called nested
nfic
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Local(L) Defined inside function/
function.
nt

class
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(i) A variable which is declared inside a Enclosed(E) Defined inside enclosing
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function which contains another function

fid

fid
functions (Nested
definition with in it, the inner function
can also access the variable of the outer function concept)
on

on
function. This scope is called enclosed Global(G) Defined at the uppermost
C

C
scope. level
(ii) When a compiler or interpreter search for a Built-in (B) Reserved names in built
variable in a program, it first search Local, in functions (modules)
and then search Enclosing scopes. Consider
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BUILT-IN
the following example
ia

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onfider
nt

Entire program
nfide
1. Disp(): Output GLOBAL
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2. a:=10 of the ENCLOSED

Disp()
id
3. Disp10: a:=10 Program LOCAL
f

f
Disp 1():
on

on
a
4. printa print 10
Disp 1():
5. Disp10 10
C

C
print a

6. print a Disp()

7. Disp()
2.
Write any Five Characteristics of Modules.
[PTA-4,6; HY-2019]
(iv) In the above example Disp1() is defined
Ans.The following are the desirable characteristics of
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with in Disp(). The variable 'a defined in

a module.
Disp() can be even used by Displ) because
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() Modules contain instructions, processing

it is also a member of Disp().

logic, and data.

Built-in Scope :
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()) The built-in scope has all the names that are
(ii) Modules can be separately compiled and
stored in a library.
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pre-loaded into the program scope when

we start the compiler or interpreter. (ii) Modules can be included in a program.
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(ii) Any variable or module which is defined (iv) Module segments can be used by invoking
in the library functions of a programming a nameand some parameters.
language has Built-in or module scope. (v) Module segments can be used by other
Consider the following example. modules.
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3

Chapter
3. Write any five benefits in using modular
programming. [Govt. MQP-2019]
idert sum20
numl:= numl + 10
Confident
Ans. (i) Less code to be written. sum2()
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(ii) A single procedure can be developed for sum1()
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reuse, eliminating the need to retype the numl:= 10

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- code many times. sum()
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(ii) Programs can be designed more easily Print num

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1
Unit
because a small team deals with only a
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small part of the entire code. PTA QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
(iv) Modular programming allows many
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programmers to collaborate on the same
1
MARK
application. 1. A variable which is declared inside a function
:

(v) The code is stored across multiple files. which contains another function definition
[PTA-I)
(vi) Code is short, simple and easy to
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(a) Local (b) Global
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understand. (c) Enclosed (d) Built-in
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(vii) Errors can easily be identified, as they are

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JAns. (c) Enclosed]
localized to a subroutine or function. Which are loaded as soon as the library files
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(vii) The same code can be used in many are imported to the program? [PTA-3]
applications. (a) Built-in scope variables
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(ix) The scoping of variables can easily be (b) Enclosed scope variables
(c) Global scope variables
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controlled.
(d) Local scope variables
HANDS ON PRACTICE |Ans. (a) Built-in scope variables]

1. Observe the following diagram and Write the 3. Which of the following is not the example of
modules? [PTA-5]
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pseudo code for the following.
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(a) procedures (b) subroutines
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(d) functions
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sum() |Ans. (c) class]

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numl:=20
2 MARKS
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sum1()
numl:=numl + 10 1. What are modules? [PTA-4]
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Ans. A module is a part of a program. Programs
sum2() are composed of one or more independently
numl: = numl + 10
developed modules.
sum2()
GoVERNMENT EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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sum1()
1 MARK
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The kind of scope of the variable 'a' used in the

numl:=10 1.
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sum( ) pseudo code given below. [Govt. MQP-2019]

print numl (a) Disp(0: (b) a: =7
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Ans. sum():
Cor (c) print a (d) Disp()
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(a) Local (b) Global

num 1:=20 (c) Enclosed (d) Built-in
sum1() |Ans. (a) Local]
num1:= num1 + 10
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PART - IV Pseudo code:

ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS () Traverse the array using for loop
MARKS)
(i) In every iteration, compare the target
(5 search key value with the current value of
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1. Explain the characteristics of an algorithm. the list.
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If the values match, display the

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Ans. [PTA-5; HY-2019]
current index and value of the array
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Input Zero or more quantities to be

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If the values do not match, move on
supplied. to the next array element.
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Output At least one quantity is produced. (ii) If no match is found, display the search
element not found.
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Finiteness Algorithms must terminate after
finite number of steps. Example
Definiteness All operations should be well
To search the number 25 in the array given
defined. For example operations below, linear search will go step by step in a
involving division by zero or sequential order starting from the first element
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in the given array if the search element is found
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taking square root for negative
number are unacceptable. that index is returned otherwise the search is
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Effectiveness Every instruction must be carried Continued till the last index of the array. In this
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out effectively. example number 25 is found at index number 3.

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Correctness The algorithms should be error index 1
23 4
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free. values 10 12 20 25 30
Simplicity East to implement.
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Example 1:
Unambiguous Algorithm should be clear and Input: values[]= {5, 34, 65, 12, 77, 35}
unambiguous. Each of its steps target = 77
and their inputs/outputs should Output: 4
be clear and must lead to only one Example 2:
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meaning. Input: values] = {101, 392, 1, 54, 32, 22, 90, 93}
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Feasibility Should be feasible with the target = 200

available resources.
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Output: -1 (not found)

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Portable An algorithm should be generic,
independent of any programming 3. What is Binary search? Discuss with example.
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language or an operating system Ans. Binary search : Binary search also called half
able to handle all range of inputs. interval search algorithm. It finds the position
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Independent An algorithm should have of a search element within a sorted array. The
binary search algorithm can be done as divide
step-by-step directions, which
should be independent of any and-conquer search algorithm and executes in
logarithmic time.
programming code.
Pseudo code for Binary search :
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2. Discuss about Linear search algorithm. Start with the middle element:
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[PTA-1] () If the search element is equal to the middle

element of the array ie., the middle value=

Ans. (i) Linear search also called sequential search is

number of elements in array/2, then return
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a sequential method for finding a particular

value in a list. the index of the middle element.
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(ii) If not, then compare the middle element

(i) This method checks the search element with
with the search value,
each element in sequence until the desired
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element is found or the list is exhausted. In (ii) If the search element is greater than the
number in the middle index, then select
ths searching algorithm, list need not be the elements to the right side of the middle
ordered.
index, and go to Step-1.
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(iv) If the search element is less than the (viii) The value stored at location or index 7 is
number in the middle index, then select not a match with search element, ratherit is
the elements to the left side of the middle
index, and start with Step-1. ide more than what we are looking for. So, the
search element must be in the lower part
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(v) When a match is found, display success
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message with the index of the element from the current mid value location
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matched.

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(vi)If no match is found for all comparisons, |10||20|30|40||5060 70||80||90|99
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then display unsuccessful message. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

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Binary Search Working principles : not found. Hence,
(ix) The search element still
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(i) List of elements in an array must be sorted we calculated the mid again by using the
first for Binary search. The following formula.
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example describes the step by step operation
of binary search. O high = mid -1
mid = low + (high- low)/2
(ii) Consider the following array of elements,
the array is being sorted so it enables to do fident Now the mid value is 5.
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the binary search algorithm. Let us assume
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that the search element is 60 and we need
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to search the location or index of search |10 20||3040|50|60 7080 90 |99

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element 60 using binary search. 0 1

3 4
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1020|30|4050||60||7o80|9099 (x) Now we compare the value stored at
location 5 with our search element. We
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1 2 4
found that it is a match.
First, we find index of middle element of
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(iii)
the array by using this formula : 10|20||30|40||5060||70||80|9099
mid = low + (high - low) / 2 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
(iv) Here it is, 0 + (9 -0)/2= 4 (fractional part
ignored). So, 4 is the mid value of the array.
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(xi) We can conclude that the search element 60
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is found at location or index 5.For example
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if we take the search element as 95, For this
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10|20||30 40|50|60 70||80|9099

value this binary search algorithm return
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12 3 4 5 6 7 8
(v) Now compare the search element with the
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unsuccessful result.
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value stored at mid value location 4. The
value stored at location or index 4 is 50, 4. Explain the Bubble sort algorithm with
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which is not match with search element. As example. [PTA-6]
the search value 60is greater than 50. Ans. Bubble sort algorithm:
10||20|30 5060|708090|99 () Bubble sort is a simple sorting algorithm.
3 7
The algorithm starts at the beginning of the
1
4 5 6 8
list of values stored in an array. It compares
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(vi) Now we change our low to mid + and find 1 each pair of adjacent elements and swaps
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them if they are in the unsorted order.

the new mid value again using the formula.

low to mid + 1 (ii) This comparison and passed to be continued

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until no swaps are needed, which indicates

-
mid = low+ (high 1low) /2
ide that the list of values stored in an array is
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(vii) Our new mid is 7 now. We compare the sorted. The algorithm is a comparison sort,
value stored at location 7 with our target is named for the way smaller elements
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value 31. "bubble" to the top of the list.

(ii) Although the algorithm is simple, it is too
slow and less efficient when compared to
10 2030 405060 70s0|90|99 insertion sort and other sorting methods.
0 1 2 3 4 7 8
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(iv) Assume list is an array of n elements. The (ii) Dynamie programming is used whenever
swap function swaps the values of the given
problems can be divided into similar
array elements.
sub-problems. So that their results carn be
Pseudo code re-used to complete the process.
()) Start with the first element i.e., index = 0,
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(iv) Dynamic programming approaches are
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compare the current element with the next used to find the solution in optimized way.
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element of the array.

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For every inner sub problem, dynanmic
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(iü) If the current element is greater than the algorithm willtryto check the results of the
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next element of the array, swap them. previously solved sub-problems.
(v) The solutions of overlapped sub-problems
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(iii) If the current element is less than the next
or right side of the element, move to the are combined in order to get the better
solution.
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next element. Go to Step 1 and repeat until
end of the index is reached. Steps to do Dynamic programming :
(iv) Let's consider an array with values {15, 11, () The given problem will be divided into
16, 12, 14, 13} Below, we have a pictorial smaller overlapping sub-problems.
representation of how bubble sort will sort
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(i) Anoptimum solution for the given problem
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the given array. can be achieved by using result of smaller
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15>11
So interchange 15 11 16 12 14 13
sub-problem.
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(ii) Dynamic algorithms uses Memoization.

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Fibonacci Series - Anexample :
15>16 15 11 16 12 14 13
No swapping
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() Fibonacci series generates the subsequent
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16>12 11 15 16 12 14 13 number by adding two previous numbers.
So interchange
Fibonacciseries starts from two numbers
Fib 0 & Fib 1. The initial values of Fib0&
16>14 11
Fib lcan be taken as 0 and 1.
So interchange 15 12 16 14 13
(ii) Fibonacci series satisfies the following
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16>13
conditions :
11 13
Fibn = Fib.,+ Fib,,
16
151214
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So interchange
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n-2
(ii) Hence, a Fibonacci series for the n value 8
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11 15 12 14 13 16 can look like this

id
=
Fib, 0
112358 13
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(v) The above example is for
pictorial
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iteration-1. Similarly, remaining iteration Fibonacci Iterative Algorithm with Dynamic
can be done. The final iteration will give the programming approach The following
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a
example shows simple Dynamic programming
sorted array. At the end of all the iterations
we will get the sorted values in an array as approach for the generation of Fibonacci series.
:
given below Initialize f0=0, fl =1
11 12 13 14 15 16
step-1:Print the initial values of Fibonacci f0
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and fl
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5. Explain the concept of Dynamicprogramming step-2: Calculate fibanocci fib f0 + fl

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with suitable example. step-3: Assign f0 fl, fle fib

() Dynamic programming is an algorithmic step-4: Print the next consecutive value of

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design method that can be used when the fibanocci fib

solution to a problem can be viewed as the step-5: Goto step-2 and repeat until the specified
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result of a sequence of decisions. number of terms generated

(i) Dynamic programming approach is similar For example if we generate fibobnacci series
to divide and conquer. The given problem upto 10 digits, the algorithm will generate the
is divided into smaller and yet smaller
series as shown below:
The Fibonacci series is : 0 112358 13 21 34 55.
possible sub-problems.
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5. What are string literals? Explain. le "Untitled
Eile Edit Fgrmat Bun Options Window Help

Ans. (i) In Python, a string literal is a sequence of New File

Confide
Ctrl+N
Open.. Ctrl+0
characters surrounded by quotes. Python Open Modul.
Recent Files
AitM

supports single, double and triple quotes Module Browser AlteC

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Path Browser
for a string. ave Ctil-S
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Save As.. Ctrl+ Shift+S

A character literal is a single character

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(ii) Save Copy As.. Alt Shift+S
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surrounded by single or double quotes. The Print Window Ctrl+P

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m Close Alt+F4
value with triple-quote " is used to
give Exit Ctrl+Q

multi-line string literal.

