1). Explain integration and data mining system with data warehouse.

Ans: Integration in the context of a data warehouse involves the consolidation

of data from various disparate sources into a cohesive and unified repository.
This process ensures that the data warehouse contains consistent, accurate, and
comprehensive data, enabling effective analysis and reporting.

Key Aspects of Integration:

1. Data Sources:
a. Integration involves pulling data from multiple sources such as
transactional databases, flat files, spreadsheets, cloud storage, and
external data providers.
2. ETL Processes:
a. Extract, Transform, Load (ETL): This is the core process used for data
integration in a data warehouse. ETL involves:
i. Extract: Retrieving data from various source systems.
ii. Transform: Cleaning, validating, and transforming data into a
consistent format. This may involve data cleansing,
deduplication, normalization, and applying business rules.
iii. Load: Storing the transformed data into the data warehouse.
3. Data Quality:
a. Ensuring data quality is a critical part of integration. This involves
removing errors, inconsistencies, and duplicates, and ensuring data
conforms to defined standards and formats.
4. Data Consistency:
a. Integration processes ensure that data from different sources is
consistent, meaning that it uses the same definitions,
measurements, and formats across the entire data warehouse.

Data Mining with Data Warehouse

Data Mining refers to the process of discovering patterns, correlations, and

insights from large datasets using statistical, machine learning, and
computational techniques. In the context of a data warehouse, data mining
leverages the consolidated and historical data stored within the warehouse to
extract valuable information.

Key Aspects of Data Mining:

1. Data Preparation:
a. Data stored in the data warehouse is often pre-processed and
cleaned, which is essential for effective datamining. This
preparation includes dealing with missing values, outliers, and
ensuring data consistency.
2. Pattern Discovery:
a. Data mining techniques are used to discover patterns and
relationships within the data. Common techniques include
clustering, classification, regression, association rule learning, and
anomaly detection.
3. Predictive Modeling:
a. Data mining involves building models that can predict future trends
or behaviors based on historical data. For example, predicting
customer churn, sales forecasting, or identifying fraudulent
transactions.
4. Data Analysis Techniques:
a. Clustering: Grouping similar data points together based on specific
characteristics.
b. Classification: Assigning data points to predefined categories or
classes.
2). Write short note on multilevel and multidimensional association rule.

Ans: Multilevel association rules refer to discovering associations within data

that is organized into different levels of abstraction or granularity in a hierarchy.
This approach helps to identify pattern sat various levels, such as general
(higher level) and specific (lower level) relationships.

Example: Consider a retail scenario:

• Higher Level: "Electronics" category

• Lower Level: Specific items like "Laptops" and "Smartphones"

Key Features:

• Hierarchical Data: The data is organized in a hierarchy (e.g., category,

subcategory, item).
• Support Thresholds: Different minimum support thresholds can be
applied at different levels of the hierarchy. Higher levels may have lower
support thresholds to identify broader patterns, while lower levels may
have higher support thresholds for more specific patterns.
• Rule Discovery: Rules can be discovered at each level, providing insights
into both general and detailed associations. For example, a general rule
might be that "customers who buy electronics often buy accessories,"
while a more specific rule might be that "customers who buy laptops
often buy laptop bags."

Applications:

• Retail: Understanding buying patterns at different product levels.

• Marketing: Identifying customer preferences across various product
categories.
• Healthcare: Discovering patterns in patient data at different levels of
diagnosis.

Multidimensional Association Rules

Multidimensional association rules involve discovering associations among data

attributes that span multiple dimensions or categories. This type of rule mining
examines relationships between different attributes, not just within a single
attribute.

Example: In a sales database, dimensions might include:

• Time: Days, weeks, months

• Location: City, region, country
• Product: Category, subcategory, brand

Key Features:

• Multiple Dimensions: Involves more than one attribute in the rule

formation. For example, "customers in region X who buy product Y during
the holiday season also tend to buy product Z."
• Composite Rules: Rules are formed using combinations of different
dimensions, providing a more comprehensive understanding of patterns
and associations.
• Support and Confidence: The concepts of support (frequency of the
itemset) and confidence (likelihood of the consequent given the
antecedent) are extended to consider multiple dimensions
simultaneously.

Applications:

• Business Intelligence: Analyzing sales patterns across different times,

locations, and products to optimize inventory and marketing strategies.
• Healthcare: Understanding correlations between patient demographics,
treatments, and outcomes.
• Web Usage Mining: Examining user behavior across different sessions,
pages, and actions to improve website design and user experience.
3). Discuss association and correlation rule with example.

Ans: Association rules are a fundamental concept in data mining that identify
relationships between items in large datasets. These rules help uncover
patterns such as the co-occurrence of items within transactions.

