Case Study Report

Submitted to

Department of Computer Science & Information Technology

of

Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj University,Panvel, Navi Mumbai

List of Case Study

1. Development of a Fundamental Calculator Application in Python.

2. Development of an Interactive Number Guessing Game Using Python.

Submitted By

SERAJ HUSSAIN

Department of Computer Science & Information Technology

Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj University,Panvel,Navi Mumbai

2023-24
 Certificate
This is to certify that , case study report on

1. “Development of a Fundamental Calculator Application in Python”

3. “Development of an Interactive Number Guessing Game Using Python”

is bonafide work and submitted to Department of Computer Science &

Information Technology of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj University, Panvel,

Navi Mumbai by “SERAJ HUSSAIN” of BCA Semester IV during the

academic year 2023-2024.

Mr.Pushkar Jane Dr.Praveen Gupta

Subject Teacher Head of CS&IT Department

Python Programming

Department of Computer Science & Information Technology

Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj University,Panvel, Navi Mumbaiu

2023-24
 Case Study:1
Developing a Fundamental Calculator Application in Python .

1. Introduction:
Brief overview of the project :

A fundamental Calculator Application is a software tool designed to perform basic

arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Users
input numbers and select the desired operation to perform calculations. The interface
often includes a simple keypad for number entry and buttons for each arithmetic
operation. The result is displayed in a designated area on the screen after the operation is
executed. Such applications may also include features like a clear button to reset the
current calculation and support for decimal point entries.

Objectives and goals.

1. Accuracy : Ensure precise and reliable computation of basic arithmetic operations

(addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division) to meet users' expectations.

2. Usability : Provide an intuitive and user-friendly interface that allows users of all ages
and technical proficiencies to easily perform calculations.

3. Efficiency : Deliver quick and responsive performance to facilitate immediate

calculation results without noticeable delays.

4. Accessibility : Make the application accessible on multiple platforms (e.g., desktop,

mobile) to reach a broad user base and cater to different user preferences.

5. Error Handling : Implement robust error handling to manage common issues like
division by zero or invalid inputs gracefully, ensuring the application remains stable and
user-friendly.

2. Problem Statement:

Description of the need for a calculator :

A calculator is needed because it helps people quickly and accurately perform basic
math operations .Calculators are essential tools used in various fields such as education,
engineering, finance, and everyday life for performing arithmetic operations quickly and
accurately. They help in:
1. Solving mathematical problems in education.
2. Conducting precise computations in engineering and science.
3. Managing financial calculations and budgets.
 4. Assisting with everyday tasks like shopping and cooking.
A calculator simplifies these tasks, making it easier to get correct results and save time.

Explanation of why Python was chosen as the programming language:

1. Simplicity and Readability : Python's clear and straightforward syntax makes the code
easy to write and understand, which makes it beginner-friendly.

2. Rich Libraries : Python offers extensive standard libraries and third-party modules that
facilitate quick development and provide pre-built functionalities, reducing the need for
writing code from scratch.

3. Cross-Platform Compatibility : Python runs on multiple operating systems, such as

Windows, macOS, and Linux, allowing the calculator application to be easily deployed
across different platforms.

4. Rapid Development : Python's high-level nature and dynamic typing allow for rapid
development and prototyping, enabling quick implementation and testing of features.

5. Strong Community Support : Python has a large and active community, ensuring ample
resources, tutorials, and forums for troubleshooting and improving the application.

3. Requirements Analysis :

Detailed breakdown of functional and non-functional requirements:

Functional Requirements :

i. Basic Arithmetic Operations :

1. Addition : Ability to add two or more numbers.
2. Subtraction : Ability to subtract one number from another.
3. Multiplication : Ability to multiply two or more numbers.
4. Division : Ability to divide one number by another, with error handling for
division by zero.
ii. User Interface :
1. Numeric Keypad : Interface for users to input numbers.
2. Operation Buttons : Buttons for each arithmetic operation (add, subtract,
multiply, divide).
3. Display Screen : Area to display input numbers and results.
4. Clear Button : Button to clear the current input and reset the calculator.
iii. Extended Functionalities :
1. Percentage Calculation : Ability to calculate percentages.
iv. Error Handling :
1. Invalid Input : Handle non-numeric inputs gracefully.
 2. Division by Zero : Provide an error message or handle division by zero scenarios.