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To test String Literals :
Ln:4 Co: 21
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# Demo Program to test String Literals To Save the file First time

strings = "This is Python"

(ii) Now, Save As dialog box appears on the
char ="C"
SCreen.
multiline_str ="This is a multiline string File Location
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with more than one line code." ie Sve As
New Volume
Cemputer (D) Dyhond.?
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print (strings)
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Grgarite ew foiäer
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Name Date modited

print (char) Fasertes
Dektco P Sampled yhen Fie
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30 Recet Plsces
print (multiline_str) Downioats
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# End of the Program Librti
Decuments
Output: Musk
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Pictures

This is Python A THY-2

Videos

Computa

File nanme denel.py

This is a multiline string with more than Soue as files

tpePython

one line code. Mide Folders File Name (demol) Save Cancel
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File Type (Python file (py)
PART IV
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Save As Dialog Box
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS
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(ii) In the Save As dialog box, select the

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(5 MARKs) location where you want to save your
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Python code, and type the file name in File
1. Describe in detail the procedure Script mode Name box. Python files are by default saved
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programming. with extension -py. Thus, while creating
Ans. A script is a text file containing the Python Python scripts using Python Script editor,
statements. Python Scripts are reusable code. no need to specify the file extension.
Once the script is created, it can be executed (iv) Finally, click Save button to save your
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again and again without retyping. The Scripts Python script.

are editable. Executing Python Script :

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Creating Seripts in Python:

(i) Choose Run Run Module or Press F5
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(i) Choose File > New File or press Ctrl + N in

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Le demol.py - D/Python3-/demol.py (3.7.2)

Python shell window. File Edit Format Run Options Window Help

Confi
Python Shel
(ii) An untitled blank script text editor willbe
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a=100
Check Module Alt+X
b=350 Run Module
displayed on screen. c=atb
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print ("The Sum=", c)

(ii) Type the code in Script editor
Saving Python Seript:
or To Execute Python Script
) Choose File Save Press Ctrl+S
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(ii) If code has any error, it will be shown in (vii) The input ( ) accepts all data as string
red color in the IDLE window, and Python or characters but not as numbers. If a
describes the type of error occurred. To
correct the errors, go back to Script editor,
de numerical value is entered, the input values
should be explicitly converted into numeric
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make corrections, save the file using Ctrl + S data type. The int( ) function is used to
or File Save and execute it again.
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convert string data as integer data explicitly.

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(iii) (For all error free code, the output will
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appear in the IDLE window of Python. (ix) Example 3 :

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2. Explain input () and print () functions with x= int (input("Enter Number 1:"))
examples. [Govt. MQP-2019; PTA-3] y= int (input(“Enter Number 2: "))
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Ans. Input and Output Functions : A program print ("Thesum =x+y)
needs to interact with the user to accomplish the
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desired task; this can be achieved using Input Output :
Output functions. The input() function helps to Enter Number 1: 34
enter data at run time by the user and the output
function print() is used to display the result of
the program on the screen after execution.
Enter Number 2: 56
The sum= 90
enti
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The input() function: The print) function :
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In Python, input( ) function is used to ) In Python, the print() function is used to

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(i)
accept data as input at run time. The syntax display result on the screen, The syntax for
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for input() function is, print() is as follows:
Variable = input ("prompt string")
(i) Example :
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(ii) Where, prompt string in the syntax is a
statement or message to the user, to know print ("string to be displayed as output ")
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what input can be given. print (variable )
(i) Ifaprompt string is used, it is displayed on print ("String to be displayed as output ;
the monitor; the user can provide expected variable)
data from the input device. The input( )
print ("String1 variable, "String 2,
takes whatever is typed from the keyboard
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variable, "String 3" ....)
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and stores the entered data in the given
variable. (ii) Example :
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(iv) If prompt string is not given in input( ) no print ("Welcome to Python
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message is displayed on the screen, thus, Programming")

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the user will not know what is to be typed Welcome to Python Programming
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as input.

Cor
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Example 1 : input()with prompt string >>>x=5
() >>> y=6
>>> city=input ("Enter Your City:")
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Enter Your City: Madurai >>>Z= X+ y
>>> print ("I am from", city) >>> print (z)
Iam from Madurai 11
:
(vi) Example 2 input() without prompt string >>> print ("The sum =z)
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>>> city=input()
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The sum = 11
Madurai
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>>> print ("The sum of, x, “

and" y,“ is
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>>> print (I am from", city)

Iam from Madurai z)

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(vii) Note that in example-2, the input( ) is not The sum of and 6 is 11
5

having any prompt string, thus the user will The print () evaluates the expression before
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not know what is to be typed as input. If printing it on the monitor.

theuser inputs irrelevant data as given in The print () displays an entire statement
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(v)
the above example, then the output will which is specified within print ( ). Comma
be unexpected. So, to make your program () is used as a separator in print () to print
more interactive, provide prompt string
more than one item.
with input( ).
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3. Discuss in detail about Tokens in Python. Output:
The sum = 110
[PTA-3; QY-2019]
Ans. Python breaks each logical line into a sequence nfide The a>b= True fide
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a>
of elementary lexical components known as
a
The bor ==b=True
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Tokens. The normal token types are The a+=10is = 110
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(i) Identifiers,

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(iv) Delimiters : Python uses the symbols
(i) Keywords,
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(ii) Operators, and symbol combinations as delimiters in

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(iv) Delimiters and expressions, lists, dictionaries and strings.
(v) Literals. Following are the delimiters.
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(i) Identifiers : (
An Identifier is a name used to identify a
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variable, function, class, module or object.
An identifier must start with an alphabet += %=
(A.Z or a..z) or underscore (_). &= <<= **
Identifiers may contain digits (0..9).
Python identifiers are case sensitive i.e. (v) Literals :
Literal is a raw data given in a
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uppercase and lowercase letters are distinct. variable or constant. In Python, there are
Identifiers mut not be a python keyword.

fi various types of literals.

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Python does not allow punctuation Numeric Literals consists of
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character such as %,$, @ etc., within characters surrounded by quotes.

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identifiers.
String literal is a sequence of
Example : characters surrounded by quotes.
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Example of valid identifiers : Sum, total
marks, regno, num l
Boolean literal can have any of the
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two values : True or False.
Example of invalid identifiers : 12Nanme,
name$, total-mark, continue PTA> QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
(ii) Keywords :
Keywords are special words used by Python
interpreter to recognize the structure of MARK
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program..
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As these words have specific meaning for 1. What will be the value of X from the following
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code snipped? [PTA-2)

interpreter, they cannot be used for any
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other purpose. A,
B=10, 3
Python keywards : false, class, If, elif, else,
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pass, break etc.
X=A if (A/B==3) else B
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print(X)
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(ii) Operators : (b) 10
. In computer programming languages (a) 3
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operators are special symbols which (c) True (d) False
represent computations, conditional [Ans. (d) False]
matching etc.
The value of an operator used is called 2. In how many ways programs can be written in
operands. Python? [PTA-3]
Operators are categorized as Arithmetic,
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(a) Two (b) Three

Relational, Logical, Assignment etc. Value
(c) Four (d) Five
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and variables when used with operator are

known as operands. [Ans. (a) Two]

Example :
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a=100 3. Which of the following is the valid Python

b=10 program file name? [PTA-3]
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print ("The sum = a+b) (a) pycpP-PY

print ("The a > b=", a>b)
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print ("The a > bor a ==b=",a>bor

(b) pycpp.cPP
(c) pycpp.c
a==b)
a+=10 (d) pycpp,js IAns. (a) pyepp-pyl
print("The a+=10 is =", a)
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PART- IV
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS idén nfider
for each item
in sequence
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(5 MARKs)
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1. Write a detail note on for loop. Yes
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[Govt. MQQP-2019) Last item

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reached?
Ans. (i) for loop : for loop is the most comfortable
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loop. It is also an entry check loop. The
condition is checked in the beginning and
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the body of the loop(statements-block 1)
is executed if it is only True otherwise the No
loop is not executed.
Body of for
(i) Syntax:
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for counter_variable in sequence:
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statements-block i Exit loop
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[else # optional block
for loop execution
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statements-block 2]
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Example :
(ii) (The counter_variable mentioned in the
#Program to illustrate the use of for loop - to
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syntax is similar to the control variable
that we used in the for loop of C++ and print single digit even number
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the sequence refers to the initial, final for iinrange (2,10,2):
and increment value. Usually in Python, print (i, end=')
for loop uses the range() function in the Output :
sequence to specify the initial, final and 2

increment values. range()generates a list of

468
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tia
values starting from start till stop-1. 2. Write a detail note on if..else..elif statement
nt

(iv) The syntax of range() is as follows: with suitable example. [HY-2019)

en
:
Ans. Nested if..elif..else statement
de

range (start,stop, [step])

id
Where, (i) When we need to construct a chain of if
f

f
start- refers to the initial value statement(s) then 'elif clause can be used
on

on
stop- refers to the final value instead of 'else'.
step - refers to increment value, this is
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C
(ii) Syntax :
optional part. if<condition-1>:
Examples for range): statements-block1
range (1,30,1) - will start the range of values
elif <condition-2>:
from 1 and end at 29
l

statements-block 2
ia

range (2,30,2) - will start the range of values

else:
nt

t
en

from 2 and end at 28 statements-block n

range (30,3,-3) - will start the range of values

fid

(iit) In the syntax of if..elif..else mentioned

from 30 and end at 6 above,condition-1 is tested ifit is true then
on

range (20) will consider this value 20 as statements-block1 is executed, otherwise

Conf the end value(or upper limit) the control checks condition-2, if it is true
C

and starts the range count statements-block2 is executed and even ifit
from 0 to 19 (remember fails statements-block n mentioned in else
always range() will work till part is executed.
stop -1 value only)
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n
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Output 2

false
Enter mark in second subject: 73
Grade :B dey
3 Write a program to display all 3 digit odd
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Test
numbers.
Con
nt

Expression false
Ans. fora in range (100, 1000):
en

en
of elif
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True if a %2=-1:
fid

fid

fid
print b
on

on
Body of else :
Body of elif Output
.... 997, 999
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C
101, 103, 105, 107
if.elif.else statement execution
4. Write a program to display multiplication
(iv)'elif clause combines if..else-if..else table for a given number.
statements to one if..elif...else. 'elif can Ans. Multiplication table : Rder
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be considered to be abbreviation of 'else if'. num = int(input("Enter the number :
nt

In an 'if statement there is no limit of'elif'

en
clause that can be used, but an 'else' clause prit("multiplication Table of", num)
de

fid

fid
if used should be placed at the end. for i in range(1,11):
(v) Example : #Program to illustrate the use of print (num, "x", i, "=",num"i)
on

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nested if statement Output :
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Average Grade Enter the number:6
Multiplication Table of 6
>=80 and above A
6x1=6
=70 and <80
6x2= 12
>=60 and <70
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6x3 18
>-50 and <60 D
Confider
nt

6×4=24
en

en
Otherwise E 6x5=30
de

ml=int (input("Enter mark in first subject:")

nfid
id

id
6x6= 36
m2=int (input("Enter mark in second subject: ")
f

f
6x7=42
on

on
avg= (ml+m2)/2 8 =
48
6x
if avg>=80:
C

C
:
6x9= 54
print ("Grade A") 6x 10 60
=

elif avg>=70and avg<80:

print ("Grade B")
:
HANDS ON EXPERIENCE
l

elif avg>=60 and avg<70:

1. Write a program to check whether the given

print ("Grade C")
:

Riial character is a vowel or not.

[QY-2019)
en

elif avg>=50and avg<60:

: Ans. Program :
print ("Grade D")
fid

fid

ch = input ("Enter a character")

else:
nfider
on

print ("Grade: E") if ch in ('a','A', 'e, 'E, i, T,o;0,;u, U):

Output 1: print (ch, 'is a vowel')
C

Enter mark in first subject 34 :

else:
Enter mark in second subject : 78 print (ch, 'the letter is not a vowel')
Grade D
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C

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7. How recursive function works? (ii) Built-in Functions : Functions which are
Ans. (i) Recursive function is called by some using Python libraries are called Built-in
external code. nfide function.
onfid
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(ii) If the base condition is met then the X=20
program gives meaningful output and exits. y=-23.2
nt

en
(ii) Otherwise, function does some required print('x =, abs(x))
de

processing and then calls itself to continue print('y =', abs(y))

fid

fid
recursion. Output:
X= 20
What are the points to be noted while defining
on

on
8.
a function? [Govt. MQQP-2019) y= 23.2
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(iii) Lambda Functions :
Ans. When defining functions there are multiple
In Python, anonymous function is a
things that need to be noted;
function that is defined without a name.
(i) Function blocks begin with the keyword While normal functions are defined using
"def" followed by function name and the def keyword, in Python anonymous
parenthesis ().
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functions are defined using the lambda
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tia

tia
(i) Any input parameters or arguments should keyword.
nt

be placed within these parentheses when

en
you define afunction. Hence, anonymous functions are also
de

called as lambda functions.