Components:

• Antecedent (LHS): The item or set of items found on the left-hand side of
the rule.
• Consequent (RHS): The item or set of items found on the right-hand side
of the rule.
• Support: The frequency with which the itemset appears in the dataset.
• Confidence: The likelihood that the consequent appears in transactions
containing the antecedent.
• Lift: The ratio of the observed support to that expected if the items were
independent.

Example: In a supermarket, analyzing purchase transactions might reveal the

following association rule:

• Rule: If a customer buys bread (antecedent), they are likely to buy butter
(consequent).
• Support: 10% of all transactions include both bread and butter.
• Confidence: 70% of transactions that include bread also include butter.
• Lift: If the lift is 2, it means customers buying bread are twice as likely to
buy butter compared to random chance.

Correlation Rules

Correlation rules, or correlation analysis, involve measuring the strength and

direction of a linear relationship between two variables. Unlike association
rules, correlation does not imply causation but indicates how changes in one
variable are associated with changes in another.

Components:

• Correlation Coefficient (r): A statistical measure that calculates the

strength and direction of a relationship between two variables, ranging
from -1 to 1.
• +1: Perfect positive correlation (as one variable increases, the other
also increases).
• 0: No correlation (no relationship between variables).
• -1: Perfect negative correlation (as one variable increases, the other
decreases).

Example: Consider a dataset of students’ hours studied and their exam scores:

• Variables: Hours studied and exam scores.

• Correlation Coefficient: Suppose the correlation coefficient (r) is 0.85. This
indicates a strong positive correlation, meaning students who study more
hours tend to score higher on exams.
4). Differentiate between agglomerative and divisive method.
Ans:
Parameters Agglomerative Method Divisive Method
S.No.
1. Category Bottom-up approach Top-down approach
2. Approach each data point starts in all data points start in
its own cluster, and the a single cluster, and
algorithm recursively the algorithm
merges the closest pairs recursively splits the
of clusters until a single cluster into smaller
cluster containing all the sub-clusters until each
data points is obtained. data point is
in its own cluster.
3. Complexity Agglomerative clustering Comparatively less
level is generally more expensive as divisive
computationally clustering only
expensive, especially for requires the
large datasets as this calculation of
approach requires the distances between
calculation of all pairwise sub- clusters, which
distances between can reduce the
data points, which can be computational
computationally burden.
expensive.
4. Outliers Agglomerative divisive clustering
clustering can handle may create sub-
outliers better than clusters around
divisive clustering since outliers, leading to
outliers can be absorbed suboptimal
into larger clustering
clusters results.
5. Interpretability Agglomerative clustering divisive clustering can
tends to produce more be more difficult to
interpretable results interpret since the
since the dendrogram dendrogram shows
shows the merging the splitting process
process of the clusters, of the clusters, and
and the user can choose the user must choose
the number of a stopping
clusters based on the criterion to
desired level of determine the
granularity. number of clusters.
5). solve following example by KNN algorithm, where k=3.
Ans: Sure! Let's solve a classification problem using the K-Nearest Neighbors
(KNN) algorithm with k=3

Example Dataset

Assume we have the following dataset with two features (X1 and X2) and a class
label:
ID X1 X2 Class
1 1 2 A
2 2 3 A
3 3 3 B
4 5 5 B
5 8 8 B
6 6 7 A

New Data Point

We want to classify the new data point (X1, X2) = (4,4).

Steps for KNN Algorithm

1. Calculate the distance between the new data point and all points in the
dataset.
2. Sort the distances and determine the k-nearest neighbors.
3. Count the class labels of the k-nearest neighbors.
4. Assign the class label that appears most frequently among the k-nearest
neighbors to the new data point.

Step 1: Calculate Distances

We'll use the Euclidean distance formula to calculate the distance between the
new data point (4,4) and each point in the dataset:

Euclidean distance= (X1new −X1train )2+(X2new −X2train )2

• Distance to ID 1: (4−1)2+(4−2)2 =9+4 =13 ≈3.61

• Distance to ID 2: (4−2)2+(4−3)2 =4+1 =5 ≈2.24
• Distance to ID 3: (4−3)2+(4−3)2 =1+1 =2 ≈1.41
• Distance to ID 4: (4−5)2+(4−5)2 =1+1 =2 ≈1.41
• Distance to ID 5: (4−8)2+(4−8)2 =16+16 =32 ≈5.66
• Distance to ID 6: (4−6)2+(4−7)2 =4+9 =13 ≈3.61

Step 2: Sort Distances

Sort the distances in ascending order and identify the k-nearest neighbors (k = 3):

ID Distance Class
3 1.41 B
4 1.41 B
2 2.24 A
1 3.61 A
6 3.61 A
5 5.66 B

The 3 nearest neighbors are:

• ID 3: Class B
• ID 4: Class B
• ID 2: Class A

Step 3: Count Class Labels

Count the class labels of the 3 nearest neighbors:

• Class B: 2 neighbors
• Class A: 1 neighbor

Step 4: Assign Class Label

The class label that appears most frequently among the 3 nearest neighbors is B.

