F1

13.2 WHEN A and B are independent events

P ( A Ç B ) = P ( A) P ( B )

3 Q6
Q1 P ( A) =
5 3 3 1
1 P(E) = P(F ) = P( E Ç F ) =
P ( B) = 5 10 5
5
find P ( A Ç B ) Are E and F independent
If A and B are æ 3 öæ 3 ö 9
P ( E ) .P ( F ) = ç ÷ ç ÷ =
independent events è 5 ø è 10 ø 50
P ( A Ç B ) = P ( A) P ( B ) P(E) x P(F) ¹ P ( E Ç F )
3 1 3 E and F are not Independent
= x =
5 5 25

2. Two cards are drawn at random and without replacement from a pack of 52 playing cards. Find the prob that both the cards
are black.
26 25 25
Required probability = x =
52 51 102

3) A box of oranges is inspected by examining three randomly selected oranges drawn without replacement.
If all the three oranges are good, the box is approved for sale, otherwise, it is rejected.
Find the prob that a box containing 15 oranges out of which 12 are good and 3 are bad ones will be approved for
sale.
12 11 10 44
Required probability = P(GGG) = x x =
15 14 13 91

4) A fair coin and an unbiased die are tossed. Let A be the event ‘head appears on the coin’
and B be the event ‘3 on the die’. Check whether A and B are independent events or not.
ì( H ,1),( H , 2),( H , 3),( H ,4),( H ,5),( H ,6) ü P(A)=
6 1
=
S=í ý 12 2
î(T ,1),(T , 2),(T , 3),(T ,4),(T ,5),(T ,6) þ 2 1
P( B) = =
A : ‘head appears on the coin’ 12 6
P ( A) . P (B)
= {(H,1), ( H, 2 ) , ( H, 3 ) , ( H,4 ) , ( H,5 ) , ( H,6 )}
1 1 1
= x =
B : ‘3 appears on the dice’ = {( H, 3 ) , ( T, 3 )} 2 6 12

A Ç B = {( H , 3)} P ( A ) . P ( B ) = P( A Ç B)
A and B are Independent

5) A die marked 1,2,3 in red and 4,5,6 in green is tossed.

Let A be the event, ‘the number is even’, and
B be the event, ‘ the number is red’. Are A and B independent?
S= { 1,2,3,4,5,6} A = {2,4,6} and B = {1,2,3} and A Ç B = {2}
3 1 3 1 1
P(A) = = P( B) = = P( A Ç B) =
6 2 6 2 6
1 1 1
P ( A) P ( B ) = x = Þ P ( A Ç B ) ¹ P ( A) P ( B ) Þ A and B are not independent
2 2 4
7)Given that the events A and B ( i ) When A and B are M.E.E
P ( A) =
1
, P(A È B)=
3 P ( A È B ) = P ( A) + P ( B )
2 5 3 1 1
and P ( B ) = p. Find p Þ = +p p=
5 2 10
if they are ( i ) mutually exclusive
(ii)When A and B are independent
( ii ) independent
P ( A È B ) = P ( A) + P ( B ) - P ( A) P ( B )
3 1 1 2 1
= + p- p p= =
5 2 2 10 5

8) Let A and B independent events with P(A)= 0.3 and P(B) =0.4.
Find (i) P ( A Ç B ) (ii) P ( AUB ) (iii) P ( A | B ) (iv) P ( B | A)
(i) P ( A Ç B ) = P ( A) x P(B)=0.3 x 0.4 = 0.12
(ii) P ( A È B ) = P ( A) + P ( B ) - P ( A Ç B ) = 0.3 + 0.4 – 0.3 x 0.4 = 0.58
P ( A Ç B ) P ( A) P ( B )
(iii) P ( A / B ) = = = P ( A) = 0.3
P( B) P( B)
P ( B Ç A) P ( B ) P ( A)
(iv) P ( B / A) = = = P ( B ) = 0.4
P ( A) P ( A)

F 5 PROPERTY OF INDE EVENTS

if A and B are inde events → P(A ∩ B) = P( A).P(B)
!############### #"################ $
A and B A and B A&B
are inde are inde are inde
( )
P A ∩ B = P( A).P(B) P(A ∩ B) = P( A).P(B) P(A ∩ B) = P( A).P(B)

9) If A and B are two events such that

1 1 1
P(A) = , P(B)= and P ( A Ç B ) = find P( not A and not B)
4 2 8
P ( not A and not B)

P( A Ç B) =
1
=
1 1
x
(
=P A Ç B )
= P ( A) .P ( B )
8 4 2
= P ( A) x P(B)
\ A and B are independent = ( 1 - PA )( 1 - PB )
æ =
1 öæ 1ö
\ A and B are also independent = ç1- ÷ç1- ÷
P(A Ç B ) = P ( A). P ( B )
è ==
4 øè 2ø
3 1 3
= x =
4 2 8