(iii) The code block always comes after colon(;)
fid

fid

fid
Example :
and is indented. sum = lambda argl, arg2: argl + arg2
on

on
(iv) The statement "return lexpression]"
exits a function, optionally passing back an print (The Sum is", sum(30,40)
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C
expression tothe caller. A "return" with no pint (The Sum is :, sum(-30,40))
arguments is the same as return None. Output :
PART - IV
:
The Sum is 70
:
The Sum is 10
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS (iv) Recursive function : Functions that calls
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tia

tia
(5 MARKs) itself is known as recursive.
nt

1. Explain the different types of functionwith an Overview of how recursive function

en
:
works
de

example. [Govt. MQP-2019; PTA-4]

Recursive function is called by some
id

id
Ans. Functions are named blocks of code that are
designed to do one specific job. external code.
f

f
on

on
(iü) If the base condition is met then the
Types of Functions :
(i) User Defined Function
program gives meaningful output and exits.
C

C
(iü) Built-in Function (iii) Otherwise, function does some required
(ii) Lambda Function processing and then calls itself to continue
(iv) Recursion Function recursion.
() User Defined Function: Example:
l

Functions defined by the users themselves def fact(n):

are called user defined function. Snfidentia ifn == 0:

t
en

Functions must be defined to create and

Confian
returnl
de

use certain functionality. else:

fid

Function blocks begin with the keyword return n * fact (n-1)

"def" followed by function name and print (fact (0))
on

parenthesis (). print (fact (5))

Example:
C

Output:
def area(w,h): 1
return w*h
print (area (3,5)) 120
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fi

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C

C
2. Explain the scope of variables with an example. Example : Accessing global Variable From
[PTA-3; HY-2019)
Ans.Scope of variable refers to the part of the fider Inside a Function
c=1
Confide
# global variable
program, where it is accessible, i.e., area where def add():
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the variables refer (use). The scope holds the print(c)
nt

add()

en
current set of variables and their values. The two
Output:
de

types of scopes - local scope and global scope.

fid

fid
1

Local Scope : A variable declared inside the

3. Explain the following built-in functions.
on

on
function's body or in the local scope is known as
(a) id() (b) chr()
local variable.
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C
(c) round() (d) type()
Rules of local variable :
(i) A variable with local scope can be accessed
only within the function/block that it is
created in.
Ans.
(a)
nti
(e) pow

[PTA-4, 6; QY-2019]
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(ii) When a variable is created inside the Function Description Syntax Example
nt

en
function/block, the variable becomes local id () id() Return id x15
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to it. the "identity" (object) -'a

fid

fid
(iiii) A local variable only exists while the of an object. print ('address
on

on
function is executing. i.e. the
of x is :,id (x)
(iv) The formal arguments are also local to address of
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C
the object in print ('address
function.
memory. of y is :id (y))
(v) Example: Create a Local Variable
Note: Output:
def loc():
The address address of x
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y-0 # local scope
of x and y is :

dep
nt

print(y) may differ in

en
1357486752
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loc() your system. address of y

id
Output: is :
f

f
on

on
13480736
Global Scope variable, with global scope
: A
(b)
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[PTA-4)
can be used anywhere in the program. It can be
Function Description Syntax Example
created by defining a variable outside the scope
of any function/block. chr () Returns the chr (i) c=65
Unicode d=43
Rules of global Keyword :
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character print (chr (c)

The basic rules for global keyword in Python are:
nt

for the given

) When we define a variable outside a prin t(chr (d))

ASCII value.
function, it's global by default. You don't
dep CXfice
Output:
fid

fid

This function
have to use global keyword.
on

is inverse
(ii) We use global keyword to read and write a
of ord()
global variable inside a function.
C

function.
(iii) Use of global keyword outside a function
has no effect.
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(c) 4. Write a Python code tofind the L.C.M.of two
Function Description Syntax Example numbers.
Ans. Program :
round ()Returns round def lcm(x, y):
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the nearest (number ifx>y:
integerto itsndigits])2=-18.3
nt

en
greater =X
input.
de

else:
1. First
fid

fid

fid
greater =y
argument while (True):
on

on
(number) if ((greater % x == 0) and (greater % y ==
is used to
0)):
C

C
specify the
Kofidghtial,
value to be
lcm = greater
break
rounded.
t1
greater
return lcm
a = int (input ("Enter first number :") er
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b= int (input ("Enter second number :"))
nt

print ("The LCM of", a, "and", b, "is", LCM(a,b)

en
to', round
de

(z)) 5. Explain recursive function with an example.

fid

fid
[PTA-5]
(d) [PTA-4; QY-2019)
Ans. (i) A Functions that calls itself is known as
on

on
Function Description Syntax Example recursive.
When a function calls itself is known as
C

C
type () Returns the type X= 15.2 (ii)
type of object (object) y='a' recursion.
for the given S= True (ii) Recursion works like loop but sometimes
|singleobject. print (type it makes more sense to use recursion than
Note:
tia (x)) loop.
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print (type Imagine a process would iterate indefinitely
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tia

tia
This function (iv)
(y)
used with if not stopped by some condition is known
nt

en
|single object print (type as infinite iteration.
de

parameter. ()) The condition that is applied in any recursive

id
oni Output: function is known as base condition.
f

f
<class 'float'> (vi) A base condition is must in every recursive
on

on
<class 'str> function otherwise it will continue to
<class 'bool'> execute like an infinite loop.
C

C
(e) (vii) Python stops calling recursive function
Function Description Syntax Example after 1000 calls by default.
pow () Returns the pow (a,b) a= 5 (viii) So, It also allows you to change the limit
computation b= 2 using sys.setrecursionlimit (limit_value).
l

ntia)
ia

of ab i.e. Overview of how recursive function works :

(a*b)a (i) Recursive function is called by some
nt

t
en

raised to the external code.

power of b. (i) If the base condition is met then the

fid

program gives meaningful output and exits.

onfid (ii) Otherwise, function does some required
on

onf nt processing and then calls itself to continue

recursion.
Here is an example of recursive function
used to calculate factorial.
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fi

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Example : 3. Evaluate the following functions and write the
def fact(n): output:
ifn=0:
Cofig SI.No. function Output
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return 1 1
1. abs (-25+12.0)
nt

else: 2. abs (-3.2)

en
Co return n * fact (n-1)
de

2, 1. ord(2)
fid

fid

fid
print (fact (0) 2. ord($')
print (fact (5)) 3. type('s)
on

on
Output: 4. bin(16)
C

C
1

5. 1,chr(13)
HANDS ON PRACTICE
1. Try the following code in the above program.
6.
|2.print(chr(13))
1.round(18.2,1)
2. round(18.2,0)
enle
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Code 3. round(0.5100,3)
SI.No. Result
4. round(0.5120,3)
nt

H- printinfo("3500")
en

en
1.
7. 1. format(66, 'c')
de

2. printinfo("3500","Sri")
fid

fid

fid
2. format(10, 'x)
3. printinfo(name="balu") 3. format(10, X)
on

on
4. printinfo("Jose", 1234) 4. format(0b1 10, 'd)
5. format(Oxa, 'd')
5. printinfo(""salary=1234)
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C
Ans.Output : 8. 1. pow(2,-3)
1.
2.
Error
Name: Sri
Salary: 3500 eans 2. pow(2,3.0)
3. pow(2,0)
4. pow(1+2),2)
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3. Name: Balu |5. pow(-3,2)
nt

Salary:3500
6. pow(2*2,2)
Confida
en

Ans. Output
en
:
de

4. Name: Jose
id

id
1. 13
Salary: 1234
2. 3.2
f

f
Name:
on

on
5. 2. 1. 50
Salary: 1234 2. 36
C

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3. <class 'str'>
2. Evaluate the following functions and write the 4. Ob10000
output. 5. 1. CR (carriage return)
SI.No. Function Output 2. It moves the cursor to the beginning of
same line
1. eval('25*2-5*4')
l

6. 1. 18.2
Confidentia
ia

2. math.sqrt(abs(-81)
nt

t
en

3. math.ceil(3.5+4.6)
Cofider
de

4. math.floor(3.5+4.6)
fid

fid

hfi
:
Ans. Output
on

1. 30
C

2.
3. 8.
4.
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3. What willbe the output of the given python PART- IV
program?
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS
strl ="welcome"
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(5 MARKs)
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str2 ="to school"
str3 = strl[:2]+str2[len(str2)-2:] Explain about string operators in python with
nt

en
print(str3) suitable example. PTA-2; HY-2019)
de

Ans. weol Ans. String Operators : Python provides the

fid

fid
following operators for string operations. These
4. What is the use of format( )? Give an example. operators are useful to manipulate string.
on

on
[HY-2019] (i) Concatenation (+): Joining oftwo or more
Ans. (i) )
The format( function used with strings is strings is called as Concatenation. The plus
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C
very versatile and powerful function used (+) operator is used to concatenate strings
for formatting strings in python.
(i) The curly braces (} are used as placeholders
or replacement fields which get replaced
along with format() function.
Example :

S>"welcome" + "Python"
ntia
welcomePython'
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tia

tia
(ii) Example : (iy Append (t ): Adding more strings at
num]=int (input("Number 1: ")
id the end of an existing string is known as
nt

en
num2-int (input("Number 2: ")) append. The operator += is used to append
de

print ("The sum of and is O". a new string with an existing string.
fid

fid

fid
format(numl,num2,(numl +num2))) Example :
>>> strl="Welcome to
on

on
Output:
>>> strl+="Learn Python"
Number l: 34
>>> print (str1)
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Number 2: 54
The sum of 34 and 54 is 88 Welcome to Learn Python
Write a note about count() function in python. (i) Repeating (") :The multiplication operator
5. () is used to display a string in multiple
Ans. number of times.
entia
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Example :
ia

tia

tia
Syntax Description Example
>>> strl="Raja Raja
>> strl="Welcome
nt

count Returns the >>>print (strl*4)

en
(str, beg, number of Chozhan'"
de

Welcome Welcome Welcome Welcome

end) substrings >>> print(strl.
id

id
(iv) String slicing :
occurs count('Raja')) Slice is a substring of a main string.
f

f
on

on
within the 2 A substring can be taken from the original
given range. >>> print(strl, string by using | |slicing operator and
C

C
Remember count(r)) index values.
that substring Using slice operator, you have to slice one
or more substrings from a main string.
may be a
single>>> print(strl. General format of slice operation :
character. count(R')
str[start:end]
l

Range (beg
ia

2 Where start is the beginning index and

and end) S>> print(strl. end is the last index value of a character in
nt

t
en

arguments count('a')) the string

are optional. Python takes the end value less than one
5
fide
fid

fid

Ifitis not >>> from the actual index specified.

print(strl.
given, python Example:
on

count('a,0,5))
slice a single character from a string
searched in 2
>>>strl="THIRUKKURAL"
C

whole string. >>>print(strl.

>>>print (strl[0])
Search is case count('a,11) Output :
1
sensitive. T
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fi

fi
on

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C

C
(v) Stride when slicing string: wrapped-textwrap.fill(text_without_
When the licing operation, you can specify
a third argument as the stride, which refers
to the, number of characters to move
print(textwrap.indent(wrapped, "*)
print ()
nfide
Indentation, width=50),
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l
forward after the first character is retrieved Output :
ia

tia

tia
from the string. Strings are immutable. Slice is a
nt

en
The default value of stride is 1. * substring of a main string. Stride
de

Python takes the last value as n-1. *is a third argument in slicing operation
fid

fid

fid
You can also use negative value as stride, to 4. Write a program to print integers with * on
prints data in reverse order. the right of specified width.
on

on
x
Example : Ans. =123
C

C
>>>strl="Welcome to learn Python" print("original number:", x)
>>>print (str1[10:16|) print('formatted number(right padding, width
>>>print (strl[::-21) 6):"+" *<7d}".format(x);
Output : Output
original number: 1 23
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Learn
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tia

tia
nhy re teolW formatted number(right padding, width 6):
123***
nt

en
5. Write a program to create a mirror of the given
de

HANDS ON EXPERIENCE
string. For example, "wel" = "lew".
fid

fid

fid
a
1. Write a python program to find the length of Ans. strl= input ("Enter string")
a string. = «
on

on
str2
Ans. str = input ("Enter a string") index = -1
C

C
print (len(str)) for iin strl:
Output : str2 = strl[index]
Enter a string HELLO
:
index - =1
5 print ("The given string =(}\n The Reversed string
={}'format(strl, str2))
Write a program to count the occurrences of
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2.
ia

tia

tia
each word in a given string. Output :
nt

Enter a string : welcome

en
Ans. def word_conunt(str):
The given string = welcome
de
de

counts=dict()
The Reversed string = emoclew
id

id
words=str.split()
for word in words: 6. Write a program to removes all the occurrences
f

f
on

on
if word in counts: of a give character in a string.
counts[word]+=1 Ans. def removechar(s,c):
C

C
else: # find total no of occurrence of a character
counts[word]=1 counts = S.count(c)
return counts # convert into list of characters
print(word_count('the quick brown fox jumps
over the lazy dog.')) s= list(s)
l