Conclusion

The new data point (4,4) is classified as Class B using the KNN algorithm with k=3.
6). Difference between classification & prediction.

Ans: Classification and prediction are both key tasks in machine learning and data
analysis, but they serve different purposes and have distinct characteristics. Here's
a breakdown of the differences between classification and prediction:

Classification:

1. Classification is the process of identifying which category a new observation

belongs to base on a training data set containing observations whose
category membership is known.

2. In classification, the accuracy depends on finding the class label correctly.

3. In classification, the model can be known as the classifier.

4. A model or the classifier is constructed to find the categorical labels.

5. For example, the grouping of patients based on their medical records can be
considered a classification.

Prediction:

1. Predication is the process of identifying the missing or unavailable numerical

data for a new observation.

2. In prediction, the accuracy depends on how well a given predictor can guess
the value of a predicated attribute for new data.

3. In prediction, the model can be known as the predictor.

4. A model or a predictor will be constructed that predicts a continuous -valued

function or ordered value.

5. For example, We can think of prediction as predicting the correct treatment

for a particular disease for a person.
7). Difference between OLTP & OLAP.
Ans:
Feature OLTP OLAP
Characteristic It is a system which is used to It is a system which is used
manage operational Data. to manage informational
Data.
Users Clerks, clients, and information Knowledge workers,
technology professionals. including managers,
executives, and analysts.
System OLTP system is a customer- OLAP system is market-
orientation oriented, transaction, and oriented, knowledge
query processing are done by workers including
clerks, clients, and information managers, do data analysts
technology professionals. executive and analysts.
Data contents OLTP system manages current OLAP system manages a
data that too detailed and are large amount of historical
used for decision making. data, provides facilitates for
summarization and
aggregation, and stores and
manages data at different
levels of granularity. This
information makes the data
more comfortable to use in
informed decision making.
Database Size 100 MB-GB 100 GB-TB
Database design OLTP system usually uses an OLAP system typically uses
entity-relationship (ER) data either a star or snowflake
model and application- model and subject-oriented
oriented database design. database design.
Volume of data Not very large Because of their large
volume, OLAP data are
stored on multiple storage
media.
Insert and Short and fast inserts and Periodic long-running batch
Updates updates proposed by end- jobs refresh the data.
users.
8). Explain data ware house architecture in details.

Ans: Data warehouse architecture refers to the design and structure of a data
warehouse, which is a central repository for integrated data from various sources,
used for analysis and reporting. The architecture of a data warehouse typically
follows one of several established models, but the most common and widely
accepted is the three-tier architecture. Here's a detailed look at the components of
this architecture:

1. Three-Tier Data Warehouse Architecture

A. Bottom Tier: Data Sources and ETL Processes

This tier involves the extraction, transformation, and loading (ETL) processes,
which are crucial for preparing the data for analysis. It includes:

• Data Sources: These can be operational databases, external data sources, flat
files, or any other form of data storage that feeds into the data warehouse.
Sources can be both structured (like relational databases) and unstructured
(like log files or social media data).

• ETL Processes:

o Extraction: Extracting data from various source systems.

o Transformation: Cleaning, filtering, and transforming the data to
ensure consistency and quality.
o Loading: Loading the transformed data into the data warehouse. This
may involve both initial load and incremental updates.

B. Middle Tier: Data Warehouse Storage

This tier is where the core of the data warehouse resides. It typically involves:

• Data Warehouse Database: This is a centralized repository where the

integrated data is stored. It is often optimized for query performance and
can use various database management systems (DBMS), such as relational
databases (e.g., Oracle, SQL Server) or specialized data warehouse appliances
(e.g., Teradata).

• Data Marts: These are subsets of the data warehouse, tailored to specific
business lines or departments. Data marts can be dependent (sourced
directly from the data warehouse) or independent (sourced directly from
operational systems).

• OLAP Cubes: Online Analytical Processing (OLAP) cubes are multi-

dimensional data structures that allow for complex querying and analysis.
They are designed to facilitate fast retrieval and are optimized for read-
heavy operations.

C. Top Tier: Front-end Tools and Access Layers

The top tier involves the tools and interfaces that end-users interact with to
perform analysis, reporting, and data mining. It includes:

• Query and Reporting Tools: Tools like SQL-based query tools, business
intelligence (BI) platforms (e.g., Tableau, Power BI), and reporting software
(e.g., Crystal Reports) that allow users to generate and view reports.

• OLAP Tools: Tools that enable users to interact with OLAP cubes, perform
multidimensional analysis, and generate detailed reports.

• Data Mining Tools: Advanced analytical tools that use statistical and machine
learning techniques to discover patterns and insights from the data.

• Dashboards: Interactive visual interfaces that provide at-a-glance views of

key performance indicators (KPIs) and other important metrics.