1
1
P ( A) =
P( A È B) =
4
10) 2
(
P AÇ B =
1
4
)
. 7
P ( B) = 1 - p( A Ç B ) =
1
12 4
1 3
1 P( A Ç B) = 1 - =
P(not A or not B) = 4 4
4 æ 1 öæ 7 ö 7
p ( A ) .P ( B ) = ç ÷ ç ÷=
State whether A è 2 ø è 12 ø 24
P ( A) x P(B) ¹ P(A Ç B )
and B are independent ? Þ
\ A and B are not inde
11) Given two independent events A and B such that
P(A) = 0.3, P(B) = 0.6. Find (i) P(A and B)
(ii) P(A and not B) (iii) P(A or B) (iv) P( neither A nor B)
( ii ) P ( A and not B ) ( iii ) P ( A or B ) ( iv ) P ( neither A nor B )
(i ) P( A ∩ B ) c
= P( A ∪ B) = P( Ac and B c )
P( A and B) = P( A) x P(B ) = P ( A ) + P ( B ) – P( A ∩ B) = P(A c ∩ B c )
c

=P(A ∩ B)
= P( A) x P(B)
(
= 0.3 1 − P ( B ) ) P ( A ) + P ( B ) − P ( A ) x P ( B ) = P(( A ∪ B)c )
= ( 0.3 ) (1 – 0.6 ) = 0.3 + 0.6 – 0.3 x 0.6 1 − P( A ∪ B)
= 0.3 x 0.6
= 0.9 −0.18 = 1 − 0.72
= 0.18 = 0.3 x 0.4
= 0.72 = 0.28
= 0.12

Q12 after F6ab

13) Two balls are drawn at random with replacement from a box containing 10 black and 8 red balls.
Find the probability that (i) both balls are red.
(ii) first ball is black and second is red (iii) one of them is black and other is red
P ( RR ) P ( BR ) P ( BR ) + P ( RB )
æ 8 C1 ö æ 8 C1 ö 10 8 æ 10 C1 ö æ 8 C1 ö æ 8
C1 ö æ 10 C1 ö
=ç ÷ ç 18 ÷ = x = ç 18 ÷ ç 18 ÷ + ç 18 ÷ç ÷
è 18C1 ø è C1 ø 18 18 è C1 ø è C1 ø è C1 ø è 18 C1 ø
8 8 16 = 20 æ 10 ö æ 8 ö 40
= x = 81 = 2ç ÷ç ÷ =
18 18 81 è 18 ø è 18 ø 81

F 6a
A and B ATTEMPT to solve a problem
"$$$$$$$$$$$$$$#$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ %
A & B SOLVE ANY ONE SOLVE BOTH FAIL TO SOLVE
P ( A ∩ B) (
P A∩ B + P A∩ B ) ( ) (
P A∩ B )
P1 P2 P3 P4

( )
⎧P A ∩ B + P A ∩ B + P ( A ∩ B)
⎪
P ( al − least one solve ) = ⎨
( )
⎪1 − P A ∩ B
⎩ ( )
F 6b
A , B, C ATTEMPT to solve a problem
"$$$$$$$$$$$$$#$$$$$$$$$$$$$%
any 2 solve any 1 solve none solve
all 3 solve
P ( A∩ B ∩C) P A∩ B ∩C (
P A∩ B ∩C P A∩ B ∩C ) ( ) ( )
(
+P A ∩ B ∩C ) (
+P A ∩ B ∩C )
+P ( A ∩ B ∩C ) +P ( A ∩ B ∩C )
P1 P8
P2 + P3 + P4 P + P6 + P7
5

6 7 (
⎧ P + P + P + (P + P + P ) + P
⎪
P ( at least one solve ) = ⎨ 5
2 3 4 1 )
⎩⎪1 − P ( none solve P8 )
 1 1
14) Probability of solving specific problem independently by A and B are and respectively. If both try to
2 3
solve the problem independently, find the prob that (i) the problem is solved (ii) exactly one of them solves the problem

E1 = { A solves the problem} E 2 = { B solves the problem}

1 1 1 1 1 2
P ( E1 ) = P(E 2 ) = P( E 1 ) = 1 - = P( E 2 ) = 1 - =
2 3 2 2 3 3
P ( The problem is solved ) ii)P ( Exactly one of them solves the problem )

(
= p ( problem is solved by at least one ) = P E1 Ç E 2 + p E 2 Ç E1 ) ( )
= 1 – P ( none solves the problem )
= P ( E1 ) P ( E 2 ) + P ( E 2 ) P ( E1 )
( ) ( )
= 1 - P E1 P E 2 æ 1 öæ 2 ö æ 1 öæ 1 ö
= ç ÷ç ÷ + ç ÷ç ÷
1 1
= + =
1
1 2 2 è 2 øè 3 ø è 3 øè 2 ø 3 6 2
=1- . =
2 3 3

12) A die is tossed thrice.