# keep looping until counts become 0

Output :
{'th':2, jumps' :
1, "brown: 1, :
lazy' 1, fox': while counts :
nt

t
en

1, 'over :l, 'quick': 1, 'dog' : 1} # remove char. from list

3. Write a program to add a prefix text to all the s,remove(c)

Confider
fid

fid

a
lines in string. Counts –=1
#join remaining characters
on

Ans. import textwrap

= s="join(s)
text
f
C

"'Strings are immutable. Slice is a substring print(s)

a
of main string. Stride is a third argument S="Python programming"
in slicing operation" remove char(s, 'p')
text_without_Indentation = textwrap. Output :
dedent(text) ython rogramming
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t

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en

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fi

fi
on

on
C

C
:
(ii) Difference It includes all elelments that Example:
are in first set (say set A) but not in the
second set (say set B).
(iv) Symmetric difference : It includes all the
fide >> MyList=[34,98,47, Kannan',
'Gowrisankar', Lenin', 'Sreenivasan' ]
>>> MyList. insert(3, 'Ramakrishnan)
elements that are in two sets (say sets A and
l

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>>> print(MyList)
ia

tia

tia
B) but not the one that are common to two
Output: [34, 98, 47, 'Ramakrishnan', 'Kannan'
nt

sets.

en
'Gowrisankar, Lenin', 'Sreenivasan']
de

6. What are the difference between List and i) In the above example, insert( ) function
fid

fid

fid
Dictionary? [PTA-3; HY-2019)
inserts a new element 'Ramakrishnan' at
on

on
Ans. the index value 3, ie. at the 4th position.
List Dictionary (ii) While insertinga new element, the existing
C

C
(i) A list is an A
dictionary is a elements shifts one position to the right.
ordered mixed collection of Adding more elements in a list using append():
collection elements and it stores (i) The append( ) function is used to add a
of values or a key along with its single element in a list.
l

l
elements of any
ia

tia

tia
element. (i) But, it includes elements at the end of a list.
nt

type. Syntax :
en

en
(ii) It is enclosed The key value pairs are, List.append (element to be added)
de

within square
fid

fid

fid
enclosed with curly Example :
brackets ) braces {} >>> Mylist=[34, 45, 48]
on

on
(ii) Syntax : Syntax or defining a >>> Mylist.append(90)
:
Variable= dictionary
C

C
>>>print(Mylist)
[element-1, Dictionary_Name
= {Key_1: Value_1, Output : (34, 45, 48, 90]
element-2,
element-3 ....... Key_2:Value_2, Adding more elements in a list using extend ):
element-n] ()) The extend( ) function is used to add more
l

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than one element to an existing list.
ia

tia

tia
Key_n: Value_n
(ii) In extend( ) function, multiple elements
nt

en
(iv) The commnas The keys in a Python should be specified within square bracket
de

as arguments of the function.

work as a dictionary is separated
id

id
separator for by a colon (:) while Syntax : List.extend ( [elements to be added])
f

f
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:
the elements. the commas work as a Example
separator for the ele >>> Mylist=[34, 45, 48]
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ments. >>> Mylist.extend([71, 32, 29])
PART - IV >>> print(Mylist)
:
Output (34, 45, 48, 90, 71, 32, 29]
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS
2. What is the purpose of range( )? Explain with
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(5 MARKs) an example. [HY-2019]

What the different ways to insert an element in Ans. The range() is a function used to generate a series
en

1.
of values in Python. Using range() function, you
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a list. Explain with suitable example.

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can create list with series values. The range(0

of
Ans. Inserting elements in a list using insert):
(i) The insert () function helps you to include function has three arguments.
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an element at your desired position. Syntax of range () function:

range (start value, end value, step value)
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(ii) The insert( ) function is used to insert an

element at any position of a list. where,
(i) start value - beginning value of series.
Syntax :
Zero is the default beginning value.
List.insert (position index, element)
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end value - upper limit of series. Python 3. What is nested tuple? Explain with an example,

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(ii)
takes the ending value as upper limit - 1. Ans. Nested Tuples :
(ii) step value- t is an optional argument,
() In Python, a tuple can be defined inside
which is used to generate different interval
of values. nfi another tuple; called Nested tuple. In a
nested tuple, each tuple is considered as
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Example: Generating whole numbers upto 10 an element. The for loop will be useful to
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for x in range (1, 1l):

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access all the elements in a nested tuple.
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print(x)
(i) Example :
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Output:
1
Toppers = ("Vinodini", "XII-F", 98.7),
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2
("Soundarya", "XII-H", 97.5),
("Tharani", "XII-F", 95.3), ("Saisri",
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3
4 nfidential for i in Toppers:
"XII-G", 93.8))

5
print(i)
6
(iüi) Output : Confide
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7
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Snfio (Vinodini, XII-F, 98.7)
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(Soundarya', XII-H, 97.5)
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10 ("Tharani', XII-F, 95.3)

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Creating a list with series of values :
('Saisri, "XII-G, 93.8)
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) Using the range( ) function, a list can be 4. Explain the different set
created with series of values. To convert operations supported
one
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the result range() function into list,
of by python with suitable example.
more function called list is needed( ). The [PTA-1; QY-2019]
list( ). function makes the result of range()Ans. A set is a mutable and an
as a list.
unordered collection of
elements without duplicates.
(ii) Syntax: List_Varibale =list ( range (0)
Set operations: The set operation such as
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:
(ii) Example Union, Intersection, difference and symmetric
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>>> Even_List= list(range(2,1 1,2)) difference.

Union: It includes all elements from two or

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>>> print(Even List)

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Output: [2,4, 6, 8, 10] more sets [Govt. MQP-2019;PTA-2]
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(iv) In the above code, list( ) function takes the Set A Set B

result of range( ) as Even_List elements.

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Thus, Even_List list has the elements of first
five even numbers.
Similarly, we can create any series of values
using range( ) function. The following
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example explains how to create a list with () In python, the operator | is used to union of
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squares of first 10 natural numbers. two sets. The function union()is also used
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Example : Generating squares of first 10 to join two sets in python.

natural numbers
Confidet
(ii) Example : Program to Join (Union) two
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squares = [] sets using union operator

for x in range(1,11):
s=x**2
nfic set_A={2,4,6,8}
set_B={A, 'B, C,D}
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squares.append(s) U
set=set _A|set_B
prínt (squares) print(U_set)
Output: [1, 4,9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100] Output :
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{2,4,6, 8, 'A, 'D, C, 'B}

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Intersection : (Govt. MQP-2019; PTA-2]
Confidg Confider
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() It includes the common elements in two Set A Set B

sets

Set A Set B
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(ii) The caret (^) operator is used to symmetri
difference set operation in python. Th
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(iü) The operator & is used to intersect two sets function symmetric difference( ) is als
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in python. The function intersection( ) is used to do the sanme operation.
also used to intersect two sets in python.
(iil) Example : Program to insect two sets using (ii) Example Program to symmetri
intersection operator difference of two sets using caret operator

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set_A=('A, 2,4, 'D'" set_A={'A, 2,4, D'}
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set B=('AY'B,C, D} set_B={A, 'B, C, D'}
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print(set_A & set_B) print(set_A ^ set_B)
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Output :
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Output :
'A, D}
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{2, 4, 'B,'C}

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Difference:
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(i) It includes all elements that are in first set HANDS ON EXPERIENCE
(say set A) but not in the second set (say set B)
1. Write a program to remove duplicates from:
Set A Set B
list.
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Ans. Method I
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mylist = [2,4,6,8,8,4, 10]
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myset = set(mylist)
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print(mylist)
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:
Output {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
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(ii) The minus () operator is used to difference Method II:
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set operation in python. The function def remove(duplicate):
difference( ) is also used to difference final_list=]
operation. for num in duplicate:
(ii) Example : Program to difference of two if num not in final_list:
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sets using minus operator final_list.append(mum)

set_A={'A, 2, 4, 'D'} return final list

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set_B={A, 'B,'C, D} duplicate = (2, 4, 10, 20, 5, 2, 20, 4]

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print(set_A-set_B) print(remove(duplicate))
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Output : [2, 4, 10, 20, 5]

Output
2,4}
Write a program that prints the maximun
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Symmetric diference:
value in a Tuple.
() It includes all the elements that are in
twoAns, tuple = (456, 700, 200)
sets (say sets A and B) but not the one that
print ("max value: max (tuple))
are common to two sets. Output : max value: 700
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Output :
ent (i) In Python,_del_)
destructor.
del_) method is used as
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Class Variable 1:5
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Variable 2: 10 def_del_(self):
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Class
Sum: 15 <statements>
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PART -
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>>> IV
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3. Find the error in the following programto get ANSWER THE FOLLOWINGQUESTIONS
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the given output? (5 MARKS)
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class Fruits: 1. Write a menu driven program to add or delete
def_init_(self, fl, f2): stationary items. You should use dictionary to
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self.f1=fI store items and the brand.
self.f2=f2
Ans. Code :
def display (self):
print("ruit I= %s, Fruit 2 = %s" stationary= tia
print("n1.Add Item \n2. Delete item \n3.Exit")
%(self.fl, self.f2))
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F= Fruits ('Apple, Mango') cheint(input("\nEnter your choice:"))
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del E.display while(ch==1) or (ch==2):

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Edisplay) if(ch==1)
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Output: n=int(input("\nEnter the Number of
Fruit 1 = Apple, Fruit 2 = Mango Items to be added in the Dictionary:"))
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Ans. In line No.8, del Fdisplay will not come. for i in range(n):
item=input("\nEnter an Item Name:")
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4. What is the output of the following program?
class Greeting: brand=input("\nEnter the Brand Name:")
def init_(self, name): stationary[item]=brand
self. name = name print(stationary)
def display(self): elif(ch-2):
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print("Good Morning", self._name)
ritem=input("\nEnter the item to be
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obj=Greeting('Bindu Madhavan') removed from the Dictionary:")

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obj.displayO
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stationary.pop(ritem)
Ans. Good Morning Bindu Madhavan
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print(stationay)
How do define constructor and destructor in
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5. ch=int(input("nEnter your choice:")
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Python? [PTA-4] Output :
:
Ans. Constructor
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1. Add Item
) Constructor is the special function that 2. Delete item
is automatically executed when an object 3. Exit
of a class is created. In Python, there is a Enter your choice: 1

special function called "init which act as a Enter the Number of Items to be added in the
Constructor.
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stationary shop :2
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(ii) It must begin and end with double Enter an Item Name: Pen

identi
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underscore.
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Enter the Brand Name: Rorito

(iii) Constructor function will automatically Enter an Item Name: Pencil
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executed when an object of a class is created.

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Enter the Brand Name: Camlin

General format of constructor:
.... {'Pen':'Rorito', 'Pencil' :'Camlin'}
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def init (self, [args ...): Enter your choice :2

<statements> Enter the item to be removed from the Dictionary
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Destructor : :
Pen
() Destructor is also a special method gets (Pencil': Camlin'}
executed automatically when an object exit Enter your choice:3
from the scope.
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(ii) Application Programmers or Software (ii) The basic structure of data in relational
Developers: This user group is involved model is tables (relations). All the
in developing and designing the parts of information's related to a particular type is
DBMS. stored in rows of that table.
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(iii) End User : End users are the one who
(ii) Hence tables are also known as relations
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store, retrieve, update and delete data.

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in a relational model. A relation key is
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(iv) Database designers: They are responsible an attribute which uniquely identifies a
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for identifying the data to be stored in particular tuple (row in a relation (table)).
the database for choosing appropriate
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Stu id Name Age Subj_id Name Teacher
structures to represent and store the data. Malar 17 C++ Kannan

PART - IV Suncar
2 16 2 Php Ramakrishnan
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3 Velu 16 3 Python Vidhya

ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS

(5 MARKs)
nfiden Stu_id Subj_id Marks

afider
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Explain the different types of data model.
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1. 92
1

2
[HY-2019]
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3 96
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Ans. The different types of a Data Model: Relational Model
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Hierarchical Model, Relational Model, Network

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Network Model : Network database model is
Database Model, Entity Relationship Model, an extended form of hierarchical data model.
Model.
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Object The difference between hierarchical and
Hierarchical Model : Network data model is :
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(i) In hierarchical model, a child record has
() Hierarchical model was developed by IBM
as Information Management System. In only one parent node,
(ii) In a Network model, a child may have
Hierarchical model, data is represented as many parent nodes. It represents the data
a simple tree like structure form.
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in many-to-many relationships.
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(i) This model represents a one-to-many (iii) This model is easier and faster to access the
nfidel
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relationship i.e., parent-child relationship.