Non-Functional Requirements :

1.Usability : Simple and intuitive text-based interface.

2.Performance : Fast and efficient operation execution.
3.Reliability : Accurate results and proper error handling.
4.Maintainability : Modular, well-documented code.
5.Portability : Run on any OS with Python support.

User stories or scenarios :

User Story 1 : Basic Arithmetic Operations
Scenario : Multiplying Numbers
User opens the calculator application
User inputs the numbers 7 and 2 and press the "*" button
User gets the result "14" displayed on the screen.

User Story 2 : Handling Errors

Scenario : Division by Zero
User opens the calculator application
User inputs the numbers 5 and 0 and press the "/" button
User should see an error message indicating that division by zero is not
allowed.

User Story 3 : Clear Function

Scenario : Division by Zero
User opens the calculator application and performs calculations
User presses the “C” (clear) button
The display should reset and all the current inputs should be cleared.

4. Design Phase:
High-level architecture of the calculator

The calculator application will have a straightforward architecture comprising the

following components:
1. User Interface (UI) : Text-based interface for user interaction.
2. Operation Functions : Separate functions for each arithmetic operation (addition,
subtraction, multiplication, division).
3.Main Control Logic : Manages the flow of the application, including user input,
operation execution, and error handling.
Data structures and algorithms used.

Data structures :

i. Stack:
Purpose: To manage complex expressions and support operations such as
parentheses and operator precedence.
Usage: Used to evaluate expressions in infix notation and convert them to
postfix (Reverse Polish Notation) for easier computation.
ii. Queue:
Purpose: To handle the sequence of operations in the order they are entered.
Usage: Used to process a series of operations and inputs sequentially, ensuring
correct order of execution.
iii. List/Array:
Purpose: To store digits of the current input, history of calculations, and
memory values.
Usage:
Current input digits before forming the final number.
Calculation history to log previous calculations.
iv. Dictionary:
Purpose: To map operations to their corresponding functions.
Usage: Quick lookup of operation functions (e.g., addition, subtraction) based
on user input.

Algorithms :

a. Infix to Postfix Conversion:

Purpose: To convert infix expressions (e.g., 3 + 5 * 2) to postfix expressions (e.g., 3 5
2 * +) for easier evaluation.
Algorithm:
Use a stack to hold operators and parentheses.
Traverse the infix expression from left to right.
Output operands immediately.
Push operators onto the stack, considering operator precedence and
associativity.
Pop from the stack to the output list when encountering a closing parenthesis
or lower precedence operator.
b. Postfix Expression Evaluation:
Purpose: To evaluate the postfix expression resulting from the infix to postfix
conversion.
Algorithm:
Use a stack to hold operands.
Traverse the postfix expression from left to right.
Push operands onto the stack.
 Pop operands for each operator, perform the operation, and push the result
back onto the stack.
The final result is the single value remaining on the stack.
c. Arithmetic Operations:
Purpose: To perform basic arithmetic calculations.
Algorithm:
Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, Division: Directly use Python’s built-in
arithmetic operators.
d. Error Handling:
Purpose: To manage errors such as division by zero or invalid inputs.
Algorithm:
Check for division by zero before performing division operations.
Validate inputs to ensure they are numeric before performing operations.
Return appropriate error messages or handle exceptions gracefully.
e. Clearing and Backspace Functions:
Purpose: To allow users to clear the current input or remove the last digit entered.
Algorithm:
Clear: Reset the current input and display to an empty state.
Backspace: Remove the last character from the current input string.

User interface design (if applicable).