Find the prob of getting an
odd number at least once.
27 189
When one dice is thrown p ( EVEN ) = p ( ODD at-least once ) =
216 216
S = {1, 2, 3,4,5,6} æ
p ( ODD at-least once ) = ç 1 -
27 ö æ
= 1-
3* 3* 3 ö 7
=
è 216 ÷ø çè 6 * 6 * 6 ÷ø 8
P ( odd number ) = ½
When a dice is tossed 3 times
P ( odd at least once )
= 1 - P ( no odd )
æ1ö æ1ö æ1ö 1 7
= 1 - ç ÷ .ç ÷ .ç ÷ = 1 - =
è 2ø è 2ø è 2ø 8 8

16) In a hostel, 60% of the students read Hindi news paper,

40% read English news paper and
20% read both Hindi and English news papers.
A student is selected at random.
(a) Find the prob that she reads neither Hindi nor English news papers
(b) If she reads Hindi news paper, find the prob that she reads English news paper
(c ) If she reads English news paper, find the prob that she reads Hindi news paper

Let A : ‘A student reads Hindi newspaper’

B : ‘ A student reads English newspaper
æ students reads English newspaper ö
60 3 40 2 ç ÷
P(A) = = P(B)= = P ç when it is given that she ÷
100 5 100 5 ç reads Hindi newspaper ÷
è ø
20 1
P(A Ç B ) = = 1
100 5 P ( B Ç A) 5 1
= P ( B / A) = = =
P ( A) 3 3
æ students reads neither Hindi ö
P ç ÷ 5
è nor English Newspaper ø æ student reads Hindi newspaper ö
( ) (
P A Ç B = P A È B = 1 - P( A È B) ) ç
P ç when it given that she reads
ç English newspaper
÷
÷
÷
è ø
1 - { P ( A) + P ( B ) - p( A Ç B )} 1
æ 3 2 1ö 1 P( A Ç B) 5 1
1- ç + - ÷ = = P( A / B) = = =
P( B) 2 2
è 5 5 5ø 5 5
15) One card is drawn at random from a well shuffled deck of 52 cards.
In which of the following cases are the events E and F independent?
(i) E: ‘the card drawn is a spade’ F: ‘the card drawn is an ace’
(ii) E : ‘the card drawn is black’ F : ‘the card drawn is a king’
(iii) E : ‘the card drawn is a king or queen’ F: ‘the card drawn is a queen or jack’

13 1
(i) P(E)=P( card drawn is spade) = =
52 4
4 1
P(F)=P(card drawn is an ace) = =
52 13
1 1 1
E Ç F = {card drawn is an ace of spade} P( E Ç F ) =
P( E )P(F ) = x
52 4 13
P ( E Ç F ) = P ( E ). P ( F ) Þ E and F are independent

26 1
(ii)P(E)=P(card drawn is black) = = P(F) =P(card drawn is a king) = 4 = 1
52 2 52 13
2 1
E Ç F = {card drawn is a black king} P( E Ç F ) = =
52 26
1 1
P ( E ). P ( F ) = x Þ P( E Ç F ) = P( E )P(F ) Þ E and F are independent
2 13
(iii)P(E) =P(card drawn is a king or a queen) = 4+4 = 8 = 2
52 52 13
P(F)=P(card drawn is a queen or a jack) = 4 + 4 8 2
= =
52 52 13
E Ç F = {card drawn is a queen} P(E Ç F) =
4
=
1
52 13
2 2
P (E) P (F ) = x Þ P ( E Ç F ) ¹ P (E) P (F ) Þ E and F are not independent
13 13

17) When a pair of dice is rolled once, the sample space contains 6 x 6 = 36
Equally likely simple events of the type (x,y) where x,y Î {1,2,3,4,5,6}
1
Required probability = P (an even prime on each dice) =
36
(! (2, 2)is the only favourable outcome) \(D) is the correct option

18) A and B are independent if P ( A Ç B ) = P ( A) P ( B )

i.e., if P ( A 'Ç B ') = P ( A È B )' = 1 - P ( A È B )
= 1 - { P ( A) + P ( B ) - P ( A Ç B )} = 1 - P ( A) - P ( B ) + P ( A) P ( B )
= (1 - P ( A))(1 - P ( B ))
Hence,(B) is the correct option.