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One child can have only one parent but one

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parent can have many children. School

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(iii) This model is mainly used in IBM Main
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Frame computers.
This child has
Library Office Staff Room one parent node
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School

Student Student has 3 parent node

Course Resource
Network Model
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(iv) School represents the parent node

(v) Libráry, Office and Staff room is a child to

Theory Lab
school (parent node)
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(vi) Student is a child to library, office and staff

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Hierarchical Model
Relational Model
O
room (one to many relationship)
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(i) The Relational Database model was first Entity Relationship Model. (ER mode):
proposed by E.F. Codd in 1970. Nowadays, () In this database model, relaionship are
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it is the most widespread data model used created by dividing the object into entity
for database applications around the world. and its characteristics into attributes.
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(ii) It was developed by Chen in 1976. This 2. Explain the different types of relationship
model is useful in developing a conceptual mapping. [PTA-1, 4]
design for the database. It is very simple Ans. The types of relationships used in a database.
and easy to design logical view of data. The
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One-to-One Relationship
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)

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developer can easily understand the system
(i) One-to-Many Relationship
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by looking at ER model constructed.

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(ii) Many-to -One Relationship
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(ii) Rectangle represents the entities. E.g.

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Doctor and Patient. (iv) Many-to-Many Rlationship
:
(i) One-to-One Relationship In One-to
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(iv) Ellipse represents the attributes E.g. D-id,
One Relationship, one entity is related with
D-name, P-id, P-name. Attributes describes
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the characteristics and each entity only one other entity. One row in a table is
becomes a major part of the data stored linked with only one row in another table
in the database. Diamond represents the and vice versa.
relationship in ER diagrams For example: A student can have only
fide! one exam number
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E.g. Doctor diagnosis the Patient
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Student Exam No
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|Doctor Diagnosis Patient
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Tamilselvi 1001
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D-id D-Name P-id P-Name Jayapandiyan 1002
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ER model
: Sarojini 1003
Object Model
() Object model stores the data in the form of
objects, attributes and methods, classes and One to one Relationships
Inheritance.
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:
(i) One-to-Many Relationship In One-to
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(ii) This model handles more complex
Many relationship, one entity is related to
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applications, such as Geographic many other entities. One row in a table A
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information System (GIS), scientific is linked to many rows in a table B, but one
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experiments, engineering design and row in a table B is linked to only one row in
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manufacturing.
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table A.
(ii) It is used in file Management System. It
For example: One Department has many
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represents real world objects, attributes staff members.
and behaviors. It provides a clear modular Staff
structure. It is easy to maintain and modify
the existing code. Department
Gajalakshmi
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Shape
Bindhu éntia
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get _area(0
Computer
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get perimeter()
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Tamil Radha
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Ramesh
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Maths

Rectangle Triangle
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Malaiarasu
Circde Length Base
Radius
breath Height
One to Many Mapping
Object Model
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(ii) Many-to-One Relationship : In Many- 3. Differentiate DBMS and RDBMS.

C
to-One Relationship, many entities can be Ans.
related with only one in the other entity.
Basis of
For example: A number of staff members DBMS RDBMS
one rows Comparison
working in Department. Multiple
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in staff members table is related with only Expansion Database Relational
Management DataBase
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one row in Department table.

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System Management
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Staff Department
System
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Data storage Navigational Relational model
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model (in tables). ie
Suganya ie data by data in tables as
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Computer linked records row andcolumn
Bala
Maths Data Exhibit Not Present
Malarmathi
redundancy
Normalization Not RDBMS uses
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performed normalization
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to reduce
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Many to one Relationship
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redundancy
: many
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(iv) Many-to-Many Relationship A
Data access Consumes Faster, compared
to-many relationship occurs when multiple more time to DBMS.
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records in a table are associated with Keys and Does not use. used to establish
multiple records in another table.
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indexes relationship.
Example 1: Customers and Product Keys are used in
Customers can purchase various products RDBMS.
and Products can be purchased by many Transaction Inefficient, Efficient and
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customers management Error prone secure.
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Example 2 : Students and Courses and insecure.
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A student can register for many Courses Distributed Not supported Supported by
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and a Course may include many students Databases RDBMS.

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Example Dbase, SQL server,
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Example 3: Books and Student.
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FoxPro. Oracle, mnysql,
Many Books in a Library are issued to many MariaDB,
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students. SQLite.
Book Student
4. Explain the different operators in Relational
algebra with suitable examples.
Ans. Relational Algebra is divided into various groups
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Unary Relational Operations :

C++ Kalaivani
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SELECT (symbol : o)
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PROJECT (symbol : II)

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SQL Manjula Relational Algebra Operations

onfiderfrom Set
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Theory :
python Sridevi UNION ()
C

INTERSECTION (0)
DIFFERENCE ()

Many to Many Relationship C CARTESIAN PRODUCT (X)

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fidex
C

C
SELECT (symbol : o):
Table B
(i) General form o (R) with a relation R and
a condition C on the attributes of R. Studio Name
(ii) The SELECT operation is used for selecting csl Kannan
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a subset with tuples according to a given cs2 GowriShakaran
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condition. cs3 Lenin
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(iii) Select filters out all tuples that do not satisfy
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C. Result :
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STUDENT: TableAUB
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Stu Studio Name
Name Course Year
dio
C

C
csl Kannan
csl Kannan Big Data II
cs2 GowriShankaran
cs2 Gowri
Shankar
R language I
Cs3
cS4
Lenin
Padmaja
énti
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cs3 Lenin Big Data
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Padmaja Python SET DIFFERENCE (Symbol : -):O
nt

cs4
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Programming (i) The result of A - B, is a relation which
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Table A includes all tuples that are in A but not in B.

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= “Big Data (STUDENT ) :

course (ii) The attribute name of A has to match with

on
the attribute name in B.
PROJECT (Symbol : ):
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:
(ii) Example 4 (using Table B)
() The projection eliminates all attributes of
the input relation but those mentioned in Result:
the projection list.
A- B
Table
(ii) The projection method defines a relation

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cs4Padmaja
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that contains a vertical subset of Relation.
INTERSECTION (symbol : )ANB:
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(ii) Example I using Table A

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II course (STUDENT) Defines a relation consisting of a set of all

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Result : tuple that are in both in A and B. However,
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A and B must be union-compatible.
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Course
Big Data (i) Example 5 (using Table B)
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R language Table A NB
Python Programming csl Kannan
:
UNION (Symbol U): cs3 Lenin
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(i) It includes all tuples that are in tables A

PRODUCT OR CARTESIAN PRODUCT

or in B. It also eliminates duplicates. Set A
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(Symbol :X)
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Union Set B would be expressed as A UB

) Cross product is a way of combining two

(i) Example 3
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relations. The resulting relation contains,

Consider the following tables
both relations being combined.
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Table A
(m) A x B means A times B, where the relation
C

Studio Name
A and B have different attributes,
csl Kannan
(ii) This type of operation is helpful to merge
cs2 Lenin columns from two relations.
cs3 Padmaja
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Confident
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Table A Table B Table Ax Table B
Confideg
Cona
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2 R
R
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S
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3
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R
Table A=3
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|Table B =2 3
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Table A x B= 3 x 2 =6
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Cartesian Product
3 R
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5. Explain the characteristics of DBMS. [PTA-3, 5]
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Ans.Characteristics of Database Management System

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Data stored into Tables Data is never directly stored into the database. Data is stored into tables, created
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inside the database. DBMS also allows to have relationship between tables which
makes the data more meaningful and connected.
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Reduced Redundancy In the modern world hard drives are very cheap, but earlier when hard drives
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were too expensive, unnecessary repetition of data in database was a big
problem But DBMS follows Normalisation which divides the data in such a way
that repetition is minimum.
Data Consistency On live data, it is being continuously updated and added, maintaining the
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consistency of data can become a challenge. But DBMS handles it by itself.
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Support Multiple user DBMS allows multiple users to work on it(update, insert, delete data) at the
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and Concurrent Accesssame time and still manages to maintainthe data consistency.
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Query Language DBMS provides users with a simple query language, using which data can be
easily fetched, inserted, deleted and updated in a database.
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Security The DBMS also takes care of the security of data, protecting the data from
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unauthorized access. In a typical DBMS, we can create user accounts with
different access permissions, using which we can easily secure our data by
restricting user access.
DBMS Supports It allows us to better handle and manage data integrity in real world applications
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Transactions where multi-threading is extensively used.

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PIA> QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

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1 MARK
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1. A column in database table is known as an :

[PTA-1]
(a) Atribute (b) Relation Tuple (d) Data
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|Ans. (b) Relation]

2. Which is the entire collection of related data in one table?
(a) tuple (b) atribute (c) table (d)
-O
software
[PTA-3)

[Ans. (c) table]

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PART -I (i) The different states of our table can be
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS
(3 MARKs)
idel saved at anytime using different names and
the rollback to that state can be done using
the ROLLBACK command.
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What is a constraint? Write short note on
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1. :
(ii) Example
Primary key constraint. [HY-2019]
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SAVEPOINT savepoint name;

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Ans. Constraints are used to limit the type of data that
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can go into a table. This ensures the accuracy and UPDATE Student SET Name Mini'
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reliability of the data in the database. Constraints WHERE Admno=105;
could be either on a column level or a table level.
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SAVEPOINT A;
Constraint is a condition applicable on a field or
5. Write a SQL statement using DISTINCT
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set of fields.
keyword.
Primary Constraint;
Ans. (i) The DISTINCT keyword is used along
() This constraint declares a field as a Primary
with the SELECT command to eliminate
key which helps to uniquely identify a
duplicate rows in the table. This helps to
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record.
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eliminate redundant data.
(i) It is similar to unique constraint except
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(ii) For Example: SELECT DISTINCT Place
that only one field of a table can be set as
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primary key. FROM Student;

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(ti) The primary key does not allow NULD PART - IV
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on
values and therefore a field declared as ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS
primary key must have the NOT NULL
C

C
constraint. (5 MARKs)
2. Write a SQL statement to modify the student 1. Write the different types of constraints and
table structure by adding a new field.
their functions. [PTA-3]
Ans. ALTER TABLE <table-name> ADD <column
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Ans. Type of Constraints :
Constraints ensure
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name><data type><size>;
database integrity, therefore known as database
nt

3. Write any three DDL Commands. [PTA-2]

en
integrity constraints. The different type of
Ans. Data Definition Language :
de

Constraints are :
id

id
(i) Create Command : To create tables in the
Unique Constraint
f

f
database.
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on
CREATE TABLE Student (Admno integer,
Name char(20), Gender char(1), Age Primary Key Constraint
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integer); Constraint
(iü) Alter Command : Alters the structure of Default Constraint
the database.
ALTER TABLE Student ADD Address Check Constraint
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char; Unique Constraint :

(ii) Drop Command Delete tables from This constraint ensures that no two rows
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(i)
database.
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have the same value in the specified

ide
fid

fid

DROP TABLE Student; columns. For example UNIQUEconstraint

4. Write the use of Savepoint command with an applied on Admno of student table ensures
on

example. that no two students have the same

Ans. () The SAVEPOINT command is used to admission number and the constraint can
temporarily save a transaction so that be used as:
you can rollback to the point whenever
required.
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fi

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on
:
Default Constraint:

C
(ii) CREATE TABLE Student
( (i) The DEFAULT constraint is used to assign
Admno integer NOT NULL UNIQUE, a default value for the field. When no
Unique constraint value is given for the specified field having
Name char (20) NOT NULL, DEFAULT constraint, automatically the
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Gender char (1), default value will be assigned to the field.
(ii) Exanmple showing DEFAULT Constraint
nt

Age integer,

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in the student table:
Place char (10),
de

:
(iil) CREATE TABLE Student
fid

fid

fid
(iii) The UNIQUE constraint can be applied
on

on
Admno integer NOT NULL PRIMARY
only to fields that have also been declared KEY,
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as NOTNULL. Name char(20) NOT NULL,
(iv) When two constraints afe applied on a single Gender char( 1 ),
field, it is known as multiple constraints. In Age integer DEFAULT =“17",
the above Multiple constraints NOT NULL > Default Constraint
and UNIQUE are applied on a single field Place char(10),
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Admno, the constraints are separated by a
nt

In the above example the "Age" field is

en
space and at the end of the field definition (ivy
assigned a default value of 17, therefore
de

a comma() is added. By adding these two

when no value is entered in age by the
fid

fid

fid
constraints the field Admno must take user, it automatically assigns 17 to Age.
some value ie. will not be NULL and should
on

on
Check Constraint:
not be duplicated. (i) This constraint helps to set a limit value
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Primary Key Constraint : placed for a field. When we define a check
(i) This constraint declares a field as a Primary constraint on a single column, it allows only
key which helps to uniquely identify a the restricted values on that field. Example
record. It is similar to unique constraint showing check constraint in the student
table:O
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except that only one field of a table can be
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:
set as primary key. (ii) CREATE TABLE Student
nt

nfide en
(ii) The primary key does not allow NULL
de

values and therefore a field declared as Admno integer NOT NULL PRIMARY
id

id
KEY
primary key must have the NOT NULL
f

f
Name char(20) NOT NULL,
on

on
constraint. Gender char(1),
(ii) Example showing Primary Key Constraint Age integer (CHECK<=19)) > Check
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in the student table: Constraint
(iv) CREATE TABLE Student: Place char(10),
);
Admno integer NOT NULL PRIMARY (ii) In the above example the check constraint
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is set to Age field where the value of Age

KEY, Primary Key constraint
must be less than or equal to 19.
nt

Name char(20) NOTNULL,

(iv) The check constraint may use relational

entl
de

Gender char(1),
and logical operators for condition.
fid

fid

Age integer,
Table Constraint :
Place char(10),
() When the constraint is applied to a group
on

of fields of the table, it is known as Table

() In the above example the Admno field has constraint. The table constraint is normally
been set as primary key and therefore will given at the end of the table defnition.
help us to uniquely identify a record, it is (ii) Let us take a new table namely Studentl
also set NOT NULL, therefore this field with the following fields Admno, Firstname,
l

value cannot be empty.