The user interface (UI) design of the calculator application aims to be simple, intuitive,
and functional. Below is a description of the key components and their layout:

a. Display Screen:
Location: Top of the calculator.
Purpose: To show current input, operations, and results.
Design: A large, clear text field that can display multiple digits and operation
symbols.
b. Numeric Keypad:
Location: Center of the calculator.
Purpose: To allow users to input numbers.
Design: Buttons labeled 0-9 arranged in a grid layout (3x3 for 1-9, with 0 centered
below).
c. Operation Buttons:
Location: Right side of the numeric keypad.
Purpose: To perform arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication,
division).
Design: Buttons labeled "+", "-", "*", "/", arranged vertically.
d. Function Buttons:
Location: Above the numeric keypad or integrated with it.
 Purpose: To provide additional functionalities like clear, backspace, percentage,
and equals.
Design:
Clear ("C"): Resets the current input and display.
Backspace ("⌫"): Removes the last digit entered.
Equals ("="): Calculates the result of the current expression.
Percentage ("%"): Calculates percentage values

5. Implementation:

Description of the coding process.

a. Planning: Begin by outlining the overall structure and functionalities of the calculator
application.
b. Design: Design the user interface layout and decide on the data structures and
algorithms to be used.
c. Implementation: Write the code for the user interface, focusing on functionality such
as input handling, arithmetic operations, and error handling.
d. Testing: Conduct thorough testing to ensure all features work as expected and handle
edge cases gracefully.
e. Refinement: Refine the code based on testing feedback, optimizing performance and
ensuring code readability.
f. Integration: Integrate different components of the application, ensuring seamless
interaction between UI, logic, and data layers.
g. Documentation: Document the code, including comments and documentation strings,
to aid in understanding and future maintenance.
h. Deployment: Deploy the application, making it available for users on the desired
platforms.

Challenges faced during implementation.

a. User Input Handling: Ensuring smooth handling of user input, including numerical
entry, operations, and error recovery.
b. Algorithm Complexity: Managing complexity in algorithms, especially in infix to postfix
conversion and expression evaluation.
c. Error Handling: Implementing robust error handling for edge cases like division by
zero and invalid input formats.
d. UI Responsiveness: Ensuring the user interface remains responsive during
computation-heavy tasks like evaluating complex expressions.
e. Testing: Overcoming challenges in thorough testing to identify and resolve bugs,
especially in arithmetic logic and input validation.
 f. Integration Issues: Addressing issues with integrating different components of the
application, ensuring seamless interaction and data flow.
g. Performance Optimization: Optimizing performance to ensure the application runs
efficiently, especially with large inputs or complex calculations.

Code snippets highlighting key functionalities.

Handling User Input :

Clearing and Backspace :

6. Testing:

Strategies for testing the calculator.

a. Input Validation : Test valid and invalid inputs (numeric, non-numeric, division by
zero). Verify error messages for invalid inputs.
b. Arithmetic Operations : Test addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division with
various inputs.

Types of tests performed

a. Unit Testing: Testing individual components like arithmetic functions, input handlers,
and memory management functions to ensure they work correctly in isolation.
b. Integration Testing: Verifying the interaction between different modules of the
application, including the user interface, core logic, and data layers.
c. Functional Testing: Checking if the calculator performs basic arithmetic operations,
memory functions, and error handling accurately according to specifications.
 d. Boundary Testing: Testing the calculator with inputs at the extreme ends of the valid
input range to ensure it behaves correctly and handles edge cases appropriately.
e. Negative Testing: Testing for invalid inputs and error scenarios like division by zero to
ensure the calculator handles errors gracefully.
f. UI/UX Testing: Assessing the user interface for usability, responsiveness, and
accessibility across various devices and screen sizes.
g. Regression Testing: Rerunning previously passed tests to ensure that existing
functionality has not been adversely affected by recent changes or additions.

Results of testing and any bugs encountered

a. Successes : Validated input handling and arithmetic operations. Handled edge cases
effectively.
b. Division by Zero Bug : Initially, the calculator crashed when attempting division by
zero. This was fixed by implementing proper error handling to display a relevant error
message.