Lastname, Gender, Age, Place:

t
en

en
fi

fi
on

on
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(ii) CREATE TABLE Student 1 : 3. What are the components of SQL? Write the
( commands in each. [Govt. MQP-2019)
Admno integer NOT NULL, Ans. Components of SQL: SQL commands are
Firstname char(20), divided into five categories:
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Lastname char(20), DDL - Data Definition Language
nt

Gender char(1),

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Age integer, DML - Data Manipulation Language
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Place char(10),
fid

fid

fid
PRIMARY KEY (Firstname, Lastname) DCL - Data Control Language
on

on
Table constraint
): TCL - Transaction Control Language
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(iv) In the above example, the two fields,
Firstname and Lastname are defined as DQL -Data Query Language
Primary key which is a Table constraint.
2. Consider the following employee table. Write Data Definition Language :
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() The Data Definition Language (DDL)
ia

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SQL commands for the qtns. (i) to (v). [PTA-2]
consist of SQL statements used to define
nt

EMP ALLO
the database structure or schema.
en

en
NAME DESIG PAY
de

CODE WANCE
(i) It simply deals with descriptions of the
fid

fid

fid
S1001 Hariharan Supervisor 29000 12000 database schema and is used to create and
P1002 Shaji Operator 10000 5500 modify the structure of database objects in
on

on
databases.
P1003 Prasad Operator 12000 6500 (ii) SQL Commands which comes under Data
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C1004 ManjimaClerk 8000 4500 Definition Language are :
M1005 RatheeshMechanic 200007000 Create To create tables in the database.
(1) To display the details of all employees in Alter Alters the structure of the
descending order of pay. database.
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(ii) To display all employees whose allowance |Drop Delete tables from database.
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Truncate Remove all records from a

is between 5000 and 7000.
ide
en

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(iii) To remove the employees who are table, also release the space
de

occupied by those records.

id
mechanic.
(iv) To add a new row. Data Manipulation Language
f

f
on

on
(v) To display the details of all employees () A Data Manipulation Language (DML) is
a
who are operators. computer programming language used
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for adding (inserting), removing (deleting),
Ans. (i) SELECT * FROM Employee ORDER BY
and modifying (updating) data in
PAY DESC; database.
SELECT * (ii) In SQL, the data manipulation language
(ii) FROM Employee WHERE
comprises the SQL-data change statements,
l

ALLOWANCE BETWEEN 5000 AND

which modify stored data but not the

7000;
nt

schema of the database table.

(ii) DELETE FROM Employee WHERE (iii) SQL commands which comes under Data
de

Manipulation Language are :

fid

DESIG='Mechanic;
(iv) INSERT INTO Employee (empcode, name, fide Insert Inserts data into a table
on

desig, pay, allowance) VALUES (S1002, Update Updates the existing data
within a table.
C

Baskaran, Supervisor, 29000, 12000);

SELECT * Delete Deletes all records from a table,
FROM Employee WHERE
but not the space occupied by
DESIG='Operator'; them.
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Data Control Language Ans. (i) GROUP BY clause :

) A Data Control Language (DCL) is a The GROUP BY clause is used with the
programming language used to control the SELECT statement to group the students
access of data stored in a database. It is used on rows or columns having identical values
for controlling privileges in the database or divide the table in to groups.
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(Authorization). For example to know the number of male
nt

(i) The privileges are required for performing students or female students of a class,

en
all the database operations such as creating the GROUP BY Clause may be used. It is
de

fid

fid
sequences, views of tables etc. mostly used in conjunction with aggregate
(iii) SQL commands which come under Data functions to produce summary reports
on

on
Control Language are: from the database.
The syntax for the GROUP BY clause is
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Grant Grants permission to one or
more users to perform specific SELECT Kcolumn-names> FROM <table
name> GROUP BY <column-name>
tasks.
HAVING condition);
RevokeWithdraws the access To apply the above command on the
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permission given by the
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student table:
GRANT statement.
nt

SELECT Gender FROM Student GROUP

en
Transactional Control Language :
BY Gender;
de

(i) Transactional control language (TCL)

fid

fid
The following command will give the
commands are used to manage transactions below given result :
in the database. These are used to manage
on

on
the changes made to the data in a table by Gender
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DML statements.
(i) SQL command which come under Transfer M
Control Language are : F
CommitSaves any transaction into the SELECT Gender, count(*) FROM
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database permanently. Student GROUP BY Gender:
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Restores the database to last
Roll
fide
nt

Gender count(*)
en

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back commit state. M 5
de

Save Temporarly save a

id
3
point transaction so that you can (ii) ORDER BY clause:
f

f
on

on
rollback. The ORDER BY clause in SQL is used
Data query language : to sort the data in either ascending
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C
or descending based on one or more
(i) The Data Query Language consist of
columns.
commands used to query or retrieve data
from a database. (a) By default ORDER BY sorts the data
in ascending order.
(ii) One such SQL command in Data Query
l

(b) We can use the keyword DESC to sort

Language is the data in descending order and the

t
en

Select It displays the records keyword ASC to sort in ascending

from the table. order.

fid

The ORDER BY clause is used as

Construct the following SQL statements in the SELECT<column-name>[,<column

student table. name>,....] FROM <table-name>ORDER

(1) SELECT statement using GROUP BY BY<columnl>,<column2>,...ASC| DESC;

clause. For example:
To display the students in alphabetical
(ii) SELECT statement using ORDER BY
order of their names, the command is used
clause.
as
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SELECT * FROM Student ORDER BY 4. In the above table set the employee number as
Name; primary key and check for NULL values in any
The above student table is arranged as field.
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follows : Ans. CREATE TABLE employee (empno ineger
NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, ename char(30)
nt

Admno Name Gender Age Place

en
NOT NULL, desig char(30),doj datetime, basic
de

104 Abinandh M 18 Chennai

integer);
fid

fid

fid
101 Adarsh M 18 Delhi 5. Prepare a list of all employees who are
on

on
102 Akshith M 17 Bangalore Managers..
Ans. SELECT*FROM employee WHERE desig =
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100 Ashish M 17 Chennai
'Managers';
103

106
Ayush
Devika
M
F
18

19
Delhi
Bangalore
PTA> QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ntal
1
MARK
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107 Hema F 17 Chennai
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1. Pick odd one :
[PTA-1)
Revathi Chennai
nt

105 F 19
(a) Commit (b) Roll back
en

en
de

(c) Save point (d) Revoke

5. Write a SQL statement to create a table for
fid

fid

fid
employee having any five fields and create a [Ans. (d) Revokel
table constraint for the employee table. 2. Pick Odd one: [PTA-2]
on

on
Ans. CREATE TABLE employee (a) INSERT (b) DELETE
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( (c) UPDATE (d) TRANCATE
empcode integer NOTNULL, |Ans. (D) TRANCATE)
name char(20),
3. The TCL Command used to restores the
desigchar(20),
Pay integer, tial database to the last commit state. [PTA-3]
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(a) Commit (b) SavePoint
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allowance integer, (c) Insert (d) Rollback
nt

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PRIMARY KEY (empno) [Ans. (d) Rolback]
de

The statement in SQL is used to retrieve data

id
HANDS ON EXPERIENCE from a table in a database: [PTA-3]
f

f
on

on
(a) SELECT (b) CREATE
(c) DISTINCT (d) ORDER BY
1. Create a query of the student table in the
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following order of field name, age, place and |Ans. (a) SELECT]
admno. 5. The SQL command "Truncate' comes under:
Ans. CREATE TABLE Student (Name char(30), age [PTA-4]
integer, place char(30), admno integer)); (a) DDL (b) DML
l

(c) TCL (d) DQL

Create a query to display the student table with
ia

2..
JAns. (a) DDLJ, O
students of age more than 18 with unique city.
nt

t
en

Ans. SELECT FROM student WHERE age >= 18 6. Match the following: [PTA-5]
de

GROUP BY city; (a) DELETE (i)

nfider
fid

fid

3. Create a employee table with the following (b) DROP

fields employee number, employee name, (c) SELECT

designation, data of joining and basic pay. (d) COMMIT -
C

Ans. CREATE TABLE employee (empNo integer, (a) a-iv, b-iii, c-i, d-i (b) a-iv,b-i, c-i, d-ii
ename char(30), desig char(30), doj datetime, (c) a-i, b-iy, c-iii, d-ii (d) a-i, b-i, c-iy, d-ii
basic integer); [Ans. (b) a-iv, b-i, c-ii, d-iii]
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Output :
PART - IV
('SNO, NAME, CITY) ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS
[12101, RAM, CHENNAI] (5 MARKS)
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['12102', 'LAVANYA, "TIRUCHY] Differentiate Excel file and CSV file. PTA-2]
nt

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Ans.
de

[12103, LAKSHMAN, 'MADURAI]

Excel
fid

fid

fid
CSV
4. What is the difference between the write mode Excel is a binary file that CSV format is a plain
on

on
and append mode. [PTA-2, 5]I holds information text format with a
about all the worksheets in series of values
Ans. The 'w' write mode creates a new file. If the file
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a file, including separated by commas.
is already existing 'w' mode overwrites it. Where
both content and formatting
as 'a append mode is used to add the data at the
XLS files can only be read CSV can be opened
end of the file if the file already exists otherwise
by applications with any text editor
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creates a new one.
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that have been especially in Windows like
written to read their format, notepad, MS Excel,
nt

5. What is the difference between reader() and

en
DictReader() function? and can only be written in OpenOffice, etc.
de

the same way.

fid

fid
Ans. Reader):
Excel is a spreadsheet that CSV is a format
on

on
) The reader function is designed to take saves files into its for saving tabular
each line of the file and make a list of all own proprietary format viz. information into a
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xls or xlsx delimited text file with
columns.
extension .csv
(ii) Using this method one can read data from
Excel consumes more Importing CSV files
csv files of different formats like quotes (""), memory while importing can be much faster,
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() and comma ). and it also consumes
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pipe data
less memory
nt

(iii) csv. Reader work with list/tuple.

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(iv) Syntax: csv.reader(fileobject,delimiter,

2. Tabulate the different mode with its meaning.
id

id
Ans.
fmtparams)
f

f
on

on
Mode Description
DictReaer):
Open a file for reading. (default)
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C
(i) DictReader works by reading the first 'w Open a file for writing. Creates a new file
line of the CSV and using each comma if it does not exist or truncates the file if it
separated value in this line as a dictionary exists.
key. 'x Open a file for exclusive creation. If the fle
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already exists, the operation fails.

(ii) DictReader is a class of csv module is used
a Open for appending at the end of the fle
nt

to read a CSV fle into a dictionary.

without truncating it. Creates a new file if it

(iii) It creates an object which maps data to a does not exist.

fid

dictionary. Opren in text mode. (default)

(iv) csv.DictReader work with dictionary. Open in binary mode.

Open a file for updating (reading and

Con writing)
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Write the different methods to read a File in
3.
Python.
Ans. Read a CSV File Using Python :
Program:
#importing csv ident
import csv
There are two ways to read a CSV fle.
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(i) Use the csv module's reader function #opening the csv file which is in different

Co
nt

location with read mode

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(ii) (Use the DictReader class.
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with open(c:lipyprgllsamplel.csv, 'r) as F:

Two ways of Reading CSV File
fid

fid

fid
#other way to open the file is f= (c:l\pyprgl
on

on
samplel.csv, r)
reader = csv.reader(F)
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reader () function Dict Reader class
# printing each line of the Data row by row
CSV Module's Reader Function :

(i) You can read the contents of CSV file with

Ecose)
print(row)
fidenti
the help of cesv. reader() method. The reader
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Output :
function is designed to take each line of the
nt

en
file and make a list of all columns. ['SNO', NAME, 'CITY]
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(ii) Then, you just choose the column you want ['12101, 'RAM, 'CHENNAI]
fid

fid

fid
the variable data for. Using this method [12102, LAVANYA, TIRUCHY]
on

on
one can read data from csv files of different
formats likequotes (""), pipe () and comma
[12103, 'LAKSHMAN, 'MADURAI]
C

C
). CSV files - data with Spaces at the beginning
The syntax for csv.reader) is Consider the following file "'sample2.csv"
cSv.reader(fleobject,delimiter,fmtparams) containing the following data when opened
where through notepad
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(iii) file object : passes the path and the mode Topicl, Topic2, Topic3,
nt

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of the file one, two, three
de

(iv) delimiter: optional parameter Examplel, Example2, Example3

an
id
,
containing the standard dilects like | etc
f

f
The following program read the file through
on

on
can be omitted.
Python using "csv,reader()".
(v) fmtparams: optional parameter which
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import csv
help to override the default values of the
dialects like skipinitialspace,quoting etc. csv.register_dialect('myDialect' delimiter =
can be omitted. skipinitialspace=True)

CSV fle - data with default delimiter F=open('clpyprgl lsample2.csv, r')

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comma () reader = esv.reader(E, dialect='myDialect')

onfident
en

CSV file data with Space at the for row in reader:

beginning
fid

fid

print(row)
CSV file- data with quotes
Fclose()
on

SCSvile- data with custom Delimiters OUTPUT:

CSV file with default delimiter comma (): The ('Topicl', "Topic2', "Topic3]
following program read a file called "samplel.,
csv with default delimiter comma ()) and print ['one', 'two', three']
row by row. ['Examplel1, "Example2, 'Example3]
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fi

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(i) These whitespaces in the data can be CSV files with Custom Delimiters :
removed, by registering new dialects using
csv.register dialect) class of csv module. nfide() You can read CSV file having custom
delimiter by registering a new dialect with
(i) A dialect describes the format of the csv file
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the help of csv.register_dialect().
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that is to be read.
nt

Roll No Name City

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(ii) Indialectstheparameter"skipinitialspace"
de

12101 Arun Chennai

is used for removing whitespacesafter the
fid

fid

fid
delimiter. 12102 Meena Kovai
on

on
12103 Ram Nellai
CSV File-Data With Quotes :
Ayush
C

C
(i) You can read the csv file with quotes, by 103 M
registering new dialects using cSV.register_ 104 Abinandh M
dialect() class of csv module.
(i) In the following file called "'sample4.csv",
(ii) Here, we have quotes,csv file with following each column is separated with
fide (Pipe
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data. symbol)
nt

SNO, Quotes
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import csv
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1, "The secret to getting ahead is getting cSv.register_dialect('myDialect', delimiter = )

fid

fid
started'"
with open(c:llpyprgl lsample4.csv,r) as f:
on

on
2. "Excellence is a continuous process and not
an accident." reader = cSv.reader(f, dialect='myDialect')
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The following Program read "quotes.csv" file, for row in reader:
where delimiter is comma () bUt the quotes are print(row)
within quotes ("").
fclose()
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import csv
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OUTPUT
csv.register_dialect('myDialect', delimiter =
onfidet
nt

['RollNo, Name', 'City']

en
quoting=csv.QUOTE_ALL,
de

12101,'Arun', 'Chennai']
id

id
skipinitialspace-True)
[12102', Meena, Kovai']
f

f
on

on
f-open(cl(pyprgllquotes.csv' r')
[12103, 'Ram', Nellai']
reader csv.reader(f, dialect='myDialect')
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4. Write a Python program to write a CSV File
for row in reader: with custom quotes.
print(row) Ans. import csv
OUTPUT: info = [[SNO) Person, DOB],
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[1, "The secret to getting ahead is getting

[1 Madhu; 18/12/2001'],
nt

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started.]
[2, Sowmya,19/2/1998'],
de

[2', 'Excellence is a continuous process and not

sfidec
fid

fid

an accident.'] [3, Sangeetha, 20/3/1999'],

[4; Eshwar, 21/4/2000'],

(i) In the above program, register a dialect

with name myDialect. (5, 'Anand; 22/5/2001']]
C

(ii) Then, we used csv. QUOTE_ALL to display, cSv.register_dialect('myDialectquoting=csv.

all the characters after double quotes. QUTE_ALL)
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fi

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with open(clipyprgllch]3l\person.csv, 'w) as f (v) Each field may or may not be enclosed in
writer = csv.writer(f, dialect='myDialect') double quotes. If fields are not enclosed
for row in info: fide with double quotes, then double quotes
may not appear inside the fields.
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writer,writerow(row) Example:
nt

f.close) "Red""Blue","Green"#Field data with

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double quotes
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OUTPUT:
fid

fid

fid
"SNO; "Person",; "DOB" "1", "Madhu", Black,White, Yellow #Field data without
"Sowmya,
double quotes
"18/12/2001" "2",
on

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"19/2/1998"
"3", "Sangeetha", "20/3/1999" "4", "Eshwar",
(vi) Fields containing line breaks (CRLF),
double quotes, and commas should be
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"21/4/2000" "5", "Anand", "22/5/2001"
enclosed in double-quotes.
5. Write the rules to be followed to format the Example:
data in a CSV file. [PTA-5] Red, Blue CRLF # comma itself is a field
Ans. Rules to be followed to format data in a CSV value.so it is enclosed with double quotes
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file: Red, Blue, Green
nt

(vii) If double-quotes are used to enclose fields,

en
Each record (row of data) is to be located
then a double-quote appearing inside a
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on a separate line, delimited by a line break

fid

fid
by pressing enter key. field must be preceded with another double
quote.
on

on
Example: J
Example:
XXX,yyy
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"Red, " "Blue, “Green'; # since double
Jdenotes enter Key to be pressed quotes is a field value it is enclosed with
(ii) The last record in the file may or may not another double quotes, White
,

have an ending line break.

Example: entia HANDS ON EXPERIENCE
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PPP, qqq«
nt

1. Write a Python program to read the

en
yYy, xxX
following Namelist.csv file and sort the data
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(ii) There may be an optional header line in alphabetically order of names in a list and
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appearing as the first line of the file with the display the output.
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same format as normal record lines. The
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header will contain names corresponding A B
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to the fields in the file and should contain SNO NAME OCCUPATION
thesame number of fields as the records in 2 NIVETHITHA ENGINEER
the rest of the file. 3 2 ADHITH DOCTOR
Example:
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4 3 LAVANYA SINGER
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field_namel,field_name2,field_name34
5 4 VIDHYA TEACHER
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aaa,bbb,ccC«J
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ZZz,yyy,xXX CRLE(Carriage Return and 6 BINDHU LECTURER

Ans. import csv.operator

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Line Feed)
data csv.reader(open('c:\\PYPRGI\NameList.
(iv) Within the header and each record, there
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csv))
may be one or more fields, separated by
next(data)
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commas. Spaces are considered part of a

sorted list = sorted(data, key = operator.
field and should not be ignored. The last itemgetter(1))
field in the record must not be followed by for row in sorted list:
a comma. For example: Red, Blue print(row)
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PART -IV (i) To use sys.argv, you will first have to
import sys. The first argument, sys.argv [0],
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS is always the name of the program as it
was invoked, and sys.argv(1] is the first
(5 MARKs)
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argument you pass to the program (here it
1. Write any 5 features of Python. [PTA-3] is the C++ file).
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Ans. (i) Python uses Automatic Garbage Collection. (i) Python's OS Module :
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() Python is a dynamically typed language. (1) The OS module in Python provides

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(iii) Python runs through an interpreter. way of using operating system dependent
functionality.
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(iv) Python code tends to be 5 to l0 times
shorter than that written in C++.
(ii) The functions that the OS module allows
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you to interface with the Windows
(v) In Python,there is no need to declare types
operating system where Python is running
explicitly.
On.
(vi) In Python, a function may accept an Os.system):
argument of any type, and return multiple (i) Execute the C++ compiling command (a
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values without any kind of declaration
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string contains Unix, C command which
beforehand
also supports C++ command) in the shell
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(Here it is Command Window).
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2. Explain each word of the following command.

(i) For Example to compile C+t program gtt
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Python <filename.py>-<i><C++filename compiler should be invoked.
without cpp extension> (iv) Command : os.system (g++ + <varaiable_
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Ans. Python <filename.py> -i <Ct+ filename without namel> -<mode>'+ <variable_name2:>
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C
cpp extension> ()os.system function system() defined
where, in os module
(ii) g+t General compiler to
Python Keyword to execute the
Python program from tia) compile C++ program
under Windows Operating
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command-line
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system.
filename.py Name of the Python
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(iii) variable_namel Name of the C++ file
program toexecuted
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without extension.cpp in
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input mode string format
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C++ filename Name ofC++ file to be (iv) mode To specify input or output
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without cpp compiled and executed mode. Here it is o prefixed
with hyphen.
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extension
Python getopt module :
3. What is the purpose of sys, os,getopt module
in Python? Explain. () The getopt module of Python helps you to
parse (split) command-line options and
Ans. (i) Python's sys module : This module
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provides access to some variables used arguments.

by the interpreter and to functions that (i) This•module provides two functions to
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interact strongly with the interpreter. enable command-line argument parsing.

sys.argv: (ii) Python getopt.getopt method :

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(1) sys.argv is the list of command-line

This method parses command-line options
on

arguments passed to the Python program.

argv contains all the items that come and parameter list. Following is the syntax
for this method -
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along via the command-line input, it's

basically an array holding the command (ii) <opts>,<args>=getopt.getopt(argv, options,
line arguments of the program. [long options])
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argv -
This is the argument list of 4. Write the syntax for getopt() and explain its

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values to be parsed (splited). In our arguments and return values. [PTA-2, 5)
program the complete command will Ans. Python getopt Module :
be passed as a list. ) The getopt module of Python helps you to

co
- parse (split) command-line options and
options This is string of option
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letters that the Python program arguments.
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(iü) This module provides two functions to

recognize as, for input or for output,

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enable command-line argument parsing.
with options (like" or 'o) that
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getopt.getopt method : This method parses

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followed by a colon ().
command-line options and parameter list.
Here colon is used to denote the Following is the syntax for this method -
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mode. <opts>,<args>=getopt.getopt(argv, options,
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long_options This parameter is [long options|)
a
passed with list of strings. Argument Here is the detail of the parameters -
of Long options should be followed (i) argv: This is the argument list of values
by an equal sign (=). to be parsed (splited). In our program the
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In our program the C++ file name complete command will be passed as a list.
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will be passed as string and 'i' also will (i) options :This is string of option letters that
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be passed along with to indicate it as the Python program recognize as, for input
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or for output, with options (like 'i or o)

the input file.
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that followed by a colon (). Here colon is
(iv) getopt() method returns value consisting
used to denote the mode.
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of two elements.
Each of these values are stored separately
(ii) long _options: This parameter is passed
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(v)
with a list of strings. Argument of Long
in two different list (arrays) opts and args.
options should be followed by an equal sign
(vi) Opts contains list of splitted strings like (=). In our program the C++ file name
mode, path and args contains any string if will be passed as string and '? also will be
at all not splitted because of wrong path or passed along with to indicate it as the input
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mode. file.
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args will be an empty array if there is no

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(vi) getopt) method returns value consisting of
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error in splitting strings by getopt(). two elements. Each of these values are stored
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(viil) Example separately in two diferent list (arrays) opts and
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opts, args = getopt.getopt (argv, args. Opts contains list of splitted strings like
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(vi)
"i:",['ifile=) mode, path and args contains any string if at
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- all not splitted because of wrong path or mode.
where optscontains (i, 'c:\\pyprgl args will be an empty array if there is no error in
p4)] splitting strings by getopt().
-
-i: option nothing but mode should
be followed by :

For example, The Python code which is going

-
toexecute the C++ file p4 in command line will
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'c:llpyprg\lp4 value nothing but

have the getopt() method like the following one.
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the absolute path of C++ fle.

our
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(ix) In examples since the entire opts, args=getopt.getopt (argy, "i:",['ifile=])

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command line commands are parsed where opts

and no leftover argument, the second
contains|[(-i, 'clpyprgl\p4)]|

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argument args will be empty []. option nothing but

(x) If atgs is displayed using print() mode should be

command it displays the output as []. followed by
(xi) Example : c:l\pyprgllp4 value nothing but the
(i) S>>print(args) absolute path of C++
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file.
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In our examples since the entire command line
HANDS ON EXPERIENCE
commands are parsed and no leftover argument,
the second argument args will be empty []. 1. Write a C++ program to create a class called
If args is displayed using print(0 command it
onfi
Student with the following details
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displays the output as []. Protected member
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Rno integer

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5. Write a Python program to execute the
Public members
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following c++ coding

void Readno(int); to accept roll number and
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#include <iostream> assign to Rno
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using namespace std; void Writeno(); To display Rno.
int main) The class Test is derived Publically from the
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Student class contains the following details
{cout<<«WELCOME";
return(0);
Antial Protected member
Markl float
Mark2 float
The above C++ program is saved in a file
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Public members
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welcome.cpp void Readmark(float, float); To accept markl
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and mark2
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Ans. #Now select FileNew in Notepad and type the
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Python program as main.py void Writemark(); To display the marks