7. Deployment:

Deployment process.
a. Build Preparation: Compile the application code and ensure all dependencies are
included.
b. Testing: Conduct final rounds of testing to verify the application's functionality,
performance, and compatibility across different platforms.
c. Deployment Environment Setup: Prepare the deployment environment, including
servers, databases, and any required configurations.
d. Deployment: Upload the compiled application files to the deployment server and
configure them for production use.
e. Testing in Production: Conduct additional testing in the live environment to ensure
the application behaves as expected.
f. Monitoring and Maintenance: Monitor the deployed application for any issues or
performance concerns and apply necessary updates and maintenance as needed to
ensure optimal performance and user satisfaction.

Platforms supported :
a. Desktop: Windows, macOS, Linux
b. Mobile: iOS, Android
c. Web: Browsers such as Chrome, Firefox, Safari, Edge
 User instructions :
a. Input: Enter numbers and arithmetic operations using the keypad or keyboard.
b. Clearing Input: Press C to clear the current input or ⌫ to remove the last digit.
c. Equals: Press = to calculate the result.
d. Error Handling: The calculator displays error messages for invalid inputs or division by
zero.
e. History: Optionally, review past calculations using the history feature.

8. Conclusion:

Summary of the project's success in meeting objectives.

The calculator project successfully met its objectives of creating a functional and user-
friendly application for performing basic arithmetic operations. It provided a simple yet
effective tool for users to perform calculations conveniently, whether locally on their
computers or through a web browser

Lessons learned during the development process.

a. Importance of Testing: Thorough testing is essential to uncover bugs and ensure the
application functions as intended.
b. Modular Design: Breaking down the application into smaller, manageable modules
improves code maintainability and facilitates future updates.
c. Input Validation Importance: Ensuring proper input validation is crucial for handling
user inputs accurately and preventing errors.

Future enhancements or iterations.

a. Additional Features: Incorporating scientific functions (trigonometry, logarithms,
etc.) for broader utility. Adding a history feature to track past calculations.
b. Improved User Interface: Enhancing the visual design and interactivity of the
calculator interface. Implementing keyboard shortcuts for faster input.
c. Performance Optimization: Optimizing code for faster execution and better resource
management. Implementing caching mechanisms for repetitive calculations.

9. References:

Any external sources used during the project :

Chatgpt, Google.
 Case Study:2
Developing an Interactive Number Guessing Game Using Python.

1. Introduction:
Brief overview of the project :

The project involves creating an interactive number guessing game where the computer
selects a random number within a specified range, and the player tries to guess it within a
limited number of attempts. The game provides feedback after each guess, indicating
whether the guessed number is too high, too low, or correct.

Objectives and goals.

Develop a fun and interactive number guessing game.
Learn about user interaction and feedback mechanisms in a simple game context.
Implement robust error handling and input validation.
Create a user-friendly interface for the game.

2. Problem Statement:

Description of the need for a calculator :

Interactive games are an excellent way to practice programming skills and engage users.
A number guessing game is simple yet provides an opportunity to implement essential
programming concepts such as loops, conditionals, and random number generation.
Additionally, it can be a useful educational tool for learning basic Python programming.

Explanation of why Python was chosen as the programming language:

1. Simplicity and Readability : Python's clear and straightforward syntax makes the code
easy to write and understand, which makes it beginner-friendly.

2. Rich Libraries : Python offers extensive standard libraries and third-party modules that
facilitate quick development and provide pre-built functionalities, reducing the need for
writing code from scratch.

3. Cross-Platform Compatibility : Python runs on multiple operating systems, such as

Windows, macOS, and Linux, allowing the calculator application to be easily deployed
across different platforms.

4. Rapid Development : Python's high-level nature and dynamic typing allow for rapid
development and prototyping, enabling quick implementation and testing of features.

5. Strong Community Support : Python has a large and active community, ensuring ample
resources, tutorials, and forums for troubleshooting and improving the application.
3. Requirements Analysis :

Detailed breakdown of functional and non-functional requirements:

Functional Requirements :

The game should generate a random number within a specified range.