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Create a class called Sports with the following
# Program that compiles and executes a .cpp file
detail
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# Python main.py -i welcome
Protected members
import sys, os, getopt score integer
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def main(argv): Public members
cpp_file =" void Readscore(int); To accept the score
void Writescore); To display the score
exe file="
The class Result is derived Publically from Test
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opts, args =getopt.getopt (argv, "i:"[ifle=])
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and Sports class contains the following details
for o, a in opts: Private member
der
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ifo in (""--ifile"): Total float
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cpp file =a+.cpp Public member

id
void display() assign the sum of markl, mark,
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exe file
=a+'.exe' score in total.
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run(cpp_ile, exe_file) invokeWriteno(), Writemark() and Writescore().
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def run(cpp_file, exe_file): Display the total also.
Save the C++ program in a fle called hybrid.
print("Compiling" + cpp_file)
Write a python program to execute the
os.system(g++'+ cpp_file +'-o'+ exe_ file) hybrid.cpp
print("Running" + exe_file) Ans. In Notepad, type the C+t+ program.
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print(" #include<iostream>
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using namespace std;

print
class student
Confider
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OS.system(exe_file)
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print protected:
name= nfi
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if main: int no;

main(sys.argv[1:])

Co public:
C

: void readno(int rollno)

Output
WELCOME mo = rollno;
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PART - IV 2. Write the Python script to display all therecords
of the following table using fetchmany()
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS
(5 MARKS) Icode Item Name Rate
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1. Write in brief about SQLite and the steps used 1003 Scanner 10500
to use it.
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1004 Speaker 3000

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Ans. (i) SQLite is a simple relational database
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1005 Printer 8000

system, which saves its data in regular data
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1008 Monitor 15000
files or even in the internal memory of the
Mouse
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1010 700
computer.
(ii) It is designed to be embedded in Ans. Assume database name, is shop.db and table
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applications, instead of using a separate name is electronics for the given table.
database server program such as MySQLor Python Script :
Oracle. import sqlite3
Advantages : connection= sqlite3.connect ("shop.db")
cursor connection. cursor ()
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(i) SQLite is fast, rigorously tested, and
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cusrsor. execute ("SELECT* FROM
flexible, making it easier to work. Python
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has a native library for SQLite. electronics")
result = Cursor. fetchall )
Cont
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To use SQLite,
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Step 1 : import sqlite3 print (* result, sep = "\n")
Output :

Step 2 : create a connection using connect

on
Displaying All the Records
) method and pass the name of (1003, 'Scanner, 10500)
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the database file
(1004, 'Speaker', 3000)
Step 3 Set the cursor object cursor
:
(1005, Printer, 8000)
connection. cursor ()
(1008, 'Monitor, 15000)
(ii) Connecting to a database in step2 means
(1010, 'Mouse', 700)
passing the name of the database to be
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What is the use of HAVING clause? Give an
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3.
accessed. If the database already exists the
example python script. [PTA-5]
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connection willopen the same. Otherwise,

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Ans. HAVING clause is used to filter data based on
Python will open a new database file with
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the group functions. This similar WHERE

is to
the specified name.
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condition but can be used only with group
(ii) Cursor in step 3 is a control structure used
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functions. Group functions cannot be used in
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to traverse and fetch the records of the WHERE Clause but can be used in HAVING
database. clause.
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(iv) Cursor has a major role in working with Example :
Python. All the commands will be executed import sqlite3
using cursor object only. connection = sqlite3.connect("Academy.db")
(v) To create a table in the database, create an cursor = connection.cursor()
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object and write the SQL command in it. cursor.execute("SELECT

Example : sql_comm = "SQL statement" FROM Student
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GENDER,CÓUNT(GENDER)
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(vi) For executing the command use the cursor GROUP BY GENDER HAVING
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method and pass the required sql command COUNT(GENDER)>3")

nfide
fid

fid

as a parameter. Many number of commands result cursor.fetchall ()

can be stored in the sql_comm and can be co i[0]or i in cursor. description]
on

executed one after other. print(co)

(vii) Any changes made in the values of the print(result)

record should be saved by the commend Output :
"Commit" before closing the "Iable I'gender', 'COUNT(GENDER)]
Connection". [(M, 5)]
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4. Write a Python script to create a table called Ans. (i) import sqlite3
ITEM with following specification. connection = sqlite3.connect("ABC.db")
Add one recôrd to the table.
Name of the database ABC
fide cursor.execute("SELECT Supplier.Name,
Supplier.City,Item.Item Name FRÔM
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Name of the table Item Supplier,Item WHERE Supplier.Icode=
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Column name and specification : Item.Icode AND Supplir.City NOT In

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Delhi")
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Icode integer and act as primary key s = i[0] for Iin cursor.
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fid
Item Name Character with length 25 description ]
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Rate Integer print(s)
Record to 1008, Monitor, 15000 result = cursor.fetchall()
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r
for in result:
be added
print r
Ans. import sqlite3 Output:
connection = sqlite3 .connect ("ABc.db")
[Name, City, 'Item Name']
cursor = Connection . cursor () [Anu', 'Bangalore, 'Scanner]
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sql_command CREATE TABLE Item ['Shahid', 'Bangalore', 'Speaker']
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(Icode INTEGER, Item_ ['Akila', 'Hydrabad, Printer]

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¿onfi [(Girish', Hydrabad', 'Monitor'}
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Name VARCHAR (25), Rate

Integer); """ cursor.execute ['Shylaja', 'Chennai', 'Mouse]
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(sql_command) [Lavanya', 'Mumbai', (CPU]
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sql_command ="" "INSERT INTO Item (Icode, (ii) import sqlite3
connection = sqlite3.connect("ABC.db")
Item_name, Rate)
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cursor.execute("UPDATE Supplier ST
VALUES (1008, "Monitor", 15000); SuppQty= SuppQty + 40 WHERE Name =
cursor.execute (sql_command) 'Akila' ")
connection.commit () cursor.commit()
connection.close () result = cursor.fetchall()
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print (result)
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print ("TABLE CREATED")
connection.close()
der
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Output :
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OUTPUT:
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TABLE CREATED
(S004, 'Akila', Hydrabad', 1005, 235)
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5. Consider the following table Supplier and
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item .Write a python script for (i) to (ii) HANDS ON EXPERIENCE
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SUPPLIER 1. Create an interactive program to accept the
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details from user and store in a csv file using
Suppno Name City Icode SuppQty
Python for the following table.
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SO01 Prasad Delhi 1008 100 Database name; DBI
Table name : Customer
SO02 Anu Bangalore1010 200
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SO03 Shahid Bangalore 1008 175 Cust Cust Address Phone City
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Id Name no
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SO04 Akila Hydrabad1005 195 CO08 Sandeep

14/1 41206819 Delhi

Hydrabad 1003
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SO05 Girish 25 Pritam

SO06 Shylaja Chennai Pura
1008 180
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CO10 Anurag 15A, Park 61281921 Kolkata

SO07 Lavanya Mumbai 1005 325 Basu Road
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(i) Display Name, City and Itemname of CO12 Hrithik 7/2 26121949 Delhi
suppliers who do not reside in Delhi. Vasant
(i) Increment the SuppQty of Akila by 40. Nagar
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Ans. Ans. import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
slices > [7, 2, 2, 13]
Epic Graph
Another Line! whoa activities = ['sleeping'", "eating'", "working",
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Example One 1
"playing",
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Example two

plt.pie (slices, labels = activities, autopct

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plt.title ("Interesting Graph Checkit out")
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plt.show()
PART - IV
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6 10
bar number
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS
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2.
Write any three uses of data visualization. (5 MARKs)
PTA-1, 5; HY-2019) | 1. Explain in detail the types of Pyplots using
Ans. (i) Data Visualization help users to analyze Matplotlib. [PTA-6]
and interpret the data easily. Ans. Matplotlib allows you to create different kinds of
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(ii) It makes complex data understandable and
plots ranging from histograms and scatter plots
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usable.
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to bar graphs and bar charts.
(i) Various Charts in Data Visualization helps
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to show relationship in the data for one or Line Chart :

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more variables. (i) A Line Chart or Line Graph is a type of
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3. Write the coding for the following: chart which displays information as a series
a. To check if PIP is Installed in your PC. of data points called 'markers' connected
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b. To Check the version of PIP installed in by straight line segments.
your PC. (ii) A Line Chart is often used to visualize
C. To list the packages in matplotlib. a trend in data over intervals of time - a
Ans. a. Tocheck if PIP is Installed in your PC: time series – thus the line is often drawn
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) In command prompt type pip- version. chronologically.
(i) Ifit is installed already, you will get version.
iden
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(ii) Example
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(ii) Command :Python - m pip install -U pip.
de
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GProgram for Line plot :

b. ToCheck the version of PIP installed in
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your P: importmatplotlib.pyplot as plt
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years = [2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018]
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C:\Users| YourName\AppData\Local\
Programs\ Python\ Python 36-32\ total _populations = [8939007, 8954518,
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Seripts>pip-version.
:
8960387, 8956741, 8943721]
To list the packages in matplotib
plt.plot (years, total populations)
C:\Users\YourName\App Data\ Local\
Programs\Python\ Python 36-32\Scripts> plt.title ("Year vs Population in India")
pip list plt.xlabel ("Year")
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4. Write the plot for the following pie chart plt.ylabel ("Total Population")
enti
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output. plt.show)
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In this program,
Cofide
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Plt.title()> specifies title tothe graph

54.2%
Plt.xlabel) > specifies label for X-axis
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83%
Plt.ylabel()0 > specifies label for Y-axis
ctng
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:
Output Output

8960000
onio
Year vs Population in India
ide Figure

MARKS
1
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89550004
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8950000 RANGE
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8945000
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8940000
204
2014.4 2014.5 2015.0 2015.5 2016.0 2016.6 2017.0 2017.7 2018.o
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Year

:
Bar Chart
(i) A BarPlot (or BarChart) is one of the
most common type of plot. It shows the e
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Pie Chart:
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relationship between a numerical variable
Pie Chart is probably one of the most
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and a categorical variable. ()

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common type of chart. It is a circular
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(i) Bar chart represents categorical data with

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rectangular bars. Each bar has a height graphic which is divided into slices to
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corresponds to the value it represents. The illustrate numerical proportion.
bars can be plotted vertically or horizontally. The point of a pie chart is to show the
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(ii)
(iii) It's useful when we want tocompare a given
relationship of parts out of a whole. To
numeric value on different categories. To
make a Pie Chart with Matplotlib, we can
make a bar chart with Matplotlib, we can
use the plt.pie() function.
use the plt.bar() function.
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(iv) Example : (iii) The autopct parameter allows us to display
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import matplotlib.pyplot as plt the percentage value using the Python
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string formatting. enfid

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#Our data
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labels "TAMIL";, "ENGLISH", "MATHS", :
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(iv) Example
"PHYSICS", "CHEMISTRY", "CS")
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
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usage = [79.8, 67.3,77.8, 68.4, 70.2, 88.5]
# Generating the y positions. Later, well sizes = [89, 80, 90, 100, 75)
use them to replace them with labels. labels = ["Tamil", "English", "Maths",
Y_positions = range (len(labels))
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"Science", "Social"]
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# Creating our bar plot

plt.pie (sizes, labels = labels, autopct =

plt.bar (y_positions, usage)

"%.2f")
fid

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plt.xticks (y_positions, labels)

plt.ylabel ("RANGE) gonice plt.axes().set_aspect ("equal") Confide
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plt.title ("MARKS") plt.show()

plt.show()
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Output :
3. Explain the purpose ofthefollowing functions:
Figure 1

o
a. plt.xlabel
b. plt.ylabel
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C. plt.title
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Tamil d. plt.legend()

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20.51
e. plt.show()
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20.74
Ans. a. Specifies label for x-axis
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b. Specifies label for y-axis
23.04 Social

C. Specifies title to the graph or assigns the

C
Science
plot title.
d. Invoke the default legend with plt
e. Display the plot
2. Explain the various buttons in a matplotlib
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window. [PTA-5]
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:
Ans. Buttons in the output In the output figure,
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Create a plot. Set the title, the x and y labels for
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you can see few buttons at the bottom left corner. both axes.
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Let us see the use of these buttons. Ans. import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
Configure
x= [1, 2, 3]
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Subplots
Home Button Pan Axis Button Button
y= [5,7, 4]
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plt.plot(x,y)
plt.xlabel('x-axis')
Zoom Save the
Forward/ Back Buttons Button Figure Button plt.ylabel('y-axis')
Home Button The Home Button will plt.title(LINE GRAPH)
()
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help one to begun navigating the chart. If plt.show)
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LINE GRAPH
you ever want to return back to the original
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Confide)
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view, you can click on this.
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(i) Forward/Back buttons These buttons

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can be used like the Forward and Back
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buttons in browser. Click these to move
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back to the previous point you were at, or
sx-A
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forward again.
8
(ii) Pan Axis This cross-looking button
allows you to click it, and then click and
64
drag graph around.
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a right click and drag.

examination.
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sizes = [89, 80, 90, 100, 75]

(vi) Save Figure This button will allow you to
save figure in various forms. labels = ["Tamil", "English", "Maths", "Science",
"Social"]
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a= (1, 2, 3]
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x= [1, 2, 3] Axis

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Histogram Bar graph
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