The player should be able to input their guess.
The game should provide feedback if the guess is too high, too low, or correct.
The game should limit the number of guesses and end after the limit is reached or
the correct guess is made.

Non-Functional Requirements :

1.Usability : Simple and intuitive text-based interface.

2.Performance : Fast and efficient execution.
3.Reliability : Accurate results and proper error handling.
4.Maintainability : Modular, well-documented code.
5.Portability : Run on any OS with Python support.

User stories or scenarios :

User Story 1 :
Scenario : Correct guess
User starts the game
User inputs the a number between 1 to 10.
User guesses the correct number in second attempt.

User Story 2 :
Scenario : Wrong guess
User starts
User inputs the a number between 1 to 10.
User fails to guess the correct answer

4. Design Phase:
High-level architecture of the calculator

The game will follow a simple linear flow :

Input Handling: Captures user input for guesses.
Random Number Generation: Uses Python’s random module to generate a number.
Feedback Mechanism: Compares the guess to the generated number and provides feedback.
Game Loop: Manages the flow of the game, including attempts and ending conditions.
 Data structures and algorithms used.

Data structures :

Data Structures : Utilizes basic data structures such as integers for storing the random
number and the player's guess.
Algorithms : Random number generation (using random.randint()), conditional checks
(if-else statements) for feedback.

User interface design (if applicable).

Command-line interface for simplicity.
Clear prompts for user input and feedback messages.

5. Implementation:

Description of the coding process.

i. Importing necessary modules (random).
ii. Defining the main game function.
iii. Generating the random number.
iv. Looping to get player guesses and provide feedback.
v. Implementing a replay option.
1.
Challenges faced during implementation.
Handling invalid input gracefully (e.g., non-integer inputs).
Ensuring the game loop exits correctly upon a correct guess.
Providing clear and concise feedback to the player.

Code snippets highlighting key functionalities.

Snippet 1: Importing the Random Module and Defining the Game Function

Snippet 2: Welcome Message and Game Instructions

Snippet 3: Feedback Mechanism

 Snippet 4: End of Game Message

6. Testing:

Strategies for testing the calculator.

a. Manual testing by playing the game multiple times.
b. Automated unit tests to check the feedback mechanism and game logic.

Types of tests performed

a. Unit Tests: Testing the random number generation and input validation.
b. Integration Tests: Ensuring the game loop works correctly and provides accurate
feedback.

Results of testing and any bugs encountered

Initial bugs in input validation were fixed by adding try-except blocks.
Adjustments made to ensure proper decrement of attempts and correct feedback
messages.

7. Deployment:

Deployment process.
a. Build Preparation: Compile the application code and ensure all dependencies are
included.
b. Testing: Conduct final rounds of testing to verify the functionality, performance, and
compatibility across different platforms.
c. Deployment Environment Setup: Prepare the deployment environment.
d. Deployment: Upload the compiled files to the deployment server and configure them
for production use.
e. Testing in Production: Conduct additional testing in the live environment to ensure
the it behaves as expected.
f.
Platforms supported :
a. Desktop: Windows, macOS, Linux
b. Mobile: iOS, Android
c. Web: Browsers such as Chrome, Firefox, Safari, Edge
d.
User instructions :
 a. Enter a number between 1 to 10
b. You will have 3 attempts to guess the number.

8. Conclusion:

Summary of the project's success in meeting objectives.

The project successfully met its objectives by providing a functional and interactive
number guessing game.

Lessons learned during the development process.

a. The importance of input validation and error handling.
b. How to use loops and conditionals effectively.
c. The benefits of user feedback and interaction in game design.
d.
Future enhancements or iterations.
a. Implement a graphical user interface (GUI).
b. Add difficulty levels with varying number ranges and attempts.
c. Include a leaderboard to track high scores.

9. References:

Any external sources used during the project :

Chatgpt, Google.